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Boundary & Territory Briefing
International Boundaries Research Unit BOUNDARY & TERRITORY BRIEFING Volume 1 Number 8 The Evolution of the Egypt-Israel Boundary: From Colonial Foundations to Peaceful Borders Nurit Kliot Boundary and Territory Briefing Volume 1 Number 8 ISBN 1-897643-17-9 1995 The Evolution of the Egypt-Israel Boundary: From Colonial Foundations to Peaceful Borders by Nurit Kliot Edited by Clive Schofield International Boundaries Research Unit Department of Geography University of Durham South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK Tel: UK + 44 (0) 191 334 1961 Fax: UK +44 (0) 191 334 1962 E-mail: [email protected] www: http://www-ibru.dur.ac.uk The Author N. Kliot is a Professor and Chairperson of the Department of Geography, University of Haifa, and Head of the Centre for Natural Resources Studies at the University of Haifa. Her specialistion is political geography, and she is a member of the International Geographical Union (IGU) Commission on Political Geography. She writes extensively on the Middle East and among her recent publications are: Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East (Routledge, 1994) and The Political Geography of Conflict and Peace (Belhaven, 1991) which she edited with S. Waterman. The opinions contained herein are those of the author and are not to be construed as those of IBRU Contents Page 1. Introduction 1 2. The Development of the Egypt-Palestine Border, 1906-1918 1 2.1 Background to delimitation 1 2.2 The Turco-Egyptian boundary agreement of 1906 4 2.3 The delimitation of the Egypt-Palestine boundary 7 2.4 The demarcation of the Egypt-Palestine boundary 7 2.5 Concluding remarks on the development of the Egypt- Palestine border of 1906 8 3. -
The Humanitarian Monitor CAP Occupied Palestinian Territory Number 17 September 2007
The Humanitarian Monitor CAP occupied Palestinian territory Number 17 September 2007 Overview- Key Issues Table of Contents Update on Continued Closure of Gaza Key Issues 1 - 2 Crossings Regional Focus 3 Access and Crossings Rafah and Karni crossings remain closed after more than threemonths. Protection of Civilians 4 - 5 The movement of goods via Gaza border crossings significantly Child Protection 6-7 declined in September compared to previous months. The average Violence & Private 8-9 of 106 truckloads per day that was recorded between 19 June and Property 13 September has dropped to approximately 50 truckloads per day 10 - 11 since mid-September. Sufa crossing (usually opened 5 days a week) Access was closed for 16 days in September, including 8 days for Israeli Socio-economic 12 - 13 holidays, while Kerem Shalom was open only 14 days throughout Conditions the month. The Israeli Civil Liaison Administration reported that the Health 14 - 15 reduction of working hours was due to the Muslim holy month Food Security & 16 - 18 of Ramadan, Jewish holidays and more importantly attacks on the Agriculture crossings by Palestinian militants from inside Gaza. Water & Sanitation 19 Impact of Closure Education 20 As a result of the increased restrictions on Gaza border crossings, The Response 21 - 22 an increasing number of food items – including fruits, fresh meat and fish, frozen meat, frozen vegetables, chicken, powdered milk, dairy Sources & End Notes 23 - 26 products, beverages and cooking oil – are experiencing shortages on the local market. The World Food Programme (WFP) has also reported significant increases in the costs of these items, due to supply, paid for by deductions from overdue Palestinian tax increases in prices on the global market as well as due to restrictions revenues that Israel withholds. -
JORDAN This Publication Has Been Produced with the Financial Assistance of the European Union Under the ENI CBC Mediterranean
ATTRACTIONS, INVENTORY AND MAPPING FOR ADVENTURE TOURISM JORDAN This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union under the ENI CBC Mediterranean Sea Basin Programme. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the Official Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Services and Navigation of Barcelona and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union or the Programme management structures. The European Union is made up of 28 Member States who have decided to gradually link together their know-how, resources and destinies. Together, during a period of enlargement of 50 years, they have built a zone of stability, democracy and sustainable development whilst maintaining cultural diversity, tolerance and individual freedoms. The European Union is committed to sharing its achievements and its values with countries and peoples beyond its borders. The 2014-2020 ENI CBC Mediterranean Sea Basin Programme is a multilateral Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC) initiative funded by the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI). The Programme objective is to foster fair, equitable and sustainable economic, social and territorial development, which may advance cross-border integration and valorise participating countries’ territories and values. The following 13 countries participate in the Programme: Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Palestine, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia. The Managing Authority (JMA) is the Autonomous Region of Sardinia (Italy). Official Programme languages are Arabic, English and French. For more information, please visit: www.enicbcmed.eu MEDUSA project has a budget of 3.3 million euros, being 2.9 million euros the European Union contribution (90%). -
Defeating Terror Promoting Peace ISRAEL MINISTRY of FOREIGN AFFAIRS
ISRAEL MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS Israel’s Operation against Hamas Defeating Terror Promoting Peace ISRAEL MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS 1 Moderates vs. Extremists The Struggle for Regional Peace Israel desires peace with those who seek peace, but must deter those who seek its destruction ISRAEL MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS Israel's greatest hope Signing the Israel-Jordan is to live in peace and security with all its neighbors Peace Treaty ISRAEL MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS Prime Minister Begin, President Sadat and Israel Prime Minister Ehud Olmert and Foreign Minister Livni meets with Qatar President Carter signing the Israel-Egypt Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas Prime Minister Hamad bin Jassem bin Jabr Al- Peace Treaty, Washington, 26 March 1979 with US President Bush at the Annapolis Thani at the 8th Doha Forum on Democracy, Conference, November 2007 Development, and Free Trade (April 2008) More info Foreign Minister Livni meets with Former Israel Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, MASHAV Course for Palestinian Farmers on Foreign Minister of Oman Yousef Bin Alawi US President George Bush and Palestinian Cooperative Development in Rural Areas Prime Minister Mahmoud Abbas Middle East summit in Aqaba (June 2003) Israel has proven its ability to make peace with those who desire peace. The moderates in the region agree on the need for a “two-state solution” to the Palestinian issue ISRAEL MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS Assad and Ahmadinejad Hamas in Gaza - September 2007 Ahmadinejad and Nasrallah While Israel desires peace with those who seek peace, -
Crossing and Constructing Borders Within Daily Contacts Cedric Parizot
Crossing and constructing borders within daily contacts Cedric Parizot To cite this version: Cedric Parizot. Crossing and constructing borders within daily contacts: Social and economic relations between the Bedouin in the Negev and their network in Gaza, the West Bank and Jordan. NOTES DE RECHERCHE DU CER, 2004, Aix en Provence. halshs-00080661 HAL Id: halshs-00080661 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00080661 Submitted on 20 Jun 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. CENTRE D’ECONOMIE REGIONALE DE L'EMPLOI ET DES FIRMES INTERNATIONALES NOTES DE RECHERCHE DU CER CROSSING AND CONSTRUCTING BORDERS WITHIN DAILY CONTACTS: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BEDOUIN IN THE NEGEV AND THEIR NETWORKS IN GAZA, THE WEST BANK AND JORDAN N° 287 - 2004/10 Cédric PARIZOT CENTRE D'ECONOMIE REGIONALE, DE L'EMPLOI ET DES FIRMES INTERNATIONALES Faculté d’Economie Appliquée Université Paul Cézanne – Aix-Marseille III 15-19 allée Claude Forbin F-13627 Aix en Provence Cedex 1 Tél. : (0)4 42 21 60 11 - Fax : (0)4 42 23 08 94 E.mail : [email protected] -
Ahlan-Amman-Faq.Pdf
Frequently Asked Questions STUDYING AT AHLAN WORLD 2020-2021 « upon this land is that which deserves life » Mahmoud Darwish, Arab Poet ABOUT US Who are we Why study in Jordan COURSES What to expect Our seminars Calendar Fees SCHOOL LIFE Class hours Registration and payement Final certificate Extracurricular activities ACCOMMODATION Our offer Apartments Hotel and host families Prices TRAVEL How to get to Amman USEFUL INFO Documents What to pack LIFE IN AMMAN Utilities Costs of living AHLAN WORLD CONTACTS ABOUT US WHO ARE WE? Ahlan World is comprised of Arabic language centers in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Italy. Each of the centres shares Ahlan World’s philosophy, which views foreign language not merely as a goal, but also as a tool that enables and encourages greater understanding between cultures. Accordingly, Ahlan courses combine language learning with an introduction to local customs and cultures in order for the student to have a comprehensive experience that goes beyond that of a traditional language class. Outside the classroom, students are offered the opportunity to take part in initiatives with local organisations, attend seminars, and participate in weekly extracurricular activities or trips. Through this multi-faceted approach, students at Ahlan World develop both linguistically and personally during their experience. WHY STUDY IN JORDAN? ABOUT US Arabic students from around the world come to study Arabic in Jordan, and with good reason. Jordan is a modern, safe country which hosts many foreigners choosing to visit for study, work, or travel. The capital Amman, where the Ahlan center is located, is a vibrant and diverse city which offers a variety of cultural destinations, cuisines, and activities across its seven hills. -
A Threshold Crossed Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution WATCH
HUMAN RIGHTS A Threshold Crossed Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution WATCH A Threshold Crossed Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution Copyright © 2021 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62313-900-1 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org APRIL 2021 ISBN: 978-1-62313-900-1 A Threshold Crossed Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution Map .................................................................................................................................. i Summary ......................................................................................................................... 2 Definitions of Apartheid and Persecution ................................................................................. -
Linking the Gaza Strip with the West Bank: Implications of a Palestinian Corridor Across Israel Justus Reid Weiner and Diane Morrison
Lebanon Syria Haifa Mediterranian Sea Tel-Aviv-YafoTel-Aviv-Yafo JerusalemJerusalem WestWest BBankank (Judea(Judea & SSamaria)amaria) za a GazaG I s r a e l Egypt Jordan Eilat Linking the Gaza Strip with the West Bank: Implications of a Palestinian Corridor Across Israel Justus Reid Weiner and Diane Morrison The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs ®¯¢Ú© ‰È„Ó ¯Â·Èˆ ÈÈÈÚÏ ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È‰ ÊίӉ Institute for Contemporary Affairs Founded jointly with the Wechsler Family Foundation © 2007 Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 13 Tel Hai Street, Jerusalem, Israel 92107 Tel. 972-2-561-9281 Fax. 972-2-561-9112 Email: [email protected] www.jcpa.org ISBN 965-218-058-0 Production Coordinator: Edna Weinstock-Gabay Graphic Design: Rami & Jacky / Efrat / Lenka Maps: Rami & Jacky Photos: AP Photo, Government Press Office Back cover photo: IDF Spokesman Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank their colleagues, Deborah Norris and Marie E. Yetsin, for their assistance. The authors appreciate the advice and assistance of Daniel Taub, Adv. Table of Contents Executive Summary 5 Introduction 9 I. The Doctrine of Statehood 11 A. The Traditional Criteria for Statehood as Enunciated by the Montevideo Convention of 1933 11 1. Criterion i: A Permanent Population 12 2. Criterion ii: A Defined Territory 12 3. Criterion iii: Government 13 4. Criterion iv: Capacity to Enter into Relations with Other States 14 5. Independence 16 B. Additional Criteria for Statehood 16 C. Additional Criteria for Statehood Suggested as a Result of Modern Developments in International Law 17 1. The Rule of Legality 18 3 2. -
Gaza Strip 2020 As-Siafa Mapping Movement and Access Netiv Ha'asara Temporary
Zikim Karmiya No Fishing Zone 1.5 nautical miles Yad Mordekhai January Gaza Strip 2020 As-Siafa Mapping Movement and Access Netiv Ha'asara Temporary Ar-Rasheed Wastewater Treatment Lagoons Sources: OCHA, Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics of Statistics Bureau Central OCHA, Palestinian Sources: Erez Crossing 1 Al-Qarya Beit Hanoun Al-Badawiya (Umm An-Naser) Erez What is known today as the Gaza Strip, originally a region in Mandatory Palestine, was created Width 5.7-12.5 km / 3.5 – 7.7 mi through the armistice agreements between Israel and Egypt in 1949. From that time until 1967, North Gaza Length ~40 km / 24.8 mi Al- Karama As-Sekka the Strip was under Egyptian control, cut off from Israel as well as the West Bank, which was Izbat Beit Hanoun al-Jaker Road Area 365 km2 / 141 m2 Beit Hanoun under Jordanian rule. In 1967, the connection was renewed when both the West Bank and the Gaza Madinat Beit Lahia Al-'Awda Strip were occupied by Israel. The 1993 Oslo Accords define Gaza and the West Bank as a single Sheikh Zayed Beit Hanoun Population 1,943,398 • 48% Under age 17 July 2019 Industrial Zone Ash-Shati Housing Project Jabalia Sderot territorial unit within which freedom of movement would be permitted. However, starting in the camp al-Wazeer Unemployment rate 47% 2019 Q2 Jabalia Camp Khalil early 90s, Israel began a gradual process of closing off the Strip; since 2007, it has enforced a full Ash-Sheikh closure, forbidding exit and entry except in rare cases. Israel continues to control many aspects of Percentage of population receiving aid 80% An-Naser Radwan Salah Ad-Deen 2 life in Gaza, most of its land crossings, its territorial waters and airspace. -
Restriction of Movement
PHOTO:RYANRODRICKBEILER.COM Restriction of movement Israel has controlled the movement of people and candy, and spices were blocked from entering Gaza. Some goods into and out of Gaza for decades, but since the limitations have been lifted, but severe restrictions on imposition of the blockade in 2006, restrictions have the import of many goods—including the raw materials been severely tightened. necessary for industrial production, construction The Erez Crossing, located on the northern edge of the materials, medical supplies, fuel, and many consumer Israeli-built wall around Gaza, is the only crossing through goods—remain in place. which civilians can travel between Gaza and Israel. At the start of the Second Intifada or Palestinian “uprising” in late 2000, around 26,000 people were allowed to leave Gaza each day via the Erez Crossing. During the first half of 2016, the number of Palestinians allowed out of Gaza has averaged only around 15,000 per month. Nearly all access to the outside world is blocked for the residents of Gaza. Students are denied exit to study abroad. Patients needing medical treatment not available in Gaza are delayed or blocked from reaching care. People ISRAEL with families in other parts of the occupied Palestinian FISHING ZONE territory are blocked from seeing their relatives. People wishing to leave to pursue work in other places are blocked from doing so. The only official crossing for goods into and out Partly operational of Gaza is through Kerem Shalom. Any imports and crossing point exports are regulated through a list of controlled entry EGYPT Closed crossing point items created by Israel. -
GAZA Situation Map - As of 5Th of January 2009
GAZA Situation Map - as of 5th of January 2009 Reported Palestinian casualties as of 5 January 2009 * Killed 534 20% of killed Palestinians Siafa are civilians Injured Erez crossing point is partially open 2,470 Al Qaraya al Badawiya for a limited number of medical al Maslakh evacuations and foreign nationals. Madinat al 'Aw da Beit Lahiya * Beit Hanoun Situation Jabalia Camp Ash Shati' Camp • More than a million Gazans still have 'Izbat Beit Hanoun no electricity or water, and thousands Gaza Jabalia = 25 people = 25 people of people have fled their homes for safe Wharf shelter. Based on MoH as of 5 January 2009 40% of injured Palestinians are civilians * 'A rab Maslakh Beit Lahiya • Hospitals are unable to provide adequate Reported Israeli casualties as of 5 January 2009 Gaza intensive care to the high number of Killed * casualties. 8 of which 4 are civilians crossing point for fuels - open today. dead and at least injured Injured Nahal Oz • 534 2470 of which 46 are civilians 215,000 litres of industrial fuel along with 47 tonnes since 27 December, Source: Palestinian 106 of cooking gas have been pumped from Israel to Gaza Ministry of Health MoH, as of 5th of = 25 people January 2009. = 25 people Al Zahra Al Mughraqa Karni crossing * Based on the Israeli Magen David Adom and the Israeli (Abu Middein) Defence Force (IDF), as of 5 January point for goods • 60 IDF soldiers have been wounded in Gaza since Saturday the 4th of Jan., Priority Needs: including four who remain in serious condition. • Industrial fuel is needed to power the Gaza Power Plant. -
Linking the Gaza Strip with the West Bank: Implications of a Palestinian Corridor Across Israel Justus Reid Weiner and Diane Morrison
Lebanon Syria Haifa Mediterranian Sea Tel-Aviv-YafoTel-Aviv-Yafo JerusalemJerusalem WestWest BBankank (Judea(Judea & SSamaria)amaria) za a GazaG I s r a e l Egypt Jordan Eilat Linking the Gaza Strip with the West Bank: Implications of a Palestinian Corridor Across Israel Justus Reid Weiner and Diane Morrison The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs ®¯¢Ú© ‰È„Ó ¯Â·Èˆ ÈÈÈÚÏ ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È‰ ÊίӉ Institute for Contemporary Affairs Founded jointly with the Wechsler Family Foundation © 2007 Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 13 Tel Hai Street, Jerusalem, Israel 92107 Tel. 972-2-561-9281 Fax. 972-2-561-9112 Email: [email protected] www.jcpa.org ISBN 965-218-058-0 Production Coordinator: Edna Weinstock-Gabay Graphic Design: Rami & Jacky / Efrat / Lenka Maps: Rami & Jacky Photos: AP Photo, Government Press Office Back cover photo: IDF Spokesman Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank their colleagues, Deborah Norris and Marie E. Yetsin, for their assistance. The authors appreciate the advice and assistance of Daniel Taub, Adv. Table of Contents Executive Summary 5 Introduction 9 I. The Doctrine of Statehood 11 A. The Traditional Criteria for Statehood as Enunciated by the Montevideo Convention of 1933 11 1. Criterion i: A Permanent Population 12 2. Criterion ii: A Defined Territory 12 3. Criterion iii: Government 13 4. Criterion iv: Capacity to Enter into Relations with Other States 14 5. Independence 16 B. Additional Criteria for Statehood 16 C. Additional Criteria for Statehood Suggested as a Result of Modern Developments in International Law 17 1. The Rule of Legality 18 3 2.