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Turecká Soft Power Na Blízkém Východě Za Vlády AKP

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Turecká Soft Power Na Blízkém Východě Za Vlády AKP MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra mezinárodních vztahů a evropských studií Obor Mezinárodní vztahy Turecká soft power na Blízkém východě za vlády AKP Diplomová práce Bc. et Bc. Jakub Němec Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Pavel Pšeja, Ph.D. UČO: 333347 Obor: MVZ Imatrikulační ročník: 2008 Brno, 2013 Prohlášení o autorství práce Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci „Turecká soft power na Blízkém východě za vlády AKP“ vypracoval samostatně a použil jen zdroje uvedené v seznamu literatury. V Brně 25. 4. 2013 Jakub Němec 1 Poděkování Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval vedoucímu své bakalářské práce PhDr. Pavlu Pšejovi, Ph.D. za rychlou zpětnou vazbu a cenné připomínky. 2 Obsah 1. Úvod ................................................................................................................................................ 5 2. Hypotéza a výzkumné otázky .......................................................................................................... 5 3. Metodologie .................................................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Metoda analýzy dat ................................................................................................................. 7 3.2 Výběr jednotek ........................................................................................................................ 7 3.3 Časové vymezení ..................................................................................................................... 8 4. Moc a její pozice v mezinárodních vztazích .................................................................................... 8 4.1 Soft power ............................................................................................................................... 9 5. Turecko a jeho pozice na Blízkém východě ................................................................................... 13 5.1 Nástup AKP a transformace zahraniční politiky v rytmu měkké moci .................................. 14 5.2 Turecká soft power jako výsledek nezamýšlených procesů .................................................. 16 5.3 Praktické vyjádření turecké soft power na Blízkém východě ................................................ 17 5.3.1 Kulturní rovina soft power ............................................................................................ 17 5.3.2 Politická rovina soft power ............................................................................................ 21 6. Případové studie ............................................................................................................................ 24 6.1 Sýrie ....................................................................................................................................... 24 6.1.1 Historický kontext .......................................................................................................... 24 6.1.2 Politická rovina soft power ............................................................................................ 25 6.1.3 Kultura ........................................................................................................................... 29 6.2 Írán......................................................................................................................................... 31 6.2.1 Historický kontext .......................................................................................................... 31 6.2.2 Politická rovina soft power ............................................................................................ 32 6.2.3 Kultura ........................................................................................................................... 38 6.3 Izrael ...................................................................................................................................... 39 6.3.1 Historický kontext .......................................................................................................... 39 6.3.2 Politická rovina soft power ............................................................................................ 40 6.3.3 Kultura ........................................................................................................................... 44 7. Arabské jaro ................................................................................................................................... 47 7.1 Sýrie ....................................................................................................................................... 48 7.1.1 Počátek syrských protestů a turecká reakce ................................................................. 48 7.1.2 Opuštění soft power ...................................................................................................... 49 7.1.3 Snaha o delegitimizaci tureckých motivů ...................................................................... 51 7.1.4 Zklidnění turecké rétoriky ............................................................................................. 52 3 7.2 Írán......................................................................................................................................... 53 7.2.1 Íránský postoj k Arabskému jaru ................................................................................... 53 7.2.2 Syrské povstání .............................................................................................................. 53 7.2.3 Krach mediačního úsilí ................................................................................................... 55 7.2.4 Obchod .......................................................................................................................... 55 7.3 Izrael ...................................................................................................................................... 55 7.3.1 Důsledky arabských revolucí ......................................................................................... 56 7.3.2 Obklíčený Izrael ............................................................................................................. 56 7.3.3 Opětovné turecko-izraelské sblížení ............................................................................. 57 8. Závěr .............................................................................................................................................. 57 Bibliografie ............................................................................................................................................ 60 Primární ............................................................................................................................................. 60 Sekundární ......................................................................................................................................... 61 4 1.Úvod Turecko je velice zajímavá země, kterou jsem měl to štěstí několik měsíců poznávat. Není však přitažlivá pouze pro mě samotného, ale její atraktivita v rámci blízkovýchodního regionu je určující geopolitickou konstantou mající vliv na regionální aktéry a události. Tato měkká moc není pouze vedlejším nápomocným produktem v turecké regionální politice, ale naopak jejím hlavním, pečlivě definovaným pilířem. O to je to zajímavější, že Blízký východ byl tradičně vymezen spíše politikou vycházející z hard power než soft power. Právě soft power je mocí, které se v posledních letech dostává stále větší pozornosti pro svou schopnost „vyhrávat války“ bez jediného výstřelu. Má spoustu zastánců, stejně jako kritiků, což obojí dokládá její relevantnost na poli teorií mezinárodních vztahů. Ve své práci tuto moc nejdříve vysvětlím a rozřadím dle jejího nejznámějšího zastánce, kterým je Joseph S. Nye, Jr., což dále převedu do praktické roviny reprezentované tureckou zahraniční politickou na Blízkém východě. U měkké moci v rámci Turecka se pokusím vystopovat její genezi a dále hlavní uplatňované složky. To se bude dít na obecné rovině ve vztahu k celému regionu, ale především pro přesnější a konkrétnější výstupy ve vztahu k třem regionálním aktérům: Sýrii, Íránu a Izraeli. Zcela samostatná kapitola bude ponechána událostem nazvaným Arabské jaro, a tureckému vypořádání se s jejich důsledky v pozorovaných zemích. Tato práce by měla pomoci pochopit tureckou zahraničněpolitickou motivaci a ambice, které v rámci tohoto velice nestálého a výbušného blízkovýchodního regionu Turecko uplatňuje. Nalézt odpovědi na tyto otázky není podstatné pouze pro badatele zabývající se regionem, ale mělo by to být stejně důležité pro Středoevropany. Důvod je nasnadě, Turecko je potenciálním budoucím členem Evropské unie a stejně tak je naším partnerem v rámci struktur Severoatlantické aliance. Proto bychom měli lépe pochopit, co turecké zahraničněpolitické kroky vede a kam směřují. Pokusím se na dalších stránkách své práce poskytnout alespoň částečné odpovědi. 2.Hypotéza a výzkumné otázky Cílem mé práce je popsat tureckou zahraniční politiku, konkrétně podobu její měkké moci po nástupu Strany spravedlnosti a rozvoje (AKP – Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi) na podzim roku 2002. V případě Turecka, ať už se politika Ankary v posledním desetiletí vyznačuje stále asertivnější podobou, by bylo stále ještě přehnané mluvit o globální mocnosti, avšak v regionálních záležitostech je nepřehlédnutelným hráčem s širokým dosahem svých kroků. Také z tohoto důvodu bude můj pohled konkrétně zaměřen na
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