On Size, Distance, and Visual Angle Perception
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PREDICTIVE PROCESSING in the RETINA THROUGH EVALUATION of the OMITTED-STIMULUS RESPONSE by SAMANTHA I. FRADKIN a Thesis to Be Su
PREDICTIVE PROCESSING IN THE RETINA THROUGH EVALUATION OF THE OMITTED-STIMULUS RESPONSE By SAMANTHA I. FRADKIN A thesis to be submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Science Graduate Program in Psychology Written under the direction of Steven M. Silverstein And approved by ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey October 2020 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Predictive Processing in the Retina Through Evaluation of the Omitted-Stimulus Response By SAMANTHA I. FRADKIN Thesis Director: Dr. Steven M. Silverstein While previous studies have demonstrated that individuals with schizophrenia demonstrate predictive coding abnormalities in high-level vision, it is unclear whether impairments exist in low-level predictive processing within the disorder. Evaluation of the omitted-stimulus response (OSR), i.e., activity following the omission of a light flash subsequent to a repetitive stimulus, has been examined previously to assess prediction within retinal activity. Given that little research has focused on the OSR in humans, the present study investigated if predictive processing could be detected at the retinal level within a healthy human sample, and whether this activity was associated with high-level predictive processing. Flash electroretinography (fERG) was recorded while eighteen healthy control participants viewed a series of consecutive light flashes within a 1.96 Hz single-flash condition with a flash luminance of 85 Td · s, as well as a 28.3 Hz flicker condition with a flash luminance of 16 Td · s. Participants also completed the Ebbinghaus ii task, a context sensitivity task that assesses high-level predictive processing, and the Audio-Visual Abnormalities Questionnaire (AVAQ), which measures frequency of self- reported auditory and visual sensory distortions. -
Eye-Movement Studies of Visual Face Perception
Eye-movement studies of visual face perception Joseph Arizpe A dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University College London Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience University College London 2015 1 Declaration I, Joseph Arizpe, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract This thesis investigates factors influencing eye-movement patterns during face perception, the relationship of eye-movement patterns to facial recognition performance, and methodological considerations impacting the detection of differences in eye-movement patterns. In particular, in the first study (chapter 2), in which the basis of the other-race effect was investigated, differences in eye- movement patterns during recognition of own- versus other-race (African, Chinese) faces were found for Caucasian participants. However, these eye- movement differences were subtle and analysis-dependent, indicating that the discrepancy in prior reports regarding the presence or absence of such differences are due to variability in statistical sensitivity of analysis methods across studies. The second and third studies (chapters 3 and 4) characterized visuomotor factors, specifically pre-stimulus start position and distance, which strongly influence subsequent eye-movement patterns during face perception. An overall bias in fixation patterns to the opposite side of the face induced by start position and an increasing undershoot of the first ordinal fixation with increasing start distance were found. These visuomotor influences were not specific to faces and did not depend on the predictability of the location of the upcoming stimulus. -
The Moon Illusion and Size–Distance Scaling—Evidence for Shared Neural Patterns
The Moon Illusion and Size–Distance Scaling—Evidence for Shared Neural Patterns Ralph Weidner1*, Thorsten Plewan1,2*, Qi Chen1, Axel Buchner3, Peter H. Weiss1,4, and Gereon R. Fink1,4 Abstract ■ A moon near to the horizon is perceived larger than a moon pathway areas including the lingual and fusiform gyri. The func- at the zenith, although—obviously—the moon does not change tional role of these areas was further explored in a second ex- its size. In this study, the neural mechanisms underlying the periment. Left V3v was found to be involved in integrating “moon illusion” were investigated using a virtual 3-D environ- retinal size and distance information, thus indicating that the ment and fMRI. Illusory perception of an increased moon size brain regions that dynamically integrate retinal size and distance was associated with increased neural activity in ventral visual play a key role in generating the moon illusion. ■ INTRODUCTION psia; Sperandio, Kaderali, Chouinard, Frey, & Goodale, Although the moon does not change its size, the moon 2013; Enright, 1989; Roscoe, 1989). near to the horizon is perceived as relatively larger com- One concept of size constancy scaling implies that the pared with when it is located at the zenith. This phenome- retinal image size and the estimated distance of an object non is called the “moon illusion” and is one of the oldest are conjointly considered, thereby enabling constant size visual illusions known (Ross & Plug, 2002). Despite exten- perception of objects at different distances (Kaufman & sive research, no consensus has been reached regarding Kaufman, 2000). With respect to the moon illusion, appar- the underlying perceptual and neural correlates (Ross & ent distance theories, for example, propose that “the per- Plug, 2002; Hershenson, 1989). -
Vision Science and Psychology Approach to Adaptation Processes Lied in Base of Visual Illusions
1st Annual International Interdisciplinary Conference, AIIC 2013, 24-26 April, Azores, Portugal - Proceedings- VISION SCIENCE AND PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH TO ADAPTATION PROCESSES LIED IN BASE OF VISUAL ILLUSIONS Prof. Maris Ozolinsh Mag. Didzis Lauva Olga Danilenko University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Abstract: We have experimentally studied visual adaptation processes and compared results in various visual perception tasks. Adaptation stimuli were demonstrated on computer screen and differed each from other by their luminance, colour, duration and dynamics related to the excited retinal and consequently the cortex neural cells and corresponding visual areas. Depth and characteristic times of adaptation processes depend on visual perception task. The slowest characteristic times (in range up to 10 sec and more) from studied processes are for adaptation to size of moving targets exciting retinal cells by equiluminant and isochrome stimuli, that are processed along parvocellular and magnocellular visual pathways. We assume that neural cell physiology lays on the base of this kind of size adaptation. Another kind of size adaptation where retinal cell excitation is static realizes in Ebbinghaus illusion. Here parallel to ongoing adaptation process brain uses also previously acquired knowledge to make shift in decision about stimuli size, and physiological effects dominate over psychological effects in perception of such stimuli. Over- or underestimating sizes in Ebbinghaus illusion with non-moving stimuli realizes much faster, and the degree of perception errors practically does not depend whether margnocellular or parvocellular visual pathway are activated – contrary to adaptation to dynamic moving targets. Key Words: Perceptive fields, visual illusions, magnocellular, parvocellurar pathways, processing of colour signals Introduction: Human brain processes inputs from our senses in very smart manner including modifications of deduction according to feedbacks in the sense pathways or to our previous experience. -
Visual Context Processing in Schizophrenia
Empirical Article Clinical Psychological Science 1(1) 5 –15 Visual Context Processing in Schizophrenia © The Author(s) 2013 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/2167702612464618 http://cpx.sagepub.com Eunice Yang1,2, Duje Tadin3,4, Davis M. Glasser3, Sang Wook Hong1,5, Randolph Blake1,2, and Sohee Park1 1Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University; 2Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea; 3Center for Visual Science and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester; 4Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester; and 5Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University Abstract Abnormal perceptual experiences are central to schizophrenia, but the nature of these anomalies remains undetermined. We investigated contextual processing abnormalities across a comprehensive set of visual tasks. For perception of luminance, size, contrast, orientation, and motion, we quantified the degree to which the surrounding visual context altered a center stimulus’s appearance. Healthy participants showed robust contextual effects across all tasks, as evidenced by pronounced misperceptions of center stimuli. Schizophrenia patients exhibited intact contextual modulations of luminance and size but showed weakened contextual modulations of contrast, performing more accurately than controls. Strong motion and orientation context effects correlated with worse symptoms and social functioning. Importantly, the overall strength of contextual -
The Final Publication Is Available at Pms.Sagepub.Com
1 The final publication is available at pms.sagepub.com http://pms.sagepub.com/content/122/1/88.full.pdf Sherman JA, and Chouinard PA (2016) Attractive contours of the Ebbinghaus illusion. Perceptual and Motor Skills 122: 88–95. Title: Attractive contours of the Ebbinghaus illusion. Joshua A. Sherman School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia. E: [email protected] Philippe A. Chouinard * School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia. E: [email protected] Running Head: Contours and Ebbinghaus Illusion Keywords: Size perception, Ebbinghaus illusion, biphasic contour interaction theory. * Corresponding author. Summary: There is debate as to whether or not the Ebbinghaus illusion is driven by high-level cognitive size contrast mechanisms as opposed to low-level biphasic contour interactions. In this study, we examine the variability in effects that are shared between this illusion and a different illusion that cannot be explained logically by a size contrast account. This comparison revealed that nearly one quarter of the variability for one illusion is shared with the other – demonstrating how a size-contrast account cannot be the sole explanation for the Ebbinghaus illusion. 2 Introduction What processes occur along the progression from retinal input to an illusory perceptual experience of the Ebbinghaus illusion? The display causing the illusion consists of an inner circle surrounded by a ring of contextual circles that are physically either larger or smaller than the inner circle. The surrounding contextual elements leads the viewer to perceive the inner circle to appear smaller or larger than it actually is (Fig. -
Care of the Patient with Accommodative and Vergence Dysfunction
OPTOMETRIC CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE Care of the Patient with Accommodative and Vergence Dysfunction OPTOMETRY: THE PRIMARY EYE CARE PROFESSION Doctors of optometry are independent primary health care providers who examine, diagnose, treat, and manage diseases and disorders of the visual system, the eye, and associated structures as well as diagnose related systemic conditions. Optometrists provide more than two-thirds of the primary eye care services in the United States. They are more widely distributed geographically than other eye care providers and are readily accessible for the delivery of eye and vision care services. There are approximately 36,000 full-time-equivalent doctors of optometry currently in practice in the United States. Optometrists practice in more than 6,500 communities across the United States, serving as the sole primary eye care providers in more than 3,500 communities. The mission of the profession of optometry is to fulfill the vision and eye care needs of the public through clinical care, research, and education, all of which enhance the quality of life. OPTOMETRIC CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE CARE OF THE PATIENT WITH ACCOMMODATIVE AND VERGENCE DYSFUNCTION Reference Guide for Clinicians Prepared by the American Optometric Association Consensus Panel on Care of the Patient with Accommodative and Vergence Dysfunction: Jeffrey S. Cooper, M.S., O.D., Principal Author Carole R. Burns, O.D. Susan A. Cotter, O.D. Kent M. Daum, O.D., Ph.D. John R. Griffin, M.S., O.D. Mitchell M. Scheiman, O.D. Revised by: Jeffrey S. Cooper, M.S., O.D. December 2010 Reviewed by the AOA Clinical Guidelines Coordinating Committee: David A. -
Handbook of EEG INTERPRETATION This Page Intentionally Left Blank Handbook of EEG INTERPRETATION
Handbook of EEG INTERPRETATION This page intentionally left blank Handbook of EEG INTERPRETATION William O. Tatum, IV, DO Section Chief, Department of Neurology, Tampa General Hospital Clinical Professor, Department of Neurology, University of South Florida Tampa, Florida Aatif M. Husain, MD Associate Professor, Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center Director, Neurodiagnostic Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Durham, North Carolina Selim R. Benbadis, MD Director, Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Tampa General Hospital Professor, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of South Florida Tampa, Florida Peter W. Kaplan, MB, FRCP Director, Epilepsy and EEG, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center Professor, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Acquisitions Editor: R. Craig Percy Developmental Editor: Richard Johnson Cover Designer: Steve Pisano Indexer: Joann Woy Compositor: Patricia Wallenburg Printer: Victor Graphics Visit our website at www.demosmedpub.com © 2008 Demos Medical Publishing, LLC. All rights reserved. This book is pro- tected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys- tem, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of EEG interpretation / William O. Tatum IV ... [et al.]. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-933864-11-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-933864-11-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Electroencephalography—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Tatum, William O. [DNLM: 1. Electroencephalography—methods—Handbooks. WL 39 H23657 2007] RC386.6.E43H36 2007 616.8'047547—dc22 2007022376 Medicine is an ever-changing science undergoing continual development. -
A Neuro-Mathematical Model for Size and Context Related Illusions
A neuro-mathematical model for size and context related illusions. B. Franceschiello, A. Sarti, G. Citti March 2019 Abstract We provide here a mathematical model of size/context illusions, inspired by the functional architecture of the visual cortex. We first recall previous models of scale and orientation, in particular [46], and simplify it, only considering the feature of scale. Then we recall the deformation model of illusion, introduced by [16] to describe orientation related GOIs, and adapt it to size illusion. We finally apply the model to the Ebbinghaus and Delboeuf illusions, validating the results by comparing with experimental data from [34] and [44]. 1 Introduction Geometrical-optical illusions (GOIs) are a class of phenomena first discovered by German physicists and physiologists in the late XIX century, among them Oppel and Hering ([39], [22]), and can be defined as situations where a perceptual mismatch between the visual stimulus and its geometrical properties arise [53]. Those illusions are typically analyzed according to the main geometrical features of the stimulus, whether it is contours orientation, contrast, context influence, size or a combination of the above mentioned ones ([53, 38, 11]). arXiv:1908.10162v1 [q-bio.NC] 27 Aug 2019 Figure 1: The Ebbinghaus illusion (left) and the Delboeuf illusion (right) In this work we are mainly interested in size and context related phenomena, a class of stimuli where the size of the surroundings elements induces a misperception of the central target width. In figure 1, two famous effects are presented, the Ebbinghaus and Delboeuf illusions: the presence of circular inducers (figure 1, left) and of an annulus (figure 1, right) varies the perceived sizes of the central targets. -
Hershenson (1992) Size-Distance Invariance. Kinetic Invariance Is
Perception & Psychophysics 1992, 51 (6), 541-548 Size-distance invariance: Kinetic invariance is different from static invariance MAURICE HERSHENSON Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts The static form of the size-distance invariance hypothesisasserts that a given proximal stimu- lus size (visual angle) determines a unique and constant ratio of perceived-object size to perceived object distance. A proposed kinetic invariance hypothesis asserts that a changing proximal stim- ulus size (an expanding or contracting solid visual angle) produces a constant perceived size and a changing perceived distance such that the instantaneous ratio of perceived size to perceived distance is determined by the instantaneous value of visual angle. The kinetic invariance hy- pothesis requires a new concept, an operating constraint, to mediate between the proximal ex- pansion or contraction pattern and the perception of rigid object motion in depth. As a conse- quence of the operating constraint, expansion and contraction patterns are automatically represented in consciousness as rigid objects. In certain static situations, the operation of this constraint produces the anomalous perceived-size-perceived-distance relations called the size- distance paradox. The size-distance invariance hypothesis (SDIH) asserts STATIC INVARIANCE RELATIONSHIP that a given proximal stimulus size (visual angle) deter- mines a unique constant ratio of perceived object size to Traditional Formulation perceived object distance (Epstein, 1977; Epstein, Park, The traditional form of the SDIH is derived from the & Casey, 1961; Kilpatrick & Ittelson, 1953). Is it possible analysis of stationary objects (Epstein, 1977; Gilinsky, to explain the moon illusion and retain this form of the 1951; Ittelson, 1951a; Johansson, 1977; Kilpatrick & It- SDIH? To do so, Kaufman and Rock (1962, 1989; Rock telson, 1953; Weintraub & Gardner, 1970). -
Low-Spatial-Frequency Bias in Context-Dependent Visual Size Perception
Journal of Vision (2018) 18(8):2, 1–9 1 Low-spatial-frequency bias in context-dependent visual size perception Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Lihong Chen Dalian, People’s Republic of China $ Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Congying Qiao Dalian, People’s Republic of China $ State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yi Jiang Beijing, People’s Republic of China $ Spatial frequency (SF) information is essential for visual However, rather than in isolation, objects appear in a perception. By combining a sensitization procedure and spatiotemporal context. Converging evidence suggests the Ebbinghaus illusion, we investigated the effect of SF that human visual size perception is highly context- bias in context-dependent visual size perception. During dependent. For instance, an object appears larger when the sensitization phase, participants were repeatedly surrounded by small items than when the same object is presented with low- or high-pass filtered faces or surrounded by large items (the Ebbinghaus illusion). gratings and were asked to discriminate the gender or Many studies have found that human visual size the orientation of them, respectively. Immediately perception is modulated by threatening information following the sensitization phase, the Ebbinghaus illusion (Shiban et al., 2016; Stefanucci & Proffitt, 2009; van strength was measured. The results showed that the Ulzen, Semin, Oudejans, & Beek, 2008; Vasey et al., illusion strength was significantly larger when the prior sensitized images were low-pass filtered relative to 2012; Whitaker, McGraw, & Pearson, 1999), even when when they were high-pass filtered. -
After-Imagery in Defective Fields of Vision* by Morris B
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.12.3.196 on 1 August 1949. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1949, 12, 196. AFTER-IMAGERY IN DEFECTIVE FIELDS OF VISION* BY MORRIS B. BENDER and ROBERT L. KAHN From the Department of Neurology, New York University College ofMedicine, and Neurologic Services of the Mount Sinai Hospital and Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital In a study of visual after-images of patients with "bizarre" visual disturbances. There was a long- homonymous hemianopia one would anticipate standing history of hypertension and arteriosclerotic an after-image only in that part of the field which cardiovascular disease. His average blood pressure during the illness was 200/120 mm. Hg. A bilateral is perceived by the patient during fixation. Fuchs sympathectomy for relief of hypertension had been (1920, 1921), however, found that such patients saw perPormed in 1945. During the course of his long illness more in the after-image than in the stimulus field or he had symptoms and signs of embolization to the lungs, the perceived field of vision. Thus Fuchs noted kidneys, popliteal artery, and brain. that a figure only partly seen on fixation (the The cerebral infarcts which first occurred in 1942 were remainder of the figure was not seen because it was clinically localized to the occipital lobes. The visualguest. Protected by copyright. situated in the blind part of the field) was perceived symptoms consisted of-episodes of blurring of vision to by the same patient in its entirety in the after- the left of his fixation point, spells of momentary blind- image.