China’s Geography http://avaxhome.ws/blogs/ChrisRedfield 9780742567825_Print.indb i 5/26/11 6:47 AM 9780742567825_Print.indb ii 5/26/11 6:47 AM China’s Geography Globalization and the Dynamics of Political, Economic, and Social Change Second Edition Gregory Veeck, Clifton W. Pannell, Christopher J. Smith, and Youqin Huang ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 9780742567825_Print.indb iii 5/26/11 6:47 AM Cartography by Dr. Thomas R. Hodler, Professor Emeritus Department of Geography The University of Georgia Published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://www.rowmanlittlefield.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Copyright © 2011 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data China’s geography : globalization and the dynamics of political, economic, and social change / Gregory Veeck . [et al.]. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7425-6782-5 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-7425-6783-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-7425-6784-9 (electronic) 1. China. I. Veeck, Gregory, 1956– II. Title. DS706.C51138 2011 915.1—dc22 2011002802 ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America 9780742567825_Print.indb iv 5/26/11 6:47 AM Contents Images and Tables vii Acknowledgments xiii 1 China’s Path and Progress 1 2 China’s Natural Environments 16 3 Ancient Roots and Binding Traditions 48 4 The Political Geography of Emerging China 83 5 Population and Human Resources 111 6 The Production and Consumption of Culture in Postsocialist China 139 Christopher J. Smith 7 A Preface to China’s Changing Economic Geography 179 8 Agriculture: From Antiquity to Revolution to Reform 203 9 China’s Industry, Energy, Trade, and Transportation in a Global Context 234 10 Urban Development in Contemporary China 268 Youqin Huang 11 Hong Kong before and after the Return 303 Christopher J. Smith 12 Macau (Macao) 328 13 Taiwan: Enduring East Asian “Economic Miracle” 342 Index 363 About the Authors 381 v 9780742567825_Print.indb v 5/26/11 6:47 AM 9780742567825_Print.indb vi 5/26/11 6:47 AM Images and Tables Figures Figure 1.1 China and its Asian neighbors 2 Figure 1.2 China’s emerging economic regions 3 Figure 1.3 China’s first-order (provincial-level) administrative regions 10 Figure 2.1 China’s topography 17 Figure 2.2 China’s annual precipitation 19 Figure 2.3 China’s major environmental regions 20 Figure 2.4 China’s physical features 23 Figure 2.5 China’s rivers 25 Figure 2.6 Flooding and levee construction on the Yellow River 27 Figure 2.7 Potential water diversion routes, either hypothesized or under construction 29 Figure 2.8 Climagraphs of selected stations in China 31 Figure 2.9 Isoline maps of China’s January and July mean temperature 33 Figure 2.10 A generalized map of China’s major soils and their distribution 37 Figure 2.11 A generalized map of China’s major vegetation types 39 Figure 3.1 China’s Paleolithic sites 49 Figure 3.2 Deposition and geological formation of the North China Plain 51 Figure 3.3 China’s Neolithic sites 52 Figure 3.4 China’s Longshan sites 55 Figure 3.5 Examples of Longshanoid pottery 56 Figure 3.6 Shang-influenced areas 57 Figure 3.7 Chinese language distributions 61 Figure 3.8 Qin dynasty territory 62 Figure 3.9 Han dynasty territory at greatest extension 65 Figure 3.10 Tang dynasty territory 67 Figure 3.11 The Grand Canal routes, original 68 Figure 3.12 The Song dynasty 69 Figure 3.13 Yuan (Mongol) dynasty 72 vii 9780742567825_Print.indb vii 5/26/11 6:47 AM viii IMAGES AND TABLES Figure 3.14 The Great Wall with Ming territory 74 Figure 3.15 Ming China, 1368–1644 75 Figure 3.16 Qing dynasty China at greatest extent 77 Figure 4.1 China and its Asian neighbors 85 Figure 4.2 China’s claims in the South and East China seas 86 Figure 4.3 China’s strategic sea-lanes in the Indian Ocean and South and Southeast Asia 92 Figure 4.4 China’s expanded security zone and the “second island chain” 93 Figure 4.5 China’s first-order administrative units 95 Figure 4.6 First-order administrative units for minority nationalities in China 96 Figure 5.1 China’s population density, 2008 117 Figure 5.2 China’s natural population growth rate, 2008 119 Figure 5.3 Birthrates and death rates in China, 1949–2008 121 Figure 5.4 China’s birthrate, 2008 122 Figure 5.5 China, a population pyramid, 2005 124 Figure 6.1 The urban–rural income gap in China, 2005–2009 145 Figure 6.2a Overall growth and annual rate of change in Internet use, China 2002–2009 147 Figure 6.2b Internet users as a percentage of the population: Global comparisons, 1990–2008 148 Figure 7.1 China’s employment by sector, 1952–2008 183 Figure 7.2 Special economic zones (SEZs) and China’s open coastal cities 190 Figure 7.3 Treaty ports and other major cities in China 195 Figure 7.4 China’s per capita gross regional product, 2008 197 Figure 7.5 China’s regional scheme for national development 198 Figure 8.1 Fertilizer use in China by type, 1980–2008 209 Figure 8.2 Meat production in China, 1978–2008 213 Figure 8.3 Fruit production in China, 1978–2008 215 Figure 8.4 Changes in farmland devoted to vegetable production in China, 1978–2008 215 Figure 8.5 Crop distributions of selected crops 216 Figure 8.6 Changes in area sown to rice in China, 1990–2008 217 Figure 8.7 Agricultural regions of China 218 Figure 8.8 Fisheries and aquacultural production in China 228 Figure 8.9 Rural per capita incomes by province for China, 2008 230 Figure 9.1 China’s gross national product and share from industry, 1978–2008 235 Figure 9.2 Production of pig iron, steel, ferroalloys, and rolled steel in China 244 Figure 9.3 Major areas of coal production in China 246 Figure 9.4 Production of crude oil and natural gas in China 248 Figure 9.5 Changes in output for select industrial products, selected years 251 Figure 9.6 Average annual wage for manufacturing workers by province, 2008 252 9780742567825_Print.indb viii 5/26/11 6:47 AM IMAGES AND TABLES ix Figure 9.7 Growth in freight ton kilometers by type of conveyance, 1980–2008 258 Figure 9.8 Map of China’s railway network, 2009 260 Figure 10.1 Urban population and the level of urbanization in China, 1950–2008 271 Figure 10.2 A typical design for traditional Chinese cities 275 Figure 10.3 Both the number of cities and existing cities grow rapidly over time 279 Figure 10.4 Major interprovincial migration flows and net interprovincial migration rate 285 Figure 12.1 Macau, Hong Kong, and the Pearl River Estuary 329 Figure 12.2 Historical map of the Macau Peninsula 330 Figure 13.1 Location map of Taiwan 344 Figure 13.2 Taiwan’s indigenous people 345 Figure 13.3 Taiwan population density by county, 2000 346 Figure 13.4 Topographic summary of Taiwan 347 Figure 13.5 Contemporary rail and highway transportation network of Taiwan 355 Photographs Photo 2.1 The Chang Jiang River near Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu province, taken in the spring of 1987 26 Photo 2.2 Desert encroaching on stand of trees in the northern Taklamakan Desert in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, 2002 32 Photo 2.3 Canal feeding into the Grand Canal in Suzhou, 2002 34 Photo 2.4 Fenglin Forest Preserve in northern Heilongjiang province, 1998 40 Photo 2.5 Karst (Limestone) landscape in Guangxi Autonomous Region (near Liuzhou City) in Southwest China, 1996 42 Photo 8.1 CAD-funded program in northern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in Northwest China 208 Photo 8.2 Loessal terrain in Shanxi province in North-Central China 221 Photo 8.3 A picture of the Grand Canal taken from a hill in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang province (1987) 222 Photo 8.4 Kazak herder in the Tian Mountains in Xinjiang Autonomous Region (2003) 225 Photo 9.1 The express train from Beijing to Tianjin 263 Photo 10.1 Tiananmen Square in the heart of Beijing 276 Photo 10.2 The urban landscape of Shenzhen; the left of the river is Hong Kong 280 Photo 10.3 The skyline of the Pudong New District, Shanghai 281 Photo 10.4 The largest migrant enclave in Beijing, “Zhejiang Village” 287 Photo 10.5 New private housing in suburban Beijing 288 9780742567825_Print.indb ix 5/26/11 6:47 AM x IMAGES AND TABLES Photo 10.6 Highways and subways in the eastern suburbs of Beijing 290 Photo 10.7 The Wang Fu Jing Shopping Center in downtown Beijing 291 Photo 10.8 A Wal-Mart Supercenter on a busy street in Shenzhen 294 Photo 10.9 The National Stadium (Bird’s Nest) and the National Aquatic Center (Water Cube) built for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games 295 Photo 11.1 Hong Kong’s new skyline, the International Financial Center shrouded in pollution 309 Photo 12.1 Praia Grande Bom Parto Fort 333 Photo 12.2 View of the Monastery of Saint Francis 334 Photo 12.3 Macau dwellings with Saint Joseph Church behind 335 Tables Table 2.1 Drainage, Length, and Flow of China’s Major Rivers 24 Table 2.2 Temperature and Precipitation for Selected Chinese Cities, 2008 35 Table 3.1 Population Estimates