N° 2274 Assemblée Nationale

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N° 2274 Assemblée Nationale ° N 2274 ______ ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE CONSTITUTION DU 4 OCTOBRE 1958 TREIZIÈME LÉGISLATURE Enregistré à la Présidence de l’Assemblée nationale le 3 février 2010. RAPPORT D’INFORMATION DÉPOSÉ en application de l’article 145 du Règlement PAR LA COMMISSION DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES en conclusion des travaux d’une mission d’information constituée le 28 janvier 2009, sur la situation au Soudan et la question du Darfour et présenté par MM. SERGE JANQUIN et PATRICK LABAUNE Députés ___ — 3 — SOMMAIRE ___ Pages INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 9 I – LE SOUDAN EXISTE-T-IL ? ....................................................................................... 13 A. – DIVERSITÉS DU SOUDAN....................................................................................... 15 1) Un patchwork africain ...................................................................................... 15 a) Une mosaïque ethnique................................................................................... 15 b) Des populations très mobiles.......................................................................... 17 2) Des territoires pour un Etat ?.......................................................................... 19 a) Le Soudan, terre d’asile () ............................................................................... 20 b) La question sudiste,…..................................................................................... 21 c) … le cas du Darfour,… ................................................................................... 23 d) … et la nature de l’Etat................................................................................... 26 3) La très inégale répartition des richesses ...................................................... 28 a) Le Soudan, géant parmi les plus pauvres ....................................................... 28 b) La part du dérèglement climatique................................................................. 29 c) Des ressources importantes ............................................................................ 31 d) Une domination sans partage de Khartoum................................................... 34 B. – LE SOUDAN CONTEMPORAIN : D’UN COUP D’ETAT À L’AUTRE ............................ 38 1) Une profonde instabilité politique................................................................... 38 2) Un projet islamiste de toujours....................................................................... 40 a) Du mahdisme fondateur… .............................................................................. 40 b) … à la sharî’a et au jihad ............................................................................... 42 3) Une démocratie impossible ? ......................................................................... 44 a) Une réelle tradition démocratique.................................................................. 45 b) L’islamisme en politique................................................................................. 46 c) Les autres formations politiques..................................................................... 48 — 4 — C. – LE SOUDAN, OBJET DE TOUTES LES ATTENTIONS .............................................. 50 1) « Avec de tels amis… » .................................................................................. 51 a) L’Egypte.......................................................................................................... 51 b) Les frères ennemis : la Libye et le Tchad ....................................................... 54 c) A l’Est : l’Ethiopie et l’Erythrée..................................................................... 56 d) Le Mikado régional : déstabilisation et interactions...................................... 58 2) Le jeu des grandes puissances...................................................................... 59 a) La Chine et l’Asie : Sus au pétrole !............................................................... 59 b) Les Etats-Unis… ............................................................................................. 62 c) … et le rôle d’Israël ........................................................................................ 65 3) Les troublantes affinités de la France et du Soudan .................................. 66 a) Le Soudan et la francophonie ......................................................................... 66 b) La lune de miel franco-soudanaise................................................................. 68 c) Les années 2000 : les amours déçues ............................................................. 70 II – KHARTOUM ET SES PÉRIPHÉRIES : UNE TRAGIQUE HISTOIRE SANS FIN.... 73 Chronologie : le conflit du Sud Soudan........................................................ 73 A – LA PLUS LONGUE GUERRE CIVILE AFRICAINE : LE CONFLIT NORD-SUD ............. 74 1) Les fondements du conflit ............................................................................... 75 a) La question de la régionalisation ................................................................... 75 b) Le facteur religieux et culturel........................................................................ 78 c) La question des ressources ............................................................................. 80 2) Les positionnements politiques des mouvement sudistes......................... 83 a) D’une approche globale dans le cadre d’un Soudan uni…............................ 83 b) … à la tentation séparatiste............................................................................ 85 3) Avant toute chose : une guerre du pétrole ................................................... 86 a) Un conflit civil qui s’abreuve au pétrole…..................................................... 86 b) La guerre déclarée aux populations ............................................................... 89 B – LES AUTRES CONFLITS AUX MARCHES DU SOUDAN............................................ 90 1) Le conflit de l’Est............................................................................................... 90 a) Des causes qui s’apparentent à celles à l’origine des autres conflits soudanais........................................................................................................ 91 b) Un conflit moins violent… .............................................................................. 92 c) … Et plus aisément résolu............................................................................... 93 2) La guerre des Monts Nouba ........................................................................... 93 a) La toile de fond ............................................................................................... 94 b) De nombreux traits communs avec les autres conflits soudanais .................. 94 — 5 — c) Un génocide avant l’heure ?........................................................................... 96 d) La résolution du conflit................................................................................... 98 C – LA CRISE DU DARFOUR.......................................................................................... 100 Chronologie : le conflit du Darfour ................................................................ 100 1) Des causes de la crise au déclenchement du conflit.................................. 101 a) Un contexte identique à celui des autres conflits soudanais .......................... 102 b) La terre disputée ............................................................................................. 104 c) La lente dégradation de la situation locale .................................................... 105 d) Un conflit « opportuniste » ............................................................................. 107 2) Les forces en présence ................................................................................... 109 a) Des mouvements rebelles divisés.................................................................... 109 b) Forces gouvernementales et milices janjawids .............................................. 111 3) Le déroulement du conflit................................................................................ 112 a) Une politique de la terre brûlée...................................................................... 113 b) L’évolution du conflit et le bilan de la terreur................................................ 114 c) Les interférences étrangères ........................................................................... 116 d) Les raisons d’une telle violence...................................................................... 117 III – LA COMMUNAUTÉ INTERNATIONALE ET LE SOUDAN ..................................... 121 A – LA FIN DE LA GUERRE CIVILE NORD-SUD : UNE AFFAIRE DE DIPLOMATIES BILATÉRALES ........................................................................................................... 121 1) L’entrée en lice des Etats-Unis....................................................................... 121 a) Quand Khartoum était la plaque tournante du terrorisme international....... 122 b) L’art de se refaire une virginité...................................................................... 123 2) Les parrainages internationaux du processus de paix............................... 125 a) Des médiations pas toujours désintéressées................................................... 126 b) Les
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