Colonialismo, Derecho Y Resistencia

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Colonialismo, Derecho Y Resistencia José M. Atiles-Osoria Colonialismo, Derecho y Resistencia Un estudio del papel del derecho en el conflicto colonial puertorriqueño Tese de Doutoramento em Sociologia (Programa Direito, Justiça e Cidadania no Século XXI) apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra para obtenção do grau de Doutor. Orientadora: Prof.ª Doutora Cecília MacDowell dos Santos Coimbra, 2013 A Oscar López Rivera ¡La vida es lucha toda! Agradecimientos Todo proceso de investigación y de redacción recibe el apoyo, las contribuciones y la ayuda de múltiples personas e instituciones. En este sentido, debo comenzar agradeciendo las extensas conversaciones, la motivación y la ayuda que me brindaron el Dr. David Whyte, la Dra. Laura Nader y el Dr. Michael González Cruz. Asimismo, esta tesis no hubiera sido posible sin el apoyo, la supervisión y la confianza brindada por la Dra. Cecília MacDowell dos Santos a lo largo de los seis años de trabajo conjunto. Esta tesis fue posible gracias al apoyo económico brindado por la Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia. Asimismo, fue posible gracias al Centro de Estudos Sociais da Universidade de Coimbra y a un grupo de instituciones y universidades que me permitieron realizar estancias de investigación durante diversos períodos del doctorado. Entre estas, agradezco al Instituto Internacional de Sociología Jurídica, al Departamento de Antropología de la Universidad de California, Berkeley y a la Escuela de Derecho y Justicia Social de la Universidad de Liverpool. Quiero agradecer a todos/as los/as entrevistados/as que abrieron su vida, experiencias y saberes a esta investigación. Sin ellos/as esta tesis no hubiera sido posible. Muchos han sido los/as amigos/as con los que he compartido múltiples aspectos de la tesis, de la investigación y de mi trabajo. A todos/as le agradezco su apoyo y paciencia. Especialmente, agradezco a Dave y a Vickie que me aceptaron en su casa y me brindaron su apoyo y confianza durante los últimos seis meses de la redacción de esta tesis. Debo agradecerle a mi compañera Mamen por acompañarme con todo su cariño y con su apoyo, pero también por enseñarme la importancia de la perseverancia, la dedicación y la lucha sin fin por aquello que se quiere. Esta tesis, y el largo proceso que la hizo posible, no hubiera sido imaginable sin la ayuda, la confianza, el apoyo, el cariño y los rezos de mi familia. Mi más sincero agradecimiento a mis padres Luz y José y a mi hermano Néstor, a quienes nunca sabré como agradecerles todo lo que han hecho por mi. v Bolsa de Investigação SFRH / BD / 63270 / 2009, no âmbito do QREN – POPH, comparticipado pelo Fundo Social Europeu e fundos nacionais do MCTES. vi Colonialismo, Direito e Resistência: Um estudo do papel do direito no conflito colonial portorriquenho Resumo Esta tese aborda o papel central do direito no conflito colonial portorriquenho num período de 114 anos, a partir de 1898, início do domínio colonial dos Estados Unidos em Porto Rico, até 2012, ano em que se levou a cabo a investigação empírica em que se baseia esta tese. Entende-se por “conflito colonial” a confrontação direta ou indireta entre: os Estados Unidos da América enquanto agente colonizador; o governo de Porto Rico e as organizações de extrema direita enquanto agentes intermediários do colonialismo; e os movimentos anticoloniais portorriquenhos. Na história deste conflito colonial o direito tem servido como uma espécie “zona de contacto” entre os atores em conflito. Daí argumentar-se que o direito foi utilizado, na primeira instância, como dispositivo de poder colonial pelos Estados Unidos. Em particular argumenta-se que os Estados Unidos impuseram em Porto Rico um estado de exceção ontopolítico com o qual legitimaram o domínio colonial e as sua ações repressivas e criminalizadoras contra os movimentos anticoloniais. Na segunda instância, argumenta-se que o governo de Porto Rico, criado e apoiado pelos Estados Unidos, utilizou as leis de exceção e a violência do estado para garantir a continuidade do status colonial de Porto Rico. Na terceira instância, argumenta-se que os movimentos anticoloniais utilizaram diversas estratégias jurídico-políticas para resistir o colonialismo estado-unidense e o estado de exceção ontopolítico. De entre as estratégias analisadas na tese destacam-se: a luta armada; as mobilizações jurídicas no âmbito dos sistemas jurídicos internacional, estado-unidense e portorriquenho; a participação eleitoral; o ativismo anticolonial e a solidariedade com outras mobilizações sociopolíticas portorriquenhas e internacionais; e a articulação de um discurso contra-hegemónico oposto ao discurso jurídico-colonial estado-unidense em Porto Rico. Este estudo se baseia numa leitura histórico- genealógica dos 114 anos do conflito colonial e é dividido em três partes: a primeira parte expõe de forma detalhada as literaturas, teorias e metodologias que deram forma e serviram de ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento desta investigação; a segunda parte examina em profundidade o poder colonial e os dispositivos jurídico-políticos implementados pelos Estados Unidos na constituição legal e na legitimação do colonialismo, assim como nos processos de repressão e criminalização dos movimentos anticoloniais; a terceira parte descreve e analisa os processos de lutas de oposição e confrontação tanto jurídica como extrajurídica protagonizados pelos movimentos anticoloniais. Em conclusão, esta análise histórica mostra que o uso do direito tem sido parte de uma tentativa concreta para despolitizar a política anticolonial portorriquenha. Nesse sentido, a tese apresenta uma reinterpretação histórica e político-jurídica do poder colonial e da política portorriquenha, procurando lançar luz sobre novas estratégias para a repolitização e a emancipação da política anticolonial portorriquenha. Palavras-chave Colonialismo, Direito, Estado de Exceção, Movimentos Anticoloniais Portorriquenhos, Mobilização Jurídica. vii Colonialism, Law and Resistance: A study of the role of law in the Puerto Rican colonial conflict This thesis exposes the central role of law in the Puerto Rican colonial conflict in a period of 114 years, from 1898 in which the Untited Sates of America colonial rule began in Puerto Rico, until 2012, when the empirical research that underpins this thesis was concluded. This thesis defined colonial conflict as the direct or indirect confrontation involving: United States as a colonial actor; the Puerto Rican government and far-right organizations as intermediary colonial actors; and Puerto Rican anticolonial movements. In this history of colonial conflict, law has served as a contact zone between the actors in conflict. Hence, in the first instance, it is argued that United States imposed in Puerto Rico an ontopolitical state of exception which legitimized their colonial domination and their employment of repressive and criminalization strategies against anticolonial movements. In second instance, it is argued that Puerto Rican government, created and sponsored by United Stated, used exceptional laws and state violence against the anticolonial movements to ensure the continuance of Puerto Rico’s colonial status. In third instance, it is argued that the anticolonial movements used various legal and political strategies to resist the American colonialism and the ontopolitical state of exception. Key instance of the latter’s strategies are analyzed: the armed struggle; the legal mobilization of the international, American and Puerto Rican legal systems; the mobilization of particular forms of electoral participation; mobilization and solidarity with other Puerto Ricans and international sociopolitical mobilizations; and the articulation of a counter-hegemonic discourse to challenge American colonial legal discourses. This study is based on a historic-genealogical analysis of the 114 years of colonial conflict, and is divided into three general parts: the first part presents the literatures, theories and methodologies that shaped and/or served as departure point for the development of this research; the second part explores in depth both how the legal-political devices implemented by the United States in the legal constitution, and the processes of repression and criminalization of anticolonial movements, supported and legitimized colonial power; the third part depicts anticolonial movements’ use of confrontation inside and outside the law in strategies of resistance. This historical analysis concludes that the use of the law has been part of a concerted attempt to depoliticize Puerto Rican politics. Hence, the thesis presents a re- interpretation of colonial power and politics in Puerto Rico in order to contemplate the prospects for a repoliticization and emancipation of the Puerto Rican politics of law and colonial violence. Keywords Colonialism, Law, State of Exception, Puerto Rican Anticolonial Movements and Legal Mobilization. viii Colonialismo, Derecho y Resistencia: Un estudio del papel del derecho en el conflicto colonial puertorriqueño Resumen Esta tesis expone el papel central del derecho en el conflicto colonial puertorriqueño durante el período de 114 años, desde 1898, año en el que inició el dominio colonial de los Estados Unidos de América en Puerto Rico, hasta el 2012, año en el que se concluyó la investigación empírica en la que se basa esta tesis. En esta tesis se entiende el conflicto colonial como la confrontación directa o indirecta entre: los Estados Unidos en tanto que agente colonizador; el gobierno de Puerto Rico y las organizaciones de extrema derecha
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