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O,9% ;)(% +'88% P)#% %10;1.,,%7;%("#6D%)P% (,"% F"'*(9% )P% ()U;D% ';M% 8';MD+'C"DS% (,"% C*#7(9% )P% (,"% $#)*;M%U'("#%U,7+,%C#)E7M"D%*D%U7(,%P#"D,%M#7;A7;$%U'("#S%(,"%+8"';87;"DD%)P%)*#%#7E"#D%';M%(,"% ,"'8(,%)P%(,"%)+"';D_%O,9%;)(%M"6';M%(,'(%(,"%'7#%U"%F#"'(,"%';M%(,"%P8'E)*#%)P%(,"%P))M%U"%"'(% F"%";,';+"M_%.';9%76C#)E"6";(D%'#"%D(788%;""M"M%()%P7$,(%'$'7;D(%;)7D"S%()%">C';M%$#"";%'#"'DS% ()%C#"D"#E"%U78M%P'*;'%';M%P8)#'%';M%()%D'E"%(,"%;'(*#'8%';M%+*8(*#'8%,"#7('$"%)P%,*6';7(9S%;)(%()% 6";(7);%(,"%'ME';+"D%D(788%()%F"%6'M"%7;%M"6)+#'+9Q\e%0'##97;$%)*(%(,7D%X#"$#"DDZ%'$";M'%]7P%-% 6'9% F"% C"#67(("M% (,7D% ;")8)$7D6^% #"K*7#"D% #"D)#(7;$% ()% D)C,7D(7+'("M% ("+,;)8)$7"DS% D)6"% )P% U,7+,%'#"%D(788%()%F"%7;E";("MQ%&"(%*D%6)E"%()U'#MD%C#)$#"DD%)P%K*'87(9S%;)(%U7(,)*(%8767(DS%F*(% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 8 Silvia Pérez-Vitoria, Les paysans sont de retour, Paris/Arles, Actes Sud, p.192. 9 Ibid, p.193. 10 This is also what Cornelius Castoriadis wishes: ‘So we need true democracy, establishing the broadest possible procedures for thought and debate, with the participation of the citizenry"as a whole. That in turn is only feasible if those citizens have true information,"true training, and opportunities to exert their judgment, in practice.’ in A Society Adrift, op. cit., p.195. $" '767;$%()U'#MD%P#*$'8S%,"'8(,9%';M%D,'#"M%'F*;M';+"j%L"N"+(7;$%C#)$#"DD7E"%7M")8)$9%67$,(%;)(% F"%(,"%F"D(%('+(7+%F*(%U"%+';%M#'U%);%(,"%#,"()#7+%(,'(%J)Do%@)Eo%87A"D%D)%6*+,%';M%D'9%(,'(%7(%7D% ;)(%'F)*(%('A7;$%'%D("C%F'+AU'#MD%F*(%'%D("C%()%(,"%D7M"S%7;%)#M"#%()%8"'E"%(,"%C'(,%(,'(%7D%8"'M7;$% *D%()%M7D'D("#Q% ! /=KBIAC @",7;M%(,7D%M"F'("%87"D%';%76C)#(';(%C,78)D)C,7+'8%K*"D(7);S%);"%+);+"#;7;$%(,"%E"#9%;'(*#"%)P% (,"%5;87$,(";6";(%';M%7(D%$)'8W%+);(#'#9%()%#7$,(?U7;$%)FN"+()#D%()%$#)U(,S%)*#%C#)N"+(%7D%P*889% 76F*"M% U7(,% (,"% 5;87$,(";6";(ZD% DC7#7(S% (,'(% )P% (,"% "6';+7C'(7);% )P% 6';A7;M% ';M% )P% (,"% '+,7"E"6";(% )P% ';% 8-(0+0$0-,! ,0'#.()Q% @*(% (,7D% '$";M'% U'D% ("##7F89% '6F7$*)*DQ% [;"% )P% (,"% #"+)66";M"M%6"';D%U'D%(,"%U788%()%#'(7);'889%6'D("#%3'(*#"%U7(,%"+);)67+D%';M%("+,;)8)$9Q% 5E";% (,)*$,%7(%'76"M%'(%P#""7;$%6';%P#)6%,7D%D*F)#M7;'(7);%()%(#';D+";M";+"S%(#'M7(7);%';M% #"E"8'(7);% ](,"% +*D()M7';D% )P% (,"% :+'#.+! /E;#$.F5%7(%6'M"%6)M"#;%D)+7"(9%(,"%6)D(% ,"("#);)6)*D% D)+7"(9% 7;% ,*6';% ,7D()#9S% D*FN"+(% ()% (,"% M7+('()#D,7C% )P% +'C7('8% 6'#A"(DS% ()% (,"% *+>#,#@&.!?8+4%)P%(,"%"+);)69S%';M%()%(,"%8'UD%)P%(.'=+0,'#.+'.Q%1,"%'#(7P7+7'87D'(7);%)P%(,"%U)#8M% ,'D% F"";% +);D7D(";(89% ";+)*#'$"M% P)#% 6)#"% (,';% (U)% +";(*#7"DS% ()% D*+,% ';% ">(";(% (,'(% 7(% ;)U% +)6C#)67D"D%,*6';%7M";(7(9Q%1,"%)*(+)6"%)P%(,"%'*();)69%'$";M'%(,#)*$,%(,"%("+,;)D+7";(7P7+% 8"'C%P)#U'#MD%7D%(#';D,*6';7D6%)#%(,"%M"D"#(7);%)P%(,"%C8';"(%F9%(,"%,*6';%DC"+7"D%';M%7(D% 67$#'(7);%)*(%7;()%(,"%+)D6)DQ%@9%)E"#D("CC7;$%(,"%F7)8)$7+'8%F'##7"#D%(,'(%+);D(7(*("%'%8767(%P)#% *DS%U"%U)*8M%F"%"6';+7C'("M%Y';M%(,7D%D""6D%()%F"%P"'D7F8"%()M'9%Y%P#)6%(,"%F'##7"#D%87;A"M%()% )*#% $";"(7+% ';M% +)D67+% +);M7(7);7;$Q% 1,7D% C#)DC"+(% "+,)"D% (,"% C"DD767D(7+% E7D7);% )P% ,*6';% ;'(*#"S%(,"%';(,#)C)8)$9%)P%(,"%U)8P?6';%(,'(%,'D%+,'#'+("#7D"M%6)M"#;7(9%D7;+"%I)FF"D%';M% (,"%F7#(,%)P%C)87(7+'8%"+);)69S%U7(,%(,"%DC"+(#"%)P%'%U'#%)P%'88%'$'7;D(%'88W%D7;+"%6';%7D%76C"#P"+(% F"+'*D"%)P%,7D%';76'87D(7+%;'(*#"S%7(%7D%C#"P"#'F8"%()%6'A"%,76%8"'E"%7(Q%1,7D%#"N"+(7);%)P%,*6';% +);M7(7);% 7;% P'E)*#% )P% '% #"'8% ("+,;7+'8% #"M"6C(7);% 7D% ';% 'FM7+'(7);% ';M% '% D*F67DD7);% ()% (,"% M7+('("D% )P% (,"% C"#P)#6';+"% )P% '#("P'+(DQ% 1,"% &"E7'(,';% #"C#"D";(D% '% ("+,;)+#'(7+% D('("% )#% (,"% E"#9% ,"'E9% )#% 7;E7D7F8"% ,';M% )P% (,"% O)#8M% 0)6C';9S% U7(,% '% (,7#D(% P)#% C)U"#% (,'(% F"(#'9D% (,"% C#)67D"D%)P%"6C)U"#6";(%6'M"%M*#7;$%(,"%'$"%)P%5;87$,(";6";(Q\\%1,7D%7D%+'#7+'(*#"M%F9%(,"% #"N"+(7);%)P%(,"%M"6)+#'(7+%M"F'("%);%D+7";(7P7+%';M%("+,;7+'8%#"D"'#+,Q% :"$#)U(,S%);%(,"%)(,"#%,';MS%#"C#"D";(D%';%'(("6C(%()%('A"%'%P#"D,%8))A%'(%(,"%6)M"#;%C)87(7+'8% "6C)U"#6";(% '$";M'% F9% ('+A87;$% (,"% M7PP7+*8(7"D% 7;,"#";(% 7;% 7(D% #"'87D'(7);Q% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 11 In addition to my book L’invention de l’économie (Albin Michel, 2005), read Luigino Bruni’s well-crafted analyses in L’Ethos del mercato. Un’introduzione ai fondamenti antropologici e relazionali dell’economia, Milano-Torino, Bruno Mondadori, 2010. 12 Expression coined by the Belgian philosopher Gilles Deleuze in his works on Spinoza. %" )E"#+)6"%7(Q%1)%(,7D%";MS%-887+,%'#$*"M%7;%P'E)*#%)P%+);E7E7'87(9S%U,78"%0'D()#7'M7D%C#)C)D"M%(,"% "D('F87D,6";(%)P%#'M7+'8%M"6)+#'+9Q% 0);E7E7'87(9S%'%("#6%F)##)U"M%F9%-887+,%P#)6%(,"%$#"'(%\s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d`h% '#(7+8"% ";(7(8"M% X<% D)+7)8)$7+'8% 'DD"DD6";(% )P% @)8D,"E7D6ZS% ,"% 7$;)#"M% X(,"% #7DA% )P% D""67;$% )8M?P'D,7);"M% ';M% '% C*#E"9)#%)P%+)66);C8'+"DZS%';M%'ME)+'("M%$)7;$%F'+A%()%X(,"%)8M%G#""A%';M%&'(7;%+);+"C(D%)P% '81#(8,S%P)#%U,7+,%(,"%6)M"#;%p+,'#7(9q%7D%D*+,%'%C))#%(#';D8'(7);QQQ%(,"%;"+"DD'#9%pP#7";MD,7CqS% (,"%p+)66*;7(9q%(,'(%+);D(7(*("%(,"%M"87+'("%"DD";+"%)P%(,"%07(9ZQ\c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b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ranslation by Ben Brewster. Quoted in Stjepan G. Mestrovic, The Balkanization of the West: The Confluence of Postmodernism and Postcommunism, London, Routledge, 1994, p.70. 14 Exegesis by François Flahault, in ‘Que faire, que penser de Marx aujourd’hui ?’, Revue du Mauss, n° 34, second semester 2009, p.52. &" DC"+7P7+'889% M"6)+#'(7+% ,"("#);)69ZQ\k%/"#,'CD%08'*M"%&oE7?!(#'*DD% ,'M% (,7D% M7PP7+*8(9% 7;%67;M% U,";%,"%('8A"M%'F)*(%(,"%(#'$7+%P'78*#"%)P%(,"%+'D("%D9D("6%7;%-;M7'W%X-(%7D%(#'$7+%P)#%6';,))M%(,'(% (,7D%$#"'(%">C"#76";(%P'78"Mg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f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g%);%(,"%+);(#'#9S%U"%D,'88% #"+)$;7D"%)*#%;'(*#'8%';M%,7D()#7+'8%,"#7('$"Q% ! /=KBIAC!?!B=CLBD!CI!?!P?CBJ?BO !)6"% +#7(7+DS% "DC"+7'889% (,)D"% U7(,% 8"P(?U7;$% E7"UDS% +8'76% (,'(% M"$#)U(,% C#)6)("D% '% 8)+'87D6% U,7+,% U)*8M% #"$#"DD% ()% '% F9$);"% C'(#7'#+,'8S% +,'*E7;7D(%';M%+)66*;7('#7';%)#$';7D'(7);Q\l% <++)#M7;$%()%=#";+,%(#'M7(7);S%(,"%D*DC7+7);%)P%+)66*;7('#7';7D6%7D%';%'++*D'(7);%)P%(,"%U)#D(% A7;MQ%-;%(,7D%+);(#)E"#D9S%=#';i)7D%tU'8M%M)"D%;)(%F"'(%'#)*;M%(,"%F*D,%U,";%,"%D'9DS%XO"%A;)U% (,'(% (,"#"% 7D% ;)% )(,"#% "6C)U"#6";(% '$";M'% (,';% (,'(% )P% pC)87(7+'8% "+);)69q% (,'(% ,'D% F"";% +'##97;$%(,"%O"D(%D7;+"%(,"%\s(,%+";(*#9ZQ\s%@9%J)E"j%O)*8M%M"$#)U(,%F"%*;A;)U7;$89%F#7;$7;$%'% D)+7'889%#"(#)$#'M"%'$";M'_% 1,7D% )FN"+(7);% +)6C#7D"D% (,"% (,#""% 6'7;% +)6C);";(D% (,'(% '#"% 87;A"M% ()$"(,"#% ()% '% $#"'("#% )#% 8"DD"#%M"$#""W%(,"%7DD*"D%)P%8)+'87D6S%+)66*;7(9%';M%C'(#7'#+,9Q% % """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 15 Robert Legros, ‘Castoriadis et la question de l’autonomie’, in Cornelius Castoriadis. Réinventer l’autonomie, op.cit, p.150. 16 Claude Lévi-Strauss, Tristes Tropiques. Translation by John and Doreen Weightman, Penguin, 1973. p.149. Ivan Ilich’s most controversial and misunderstood book, Gender, dealt with this complex issue. 17 Jean-Paul Pollet, from the Belgian magazine Imagine, thus summarizes the objection: ‘My question is about the reservations expressed by some left-wingers about degrowth theories, which they think would not as much be based on a well-understood austerity as on a deep simplification of the social order and a return to the old, patriarchal order, in which individual fulfilment would give way to the public interest.’ 18 Les Échos, 12 September 2002, p.53. '" \^%:"$#)U(,%';M%8)+'87D6%% O,";%7(%+)6"D%()%8)+'87D6S%);"%6*D(%F"+)6"%'U'#"%(,'(%7;%';9%"E";(%U"%6*D(%7;(#)M*+"%D)6"% A7;M%)P%1.(.11#(01#8&#,8(#0+Q%1,"%K*"D(7);%7DW%,)U%M)%U"%$)%'F)*(%M)7;$%D)_%0);D*6"#7D6%6'A"D% *D%">+""M%(,"%";E7#);6";('8%P))(C#7;(S%';M%(,*D%)E"#?+);D*6"%F7)?C#)M*+(7E"%DC'+"Q%G8)F'889S%'D% )P% `eedS% U"% ,'E"% ">+""M"M% (,"% F7)DC,"#"ZD% +'C'+7(9% ()% #";"U% 7(D"8P% F9% )E"#% ker% ]cer% 'D% )P% `ee`^S% U7(,% <88)U%6"S%N*D(%(,7D%);+"S%()%$7E"%'%C"#D);'8%">'6C8"Q%-;%\dfeS%-%U'D%'8#"'M9%'%$#)U;%6';%';M%-% +);D*6"M%'F)*(%'D%6*+,%'D%-%M)%()M'9Q%I)U"E"#S%(,"%P))M%-%'("%U'D%;)(%6'M"%7;%(,"%D'6"%U'9Q% 2)$,*#(D%U"#"%6'M"%U7(,%678A%P#)6%'%;"'#F9%P'#6%';M%D)6"(76"D%(,"9%U"#"%"E";%,)6"6'M"g% (,"%$8'DD%C)(D%U"#"%#"+9+8'F8"%';M%*;87A"%()M'9S%9)$,*#(D%M7M%;)(%(#'E"8%dSeee%A78)6"(#"D%P#)6% C#)M*+(7);%()%+);D*6C(7);Q`e%1,"#"%'#"%+)*;(8"DD%">'6C8"D%)P%(,7D%A7;MW%(,"%D*7(%U,)D"%"E"#9% C'#(%,'D%(#'E"88"M%feSeee%A6%';M%(,"%P#)b";%8'6F%P#)6%3"U%a"'8';M%+)E"#7;$%\sSsck%A6%7;%'% #"P#7$"#'("M%+'#$)%C8';"%F"P)#"%8';M7;$%7;%@#7('7;Q%1,7#(9%M7PP"#";(%+)*;(#7"D%'#"%7;E)8E"M%7;%(,"% 6'A7;$% )P% '% F7A"% M"D7$;"M% 7;% =#';+"% P)#% (,"% DC)#(7;$% $))MD% +,'7;% D()#"% :"+'(,8);Q% /"#P*6"% F)((8"D%P#)6%-;("#C'#P*6D%(#'E"8%P#)6%=#';+"%()%!,';$,'7%';M%F'+AS%(,*D%+)E"#7;$%`eSeee%A6%()% ,'E"%0,7;"D"%U)#A"#D%8'F"8%(,"6%'(%,'8P%(,"%+)D(Q%I"#6uD%D+'#E"D%$)%'88%(,"%U'9%()%.'M'$'D+'#% 6"#"89%P)#%(,"7#%P'6)*D%#)88"M%,"6Q`\%5E";%6)#"%+)67+'8%788*D(#'(7);D%)P%(,"D"%'FD*#M7(7"D%'#"% 8"$7);Q%1,"%4;7("M%!('("DS%U,"#"%U))M%#"D)*#+"D%'#"%C8";(7P*8S%76C)#(%(,"7#%6'(+,"D%P#)6%J'C';S% U,78"%(,"%8'(("#%,'D%()%$"(%7(D%U))M%D*CC87"D%P#)6%8))(7;$%+)6C';7"D%)C"#'(7;$%7;%(,"%-;M);"D7';% P)#"D(Dg%6"';U,78"S%J'C';%76C)#(D%7(D%+,)CD(7+AD%P#)6%(,"%4!Q%X-;%\ddsS%@#7('7;%76C)#("M%f\Shee% ();;"D%)P%C)*8(#9%6"'(%P#)6%(,"%3"(,"#8';MD%7;%(,"%D'6"%9"'#%(,'(%7(%">C)#("M%ccS\ee%();;"D%)P% C)*8(#9% 6"'(% ()% (,"% 3"(,"#8';MDZS% D'9D% 0'#)87;"% &*+'DQ``%-;%\ddfS%(,"%4R%76C)#("M%hchSeee% ();;"D%)P%'CC8"DS%;"'#89%,'8P%)P%U,7+,%+'6"%P#)6%)*(D7M"%5*#)C"S%U,78"%;)(,7;$%,'D%F"";%M);"%()% D'E"%(,"%fer%)P%4R%'CC8"%)#+,'#MD%(,'(%,'E"%F"";%8)D(%D7;+"%\dfeQ%% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 19 For more details about the environmental footprint, read the first chapter of my book Le Pari de la décroissance, op. cit. 20 According to Stéphanie Böge’s thesis, published in 1993 by the Wuppertal Institut (read Silence, n° 167, July 1993). The detailed calculation is given by Ingmar Granstedt, Peut-on sortir de la folle concurrence ?, coll. ‘La Ligne d’horizon’, 2006. 21 Laurence Benhamou, Le Grand Bazar mondial, Paris, Bourin, 2005, p.3. 22 Caroline Lucas, Stopping the Great Food Swap. Relocalising Europe’s Food Supply, report published by the Greens/European Free Alliance, European Parliament, March 2001. (" 1,"%67;M%F)$$8"D%'(%(,"%#"D*8(D%)P%(,"%+'8+*8'(7);%7;%("#6D%)P%P))M%678"DS%U,7+,%";+)6C'DD"D% M7D(';+"D% P#)6% P'#6% ()% P)#AQ% X<% ,"'M% )P% 8"((*+"% P#)6% !'87;'D% T'88"9S% 0'87P)#;7'S% #"'+,"D% (,"% 6'#A"(D%)P%O'D,7;$();S%:Q0QS%'P("#%'%kSeee%A6%N)*#;"9%M*#7;$%(,"%+)*#D"%)P%U,7+,%cf%(76"D%6)#"% ";"#$9% 7D% +);D*6"M% 7;% (,"% P)#6% )P% C"(#)8% (,';% 7(% +);('7;D% +'8)#7"DQ% @9% (,"% (76"% (,"%8"((*+"% #"'+,"D% &);M);S% \`l% (76"D% 'D% 6*+,% ";"#$9% U788% ,'E"% F"";% ">C";M"M% ()% $"(% 7(% (,"#"% (,';% 7(% +);('7;DZS%D'9D%2E"D%0)+,"(Q`c%<;M%7(%$"(D%U)#D"W%(,"%E)8*6"%)P%(,"D"%XC"#7D,'F8"DZ%(,'(%D'78%';M%P89% (,"%U)#8M%7;+#"'D"D%F9%hr%"E"#9%9"'#j%1,"%A"(+,*C%P)*;M%7;%!U"M7D,%,)6"D%,'D%$);"%(,#)*$,%'% k`?D("C% )M9DD"9S% P#)6% (#';DP)#6'(7);% ()% (#';DC)#('(7);j% 1,"% (#'E"8D% )P% :';7D,% C#'U;D% '#"% $#)("DK*"% F*(S% '8'DS% P'#% P#)6% ">+"C(7);'8`hW% (,"9% $)% ()% .)#)++)% ()% F"% C""8"MS% (,";% #"(*#;% ()% :";6'#AS% F"P)#"% F"7;$% D,7CC"M% )PP% P)#% D'8"Q% .)#"% 7;+);$#*)*D% D(788S% !+)((7D,% 8';$)*D(7;"D% '#"% ">C'(#7'("M%()%1,'78';M%()%F"%,';M%C""8"M%7;%'%=7;M*D%P'+()#9S%';M%(,";%#"(*#;"M%()%!+)(8';M%()% F"% +))A"MS% F"P)#"% F"7;$% D)8M% 7;% .'#AD% v% !C";+"#% D()#"DQ% I"#"% 7D% '% C'#(7+*8'#89% D7$;7P7+';(% ">'6C8"W%@#'b787';%P'#6"#D%(#'M7(7);'889%"'(%#"M%F"';DS%F*(%87E"D()+A%'#"%P"M%);%+'((8"%+'A"D%6'M"% P#)6% D)9% (,'(% 7D% $#)U;% );% DU7MM";% 8';M% 7;% (,"% <6'b);% #'7;P)#"D(Q% 1,7D% M"C8"("D% (,"% 5'#(,ZD% $#"";% 8*;$% ';M% (,"% 6"'(% 7D% (,";% (#';DC)#("M% )E"#% \eSeee% A6S% U,7+,% +);(#7F*("D% ()% +876'("% M7D#*C(7);Q%=7;'889S%(,"%+'#+'DD%7D%*D"M%()%C#)M*+"%6"'(%';M%F);"%6"'8%]U,7+,%6'A"D%)*#%+)UD% X6'MZ^S%';M%(,7D%7;P"+("M%6"'(%7D%D(788%C)7D);7;$%*DQ%-;%D,)#(S%U"S%(,"%+);D*6"#DS%8)D"%);%'88%+)*;(D% U,78"%'$#7F*D7;"DD%P7#6D%#"'C%F";"P7(DQ%1,"#"P)#"S%(,"%7;+#"'D"%)P%)*#%";E7#);6";('8%P))(C#7;(% U'D%C#)F'F89%+'*D"M%6)#"%F9%$8)F'87D'(7);%(,';%F9%)*#%+);D*6C(7);%8"E"8DS%">+"DD7E"%(,)*$,% (,"D"%6'9%F"Q% 5E";% 7P% (,7D% 7D% (,"% );89% #"'D);S% U"% 6*D(% $)% F'+A% ()% '% D9D("6% (,'(% 8"'E"D% '% D*D('7;'F8"% ";E7#);6";('8%P))(C#7;(%P)#%(,"%C8';"(Q%O"%,'E"%F"";%M"("##7()#7'87D7;$%)*#%C#)M*+(7);%D9D("6S% '8(,)*$,%7;%)#M"#%()%#"M*+"%)*#%";E7#);6";('8%P))(C#7;(%U"%6*D(%#"8)+'("%P7#D(%';M%P)#"6)D(Q% 1,"%b"#)?678"%)FN"+(7E"%)P%(,"%-('87';%+);D*6"#%)#$';7D'(7);S%U,7+,%+);D7D(D%)P%+);D*67;$%8)+'8% C#)M*+(DS%7D%'%;"+"DD'#9%6"';D%()%'+,7"E"%(,7D%$)'8Q`k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`f%-(%7D%;)(%76C)DD7F8"%7;%+";(#'87D"MS%,7"#'#+,7+'8% D)+7"(7"DS% 'D% D,)U;% U7(,% C'D(% "6C7#"DS% F*(% U"% +';% ,'#M89% 76'$7;"% ,)U% '% #"C#"D";('(7E"% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 23 Yves Cochet, Pétrole apocalypse, op. cit., p.69. 24 Philippe Mühlstein, ‘Les ravages du mouvement perpétuel’, Le Monde diplomatique, January 2005. 25 Codacons (Coordinamento delle Associazioni per la Difesa dell’Ambiente e dei Diritti degli Utenti e dei Consumatori), www.codacons.it 26 Richard Heinberg, The Party’s Over: Oil, War and the Fate of Industrial Societies, New Society, 2005, p.197. )" M"6)+#'+9%];)(%()%6";(7);%'%M7#"+(%M"6)+#'+9^%+)6C)D"M%)P%d%F7887);%7;M7E7M*'8D%#7M7;$%,)#D"D% )#% F7A"D% +)*8M% "E"#% U)#AQ% 1,7D% C#)F8"6% +)*8M% F"% D)8E"M% F9% *D7;$% '% C9#'67M'8% '#+,7("+(*#"% )P% D6'88S% 8)+'8S% )C";% M"6)+#'+7"D% F'D"M% );% F7)#"$7);DS% (,'(% 7DS% ;'(*#'8% #"$7);D% U,"#"% 87E"D()+AS% C8';(DS% ';76'8DS% U'("#% ';M% C")C8"% P)#6% '% #"8'(7E"89% +),"#";(% $#)*C% #*8"M% F9% (,"% C#7;+7C8"% )P% D*FD7M7'#7(9Q`l%1,7D%7D%'F)*(%#"7;E";(7;$%'%;"U%+*8(*#"%)P%8)+'87D6g%D('#(7;$%P#)6%D+#'(+,Q% % `^%:"$#)U(,%';M%+)66*;7('#7';7D6Q`s% <8(,)*$,%(,"#"%'#"%X'D%6';9%pD6'88%U)#8MDq%'D%(,"#"%'#"%+)66*;7(7"DZS%U"%+';%;)%8);$"#%M#"'6% )P%(,"%+);(7;";('8%)#%C8';"('#9%p+)66);%U)#8Mq%(,'(%I';;',%<#";M(%'DC7#"M%()%P7P(9%9"'#D%'$)ZS`d% D'9D%2E"D%0)+,"(Q%1,7D%C#)DC"+(%)P%(,"%";M%)P%(,"%D7;$8"%U)#8M%7D%;)(%">C#"DD"M%E"#9%U"88%';M%6'9% C#)6C(%+#7(7+D%()%'++*D"%*D%)P%F"7;$%X+)66*;7('#7';DZ%]*8(76'("%7;D*8(%U,7+,%;""MD%*CM'(7;$^Q%-(% 7D%(#*"%(,'(%5MU'#M%G)8MD67(,S%P)*;M"#%)P%M=.%<'0&0;#,(%6'$'b7;"S%'D%U"88%'D%#7$,(?U7;$%)#%N.B! /#;=(%M"$#)U(,%'+(7E7D(DS%+"#('7;89%,'E"%'#$*6";(D%7;%P'E)*#%)P%'%;)D('8$7'%P)#%';%7M"'87D"M%C'D(% ';M% '% #"(*#;% ()% '% +8)D"M% +)66*;7(9Q% I)U"E"#S% 6)D(% )FN"+()#D% ()% $#)U(,% M)% ;)(% D,'#"% (,"D"% E7"UDQ%1#*"S%(,"%D*DC7+7);%7D%'88%(,"%D(#);$"#%F"+'*D"%U"%#"'DD"#(%(,"%E'8*"%)P%8)+'87D6S%U,78"% M"6';MD%P)#%'*();)69%F'D"M%);%'%#"$7);'8%7M";(7(9%,'E"%'8U'9D%F"";%D*DC"+("M%)P%U7(,M#'U'8S% D"+8*D7);%';M%7;()8"#';+"S%"DC"+7'889%7;%=#';+"%]M*"%()%(,"%0'(,)87+%';M%J'+)F7;%(#'M7(7);D^Q% [*#%*;M"#D(';M7;$%)P%"+)?%';M%F7)#"$7);D%M)"D%;)(%P'+()#%7;%(,"%+);+"C(D%)P%#'+"%';M%F8))M%F*(% P)+*D"D%7;D("'M%);%U,"#"%C")C8"%,'CC";%)#%+,))D"%()%87E"Q% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 27 This is what proposed the American eco-anarchist Murray Bookchin (1921-2006). 28 According to Emmanuelle Martin, from the Alliance journal (Pour une Europe des consciences, n° 7, January 2006), ’When you speak of degrowth, you are bound to hear people tell you that it is impossible to backpedal and that, besides, nobody would wish to live like their grandparents. Is it what degrowth is all about?’ 29 Yves Cochet, Pétrole apocalypse, op. cit., p.203. 30 Marcel Gauchet, La Démocratie contre elle-même, Paris, Gallimard, 2002, p.18. *" 7;$#'7;"M%C#"N*M7+"%7;%P'E)*#%)P%'%M"P7;7("%A7;M%)P%7;("#P"#";+"S%;'6"89S%D*+,%'D%U)*8M%M"D(#)9% ;);+);(#'+(*'8%#"8'(7);D%F"(U"";%7;M7E7M*'8D%';M%C#"E";(%(,"7#%DC);(';")*D%#"?P)#6'(7);ZQc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b);('8% D)87M'#7(7"D% ';M% #"+7C#)+7(7"DS%F*(%;)(%F9%#"(*#;7;$%()%);"?U'9%,7"#'#+,7"DQ%-;M7E7M*'87(9%7D%;)(%D)6"(,7;$%U"%'#"% F)#;%U7(,S%7(%7D%D)6"(,7;$%U"%,'E"%(,"%C)(";(7'8%()%'+K*7#"Q% % c^%-D%M"$#)U(,%+,'*E7;7D(_% 5#7+,%=#)66S%O78,"86%L"7+,%';M%6';9%)(,"#D%,'E"%D,)U;%(,'(%+'C7('87D6S%(,"%"+);)69%';M%(,"% 788*D7);% )P% 7;P7;7("% $#)U(,% '#"% %8(1#'.+(1#'S%C,'88)+#'(7+%';MS%'88%7;%'88S%+,'*E7;7D(Q%<++)#M7;$%()% J"';%G'M#"9S%XG:/%';M%$#)U(,%'#"%;)(%$";M"#?;"*(#'8ZQcc%G#)U(,%7D%7;M""M%+);;"+("M%()%'%(,7#D(% P)#% C)U"#S% U,78"% +)6C"(7(7);% 7D% '% P)#6% )P% U'#Q% -(% 7D% ;)% +)7;+7M";+"%(,'(%(,"%;'(7);'8%'++)*;(D% *;M"#"D(76'("%,)*D"A""C7;$%'+(7E7(7"DQ%G'M#"9%'8D)%)FD"#E"D%(,'(%X(,"%P'+(%(,'(%G:/%('A"D%7;()% '++)*;(%C'#(%)P%(,"%]M)6"D(7+^%+,)#"D%(,'(%'#"%C"#P)#6"M%6)D(89%F9%6";S%F*(%;)(%'(%'88%(,)D"% U,7+,% '#"% 6'DD7E"89% +'##7"M% )*(%F9%U)6";S%7D%;)(,7;$%F*(%'%M7D$*7D"M%M7D+#767;'(7);QZch%X1,"% 6';%U,)%$#)UD%C)('()"D%7;%=#,%$'#M";%+);(#7F*("D%()%G:/S%F*(%;)(%(,"%U)6';%U,)%+))AD%(,"6% 7;% =.1%A7(+,";jZ%<;D"86%J'CC"%#"6'#AD%(,'(%X(,"%"+);)67+%C#)M*+(7);%7D%'DD)+7'("M%U7(,%6'8"% p(#'7(DqW%F"7;$%,'#D,%]()%);"D"8P%';M%()%)(,"#D^S%#"D)8*("S%#'(7);'8S%+'8+*8'(7;$S%';M%+)6C";D'("M% P)#% (,"7#% U)#Ag% );% (,"% )(,"#% ,';MS% ;);?6'#A"(% '+(7E7(7"D% '#"% 'DD)+7'("M% U7(,% P"6'8"% p(#'7(DqW% F"7;$%DU""(S%*;M"#D(';M7;$S%"6)(7);'8S%$";"#)*D%';M%*;#"U'#M"M%P)#%(,"7#%U)#AZQck%<++)#M7;$%()% L)DU7(,'%!+,)8bcfS%(,"%P"67;7D(%0#7(7+'8%(,")#7D(S%XU,'(%E'8*"%+';;)(%$#'DC%';M%(,*D%M7DD)+7'("D%7D% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 31 Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation, Boston, Beacon Press, 1944, p.163. 32 As best evidenced by François Flahault. Read in particular: Adam et Ève. La condition humaine, Paris, Mille et une nuits, 2007, and Le Crépuscule de Prométhée. Contribution à une histoire de la démesure humaine, Paris, Mille et une nuits, 2008. 33 Jean Gadrey, Adieu à la croissance, op. cit, p.28. 34 Ibid., p.30. 35 Anselme Jappe, ‘Le “côté obscur” de la valeur et le don’, op. cit., p.110. 36 Quoted in Anselme Jappe, ‘Le “côté obscur” de la valeur et le don’, op. cit., p.111. !+" C#"+7D"89%7;%+);(#'M7+(7);%U7(,%(,"%+8'76%(,'(%E'8*"%7D%'%$8)F'8%6"'D*#"%+);+"C(g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cl%JQ%0Q% 1#);()cs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w#"$#"DD^% 76C87"D% '% M""C% #"E'6C7;$% )P% (184#(#0+Q%-P%X(,"%C'D(%+';%,"8C%*D%C'E"%(,"%U'9% ()U'#MD%(,"%P*(*#"ZS%'D%a'C'(7D('Dcd%+8'76S%(,";%U"%D,)*8M%'8D)%'MMS%'D%(,"9%M)W%X-;%P'+(S%U"%(,"% 7;M7$";)*D%C")C8"S%M)%;)(%F"8);$%()%9"D("#M'9S%U"%F"8);$%()%()6)##)UZQ%<;M%7(%7D%7;("#"D(7;$%()% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 37 This concern for others does not differ greatly from the analyses American feminists made of the ‘care’ concept in their gender studies, which are now very popular and have also been taken up by social-liberal reformism to make up for insufficient though necessary government policies. 38 Quoted in Alice le Goff, ‘Care, empathie et justice’, Revue du Mauss, no. 33, first half of 2009, p.360. 39 In a declaration dated March 12th, 2001, quoted in Jérôme Baschet, op. cit., p.191. !!" 87;A%(,7D%()%(,"%+)66";(%6'M"%F9%5D(,"#heS%(,"%3")b'C'(7D('%0)6';M';("S%'MM#"DD7;$%.">7+)ZD% /'#87'6";(S%);%.'#+,%`e(,S%`ee\W%XO"%U)6";%A;)U%U,7+,%+*D()6D%'#"%$))M%';M%U,7+,%'#"%F'MZQ% 1,)*$,%U"%+)*8M%'#$*"%U,"(,"#%(,7D%'M'6';(%+8'76%7D%(#*"S%7(%M)"D%D,)U%(,'(%(,7D%7DD*"!7D%;)% 8);$"#%('F))S%';M%(,7D%7D%U,'(%'+(*'889%6'(("#DQ% -%U788%+);+8*M"%P)#%(,"%(76"%F"7;$%U7(,%J"';?/'*8%@"DD"(ZD%U)#MDh\W%XO,";%M"'87;$%U7(,%(#'M7(7);ZS% ,"%U#7("DS%X(,"%D'6"%6"(,)M%6*D(%'CC89%'D%U,";%M"'87;$%U7(,%C#)$#"DDW%"E'8*'(7);S%D"8"+(7);S% D)#(7;$%)*(%';M%"8767;'(7);Q%O"%D""%7(%'D%'%U'9%)P%$"((7;$%#7M%)P%U,'(%8"'MD%()%+);P7;"6";(%Y%(,"% D*'E"%7;E7('(7);%()%;)D('8$7+%U7(,M#'U'8%';M%()%#"D";(6";(S%(,"%">K*7D7("89%U7D(P*8%C"#+"C(7);%)P% (,"%C"'+"P*8%)#M"#%)P%P7"8MD%';M%P'+()#7"DS%+,*#+,"D%';M%+)(('$"D%YS%)P%$"((7;$%#7M%)P%U,'(%P#""b"D% (,"%C#"D";(%7;()%(,"%M"8*D7);%)P%';%7M"'87D"M%C'D(S%U,"(,"#%7(%F"%D96F)87D"M%F9%#"87$7);S%#'+"S%(,"% ;'(7);S%+8'DD%)#%+8';Q%O"%D,)*8M%;)(%";+)*#'$"%C")C8"%()%,'("%C#)$#"DD%Y%'D%'88%(,"%#"'+(7);'#9% 6)E"6";(D%,'E"%M);"%(,#)*$,%,7D()#9%Y%F*(%()%+#7(7+7D"%7(%*;+)6C#)67D7;$89ZQ% ! 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U""A%D+,"6"%7;%=#';+"%D,)UD%,)U%(,7D%6"'D*#"S%,)U"E"#%D";D7F8"%7(%7DS%7D%,'#M89%+)6C'(7F8"% U7(,%(,"%C#"E'787;$%+'C7('87D(%D9D("6Q%[;%(,"%);"%,';MS%7;%(,"%+);(">(%)P%+)6C"(7(7E"%$8)F'87D'(7);% ';M%(,"%5*#)C"';%6'#A"(%"+);)69S%7(%U'D%'%#7DA9%6)E"%()%$)%7(%'8);"g%);%(,"%)(,"#%,';MS%U7(,)*(% (,"%C#)DC"+(%)P%'+(*'889%$"((7;$%)*(%)P%C#)M*+(7E7D6S%(,"%6"'D*#"%8)D(%D7$;7P7+';(%D96F)87+%E'8*"Q% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 40 In a declaration dated March 28th, 2001, quoted in Jérôme Baschet, op. cit., p.223. 41 Jean-Paul Besset, Comment ne plus être progressiste..., op. cit., pp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cer% #"M*+(7);% 7;% $#"";,)*D"% $'D"D% F9% `e`e% D,)*8M% 8"'M% ()% (,"% +#"'(7);% )P% fseSeee% N)FD% 7;% =#';+"Q% .)#")E"#S% (,"#"% 7D% ;)% M)*F(% (,'(% (,"% #";)E'(7);% )P% F)(,% C*F87+% ';M% C#7E'("%F*78M7;$D%'76"M%'(%76C#)E7;$%(,"7#%(,"#6'8%7;D*8'(7);%U788%#"C#"D";(%'%,*$"%+);D(#*+(7);% C#)$#'66"% U,7+,% U788% +#"'("% N)FDQ% -P% (,"% =#";+,% $)E"#;6";(% 76C8"6";("M% (,"% 5*#)C"';% L";"U'F8"%5;"#$9%M7#"+(7E"%';M%7P%`er%)P%7(D%"8"+(#7+7(9%U'D%C#)M*+"M%P#)6%#";"U'F8"%D)*#+"D% D*+,%'D%D)8'#%)#%U7;M%C)U"#S%`heSeee%N)FD%U)*8M%F"%+#"'("MQh`% -;%(,"%P'#67;$%7;M*D(#9S%7;%C'#(7+*8'#S%N)FD%+)*8M%F"%+#"'("M%U7(,)*(%$#)U(,%7;%C#)M*+(7);%7P%U"% $'E"%*C%(,"%'#(7P7+7'8%8'F)*#%C#)M*+(7E7(9%#"D*8(7;$%P#)6%(,"%*D"%)P%("+,;)8)$7"D%(,'(%M'6'$"%(,"% ";E7#);6";(S% ';M% 7P% U"% 'F';M);"M% 7;M*D(#7'8% P'#67;$Q% -;% P'+(S% '++)#M7;$% ()% '% D*#E"9% F9% (,"% OE4E18(#0+!+8(#0+8&.!4.,!8;1#'-&(.-1,!@#0%](,"%=#";+,%)#$';7+%P'#67;$%'DD)+7'(7);^%deSeee%N)FD% +)*8M%F"%+#"'("M%7;%=#';+"%7P%(,"%D,'#"%)P%)#$';7+%P'#67;$%U'D%#'7D"M%P#)6%'%6"#"%`r%+*##";(89% ()%dr%)P%(,"%)E"#'88%'$#7+*8(*#'8%C#)M*+(7);%]87A"%7;%<*D(#7'^Q%L"'+,7;$%\kr%)P%)#$';7+%P'#67;$% U)*8M%6"';%';%'MM7(7);'8%\`eSeee%()%\keSeee%N)FDQ%0);D7M"#7;$%(,7DS%7P%\eer%)P%(,"%'$#7+*8(*#'8% C#)M*+(7);%U'D%)#$';7+%Y%U,7+,%D,)*8M%F"%)*#%$)'8%Y%6)#"%(,';%\%67887);%N)FD%+)*8M%F"%+#"'("MQ% <;M% 9"(S% (,'(% U)*8MS% 7;+7M";('889S% ;)(% F#7;$% *D% F'+A% ()% (,"% D7(*'(7);% (,'(% C#"E'78"M% 7;% (,"% \d(,% +";(*#9S%U,";%6)#"%(,';%her%)P%(,"%U)#AP)#+"%U)#A"M%7;%(,"%P'#67;$%D"+()#Q%O7(,%'CC#)C#7'("% ("+,;7+'8% C#)$#"DDS% U"% +)*8M% #"'+,% \e% ()% `erS% U,7+,% 7D% K*7("% #"'D);'F8"% +)6C'#"M% U7(,% (,"% +*##";(%8"E"8%)P%c%()%krQhc% 1,"%";M%)P%+,"'C%)78%D,)*8M%'8D)%8"'M%()%(,"%+#"'(7);%)P%6';9%N)FDQ%=)DD78%";"#$9%,'D%'8U'9D%F"";% (,"%";"69%)P%"6C8)96";(S%D7;+"%7(%,'D%";+)*#'$"M%6"+,';7D'(7);%';M%(,*D%6'M"%+'C7('8?8'F)*#% D*FD(7(*(7);% "'D7"#Q% 1#'+()#D% ,'E"% #"C8'+"M% M#'P(% ';76'8D% ';M% F#)*$,(% 'F)*(% '% #"M*+(7);% 7;% 8'F)*#%P)#+"%7;%(,"%P'#67;$%D"+()#Q% 43 In the United States, there are ‘so few full-time farmers that the census forms for the year 2000 included no such category in their list of occupations’, in Richard Heinberg, Pétrole, la fête est finie, op. cit., p.250. !$" ,"("#);)69Q%=)#%(">(78"%6';*P'+(*#7;$S%P)#%7;D(';+"S%,"%U#7("DW%XDC7;;7;$S%M#'U7;$%';M%(">(*#7;$% )C"#'(7);D%+)*8M%F"%+)6F7;"M%U7(,7;%'%D7;$8"%D6'88%6'+,7;"%(,"%D7b"%)P%'%U'#M#)F"S%U,7+,%+)*8M% F"%D"(%*C%7;%E"#;'+*8'#%U)#AD,)CD%';M%6'M"%'++"DD7F8"%()%8)+'8%#"D7M";(DQ%mVn%<%D7678'#%+);+"C(% +)*8M%F"%M"E7D"M%P)#%C'C"#%#"+9+87;$g%7;%(,7D%#"DC"+(S%D76C8"%6'+,7;"DS%U,7+,%'#"%D6'88%";)*$,%()% F"%(#';DC)#("M%);%#"K*"D(%';M%#";("M%);%'%U""A89%F'D7DS%'#"%'8#"'M9%'E'78'F8"Q%1,"D"%6'+,7;"D% U)*8M% F"% 7;D('88"M% 7;% 8)+'8% +)66*;7(7"D% ';M% 7;% ()U;DS% ()$"(,"#% U7(,% $*788)(7;"DS% D('C8"#D% ';M% $8*7;$%6'+,7;"DS%D)%(,'(%*D"#D%+)*8M%6'A"%(,"7#%)U;%;)("C'MD%';M%;)("F))ADQ%<%C,)()+)C7"#%)#% ';9%)(,"#%D6'88%#"C#)M*+(7);%"K*7C6";(%+)*8M%'8D)%F"%'MM"M%()%(,"%U,)8"ZQhh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hk% G#';D("M(%D'9DQ% O"%(,*D%,'E"%P)*#%"8"6";(DW%\^%'%#"M*+(7);%7;%(,"%)E"#'88%(,")#"(7+'8%C#)M*+(7E7(9%'D%6"'D*#"M% F9%"+);)67D(DS%U,7+,%U788%F"%';%*;M";7'F8"%P'+(%7P%U"%$7E"%*C%(,"%(,"#6)?7;M*D(#7'8%6)M"8S%#"N"+(% C)88*(7;$%("+,;)8)$7"D%';M%(,"%">+"DD7E"%*D"%)P%P)DD78%";"#$7"DS%';M%$7E"%*C%";"#$9?+);D*67;$% "K*7C6";(g% `^%(,"% #"8)+'(7);% )P% '+(7E7(7"D% ';M% (,"% ";M% )P% (,"% ">C8)7('(7);% )P% +)*;(#7"D% )P% (,"% !)*(,g%c^%(,"%+#"'(7);%)P%";E7#);6";(?#"8'("M%N)FD%7;%"E"#9%7;M*D(#9g%h^%'%;"U%U'9%)P%87E7;$%';M% (,"% "8767;'(7);% )P% *;;"+"DD'#9% +..4,%]D7$;7P7+';(%XD(#"'687;7;$Z%7;%'ME"#(7D7;$S%()*#7D6S% (#';DC)#(S%(,"%'*()6)(7E"%7;M*D(#9S%'$#7F*D7;"DDS%F7)("+,;)8)$9%"(+Q^Q%1,"%P7#D(%(,#""%P'+(D%U)*8M% 76C89%';%7;+#"'D"%7;%(,"%'6)*;(%)P%U)#Ag%(,"%8'D(%);"%U)*8M%76C89%(,"%+);(#'#9Qhf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ngmar Granstedt, Du chômage à l’autonomie conviviale, Lyon, À plus d’un titre, coll. ‘La ligne d’horizon’, second edition 2007 (first edition 1982) pp.52-56. 45 Ibid., p70. Towards the end of his life, André Gorz developed ideas similar to Granstedt’s. See his article in Entropia, no. 2, first half of 2007. 46 From a similar perspective, Jean Gadrey tried to assess consequences for each industry (see Adieu à la croissance, op. cit., p.109 and following pages). !%" U7(,)*(% "7(,"#% +*((7;$% U'$"D% ]'(% 8"'D(% (,"% 8)U"D(% U'$"D^% )#% #"M*+7;$% (,"% C#)M*+(7);% )P% P7;'8% $))MDS% (,)*$,% '% +,';$"% 7;% U,'(% U)*8M% '+(*'889% F"% C#)M*+"M% 67$,(% )++*#Q% G";"#'889% DC"'A7;$S% C#)M*+(7E7(9%$'7;D%D,)*8M%;)%8);$"#%F"%*D"M%()%D*D('7;%(,"%$#)U(,%)P%P7;'8%$))MD%C#)M*+(7);Q%-;% (,"%\dseDS%<;M#o%G)#b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g%D)6"%)P% (,"6%"E";%(,7;A%(,'(%M"$#)U(,%7D%D)6"%A7;M%)P%"+)?("##)#7D6Qhl%=)#%6)D(%)P%(,"6S%M"$#)U(,%+';% );89%">7D(%7;%'%M7+('()#7'8%Y%7P%;)(%()('87('#7';%Y%#"$76"Q%1,*DS%'++)#M7;$%()%<8'7;?Go#'#M%!8'6'hs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hd%&)FF97;$%7;%C)D(?M"6)+#'+9%6'A"D%7(%;"'#89%76C)DD7F8"%()%,'E"%';%";E7#);6";('8% C)87+9%)(,"#%(,';%);"%(,'(%7D%+)6C'(7F8"%U7(,%"+)?F*D7;"DD%';M%M)"D%;)(%+,'88";$"%(,"%+*8(%)P% $#)U(,Qke%[;%(,"%+);(#'#9S%(,"%'*();)69%(,'(%U"%+'88%P)#%6"';D%(,'(%U"%D,)*8M%D()C%D*F67((7;$% ()%(,"%M7+('()#D,7C%)P%P7;';+7'8%6'#A"(D%)#%()%(,"%#+>#,#@&.!=8+4%)P%"+);)69S%';M%#"$'7;%+);(#)8% )E"#%)*#%M"D(7;9Q%O"%87E"%);%'%C8';"(%U7(,%8767("M%#"D)*#+"Dg%,)U%U788%U"%D,'#"%U,'(%;'(*#"ZD% $";"#)D7(9!D(788%,'D%()%)PP"#_%&"(%*D%M)%'%(,)#)*$,%#"E7"U%)P%(,"%7;D%';M%)*(D%)P%(,"%C#)F8"6%';M% M7D+*DD%(,"6%U7(,%#"DC"+(%P)#%"E"#9);"ZD%E7"UD%';M%F"87"PDQ%-D%7(%;)(%U,'(%M"6)+#'+9%'D%U"%D""%7(% 7;%O"D("#;%+)*;(#7"D%7D%'88%'F)*(_%k\% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 47 For example, Jean-Paul Fitoussi and Éloi Laurent, La Nouvelle Écologie politique, Paris, Le Seuil, 2008. 48 On France Culture (a French radio station), on August 23rd, 2008 ; quoted in Denis Bayon et al, La Décroissance, op. cit., p.206. 49 Colin Crouch, Post-Democracy, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2004. 50 This is what Hervé Kempf condemned as oligarchy in his book L’oligarchie ça suffit, vive la démocratie, Paris, Le Seuil, 2011. 51 In African and Indian-American traditions, there are other, just as honourable ways to express collective will, for example through palaver or communality; but let us keep this book about our agenda in countries of the North. Regarding palaver, see the first chapter of my book, La Déraison de la raison économique (Paris, Albin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j%/*(% 9)*#%7;("#"D(S%(,"%7;("#"D(%)P%9)*#%+)6C';9%';M%(,"%7;("#"D(%)P%9)*#%F)DD%P7#D(j%@"%#"'8%D,'#ADS% ('A"% 'D% 6*+,% 'D% 9)*% +';Zj% 1,"% )*(+)6"% 7D% P'#% P#)6% 6""(7;$% (,"% ">C"+('(7);D% )P% 8'7DD"b?P'7#"% 'ME)+'("DS% "E";% (,)*$,% P#""% +)6C"(7(7);% 7D% #"$*8'("M% F9% #*8"D% ";'+("M% F9% (,"% 5*#)C"';% 0)667DD7);Q% -;%<;+7";(%G#""+"S%(,"%,"#)%U,)%D*##";M"#"M%()%,7D%,*F#7D%U'D%C*;7D,"M%F9%P'("Q%I*F#7D%6*D(%F"% +);(#)88"M%';M%('6"M%'D%6*+,%'D%C)DD7F8"Q%1,7D%7D%U,"#"%XD)+7"(9Z%+)6"D%7;S%()%,"8C%7;M7E7M*'8D% #"C#"DD%(,"7#%M"D7#"%P)#%)6;7C)(";+"S%';M%U"%(,*D%*;M"#D(';M%U,9%.'#$'#"(%1,'(+,"#%M"+7M"M% (,'(%D)+7"(9%D,)*8M%F"%'F)87D,"MQk`%<;M%(,"#"7;%87"D%(,"%(#'$"M9%)P%)*#%D7(*'(7);W%'(%C#"+7D"89%(,"% (76"%U,";%,"'MD%)P%D('("%'#"%E7#(*'889%*;';76)*D%7;%M"+8'#7;$%(,'(%(,"9%U';(%()%D'E"%(,"%C8';"(S% (,"9% '#"% '88% 76C8"6";(7;$% 6"'D*#"D% ()% F))D(% "+);)67+% $#)U(,Q% X1,"% ";E7#);6";('8% +#7D7DSZ% )FD"#E"D%'%P)#6"#%=#";+,%67;7D("#%P)#%(,"%";E7#);6";(S%X'#)*D"D%'%E'$*"%D";D"%)P%'CC#",";D7);S% U,7+,% 7D% '++)#M"M% 87((8"% +);D+7)*D% #"P8"+(7);% ';M% 7D% F)(,% C)87(7+'889% 6'#$7;'8% ';M% "8"+()#'889% 7;D7$;7P7+';(ZQkc%2E"D%0)+,"(%'MMDW%X3)U,"#"%7;%(,"%U)#8M%,'E"%(,"#"%"E"#%F"";%';9%,*$"%C#)("D(% 6'#+,"D%'$'7;D(%(,"%7;+#"'D"%7;%$#"";,)*D"%$'D%"67DD7);DS%(,"%8)DD%)P%F7)M7E"#D7(9S%)#%(,"%F*78M? *C%)P%6';*P'+(*#"M%+,"67+'8D%7;%(,"%";E7#);6";(ZQkh%."';U,78"S%I*F"#(%ToM#7;"S%P)#6"#%=#";+,% 67;7D("#%P)#%P)#"7$;%'PP'7#DS%#"67;MD%*D%(,'(%X6)D(%C)C*8'(7);D%P7"#+"89%#"P*D"%()%D""%(,"7#%87P"D(98"% +'88"M%7;()%K*"D(7);S%P)#%(,"9%+);D7M"#%7(%()%F"%'%#7$,(S%D)6"(,7;$%()%U,7+,%(,"9%'#"%";(7(8"MS%7;%(,"% +);(">(%)P%C#)$#"DD%";E7D'$"M%'D%'%);"?U'9%6)E"6";(ZQkk%&*+A789S%(,7D%7D%;)%8);$"#%";(7#"89%(#*"% """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" Michel, 2001); about communalism, see Georges Lapierre’s article ‘La communalité comme théorie et comme pratique’, Entropia, no. 9, Fall 2010. 52 We have all heard about her famous statement: ‘And, you know, there is no such thing as society. There are individual men and women, and there are families, and no government can do anything except through people, and people look to themselves first.’ (Woman’s Own Magazine, October 31st, 1987). In a similar vein, after receiving the 2010 Goncourt prize for literature, Michel Houellebecq said: ‘We don’t have any duty to our country; […] France is nothing more than a hotel’. He might well have said a brothel. 53 Yves Cochet and Agnès Sinaï, Sauver la terre, Paris, Fayard, 2003, p.31. 54 Ibid., p.42. 55 Hubert Védrine, ‘Surmonter l’insurmontable’, Le Débat, no. 133, January-February 2005, p.173. !'" ';M%(,"%P'78*#"%)P%(,"%0)C";,'$";%+876'("%+,';$"%'$#""6";(%$'E"%#7D"%()%8'#$"?D+'8"%C#)("D(DQ% @*(%(,"#"%7D%D(788%'%8);$%U'9%()%$)%';M%(,"%(#7*6C,'87D(%';;)*;+"6";(%)P%(,"%*;,)C"M?P)#%';M% 788*D)#9%0';+x;%'$#""6";(%7;%:"+"6F"#%`e\e%6'9%U"88%,'E"%8*88"M%C")C8"%F'+A%7;()%C'DD7E7(9Q% ='+"M% U7(,% D*+,% M""C?#))("M% +);D*6"#7D6S% 6';9% M)*F(% U,"(,"#% )*#% D)?+'88"M% M"6)+#'(7+% D)+7"(7"D%Y%U,7+,%D,)*8MS%7;%P'+(S%F"%M"D+#7F"M%'D%)87$'#+,7+%Y%'#"%+'C'F8"%)P%76C8"6";(7;$%(,"% ;"+"DD'#9%6"'D*#"DQ%1,"9%F"87"E"%(,'(%#"D(#7+(7);D%+)*8M%F"%D*++"DDP*889%";P)#+"M%);89%F9%D)6"% D)#(% )P% '*(,)#7('#7';% "+)+#'+9Qkf%I';D%J);'D%C#)C)*;M"M%(,"%,9C)(,"D7D%(,'(%'%XF";"E)8";(% M7+('()#D,7CZ% 7D%;"+"DD'#9%7P%U"%'#"%()%P'+"%*C%()%(,"%"+)8)$7+'8%+,'88";$"Q%XO"%+';;)(%D76C89% F#*D,%(,"%K*"D(7);%'D7M"SZ%,"%U#)("Q%X.'N)#%+);P87+(D%7;%(,"%C'D(%,'E"%76C)D"M%+);D(#'7;(DS%8767(D% );%)*#%P#""M)6S%';M%U'#%"+);)67"DQ%I*6';7(9%,'D%#"D)#("M%()%(9#';;7"D%)P%C*F87+%D'P"(9Q%-(%,'D% )P(";%F";"P7("M%P#)6%M)7;$%D)Q%<;M%D*#"89%(,"%7DD*"%'(%D('A"%+'88D%P)#%*D%()%'++"C(%D*+,%6"(,)MD%7;% )#M"#% ()% F#7;$% 'F)*(% +,';$"_Zkl%:)67;7K*"%@)*#$%'M)C(D%'%D7678'#%D(';+"%7;%P'E)*#%)P%';% ">C"#()+#'+9Qks%<8(,)*$,%(,7D%("+,;)8)$9%DC"+7'87D(%,'D%+);E"#("M%P#)6%D*D('7;'F8"%M"E"8)C6";(% ()% M"$#)U(,S% ,"% K*7("% #7$,(89% M)"D% ;)(% (#*D(% (,"% "8"+()#'8% D9D("6% )P% ()M'9ZD% C)D(?M"6)+#'+7"DS% U,7+,%D9D("6'(7+'889%7;P';(787D"%+7(7b";D%';M%U,7+,%,"%67D('A"D%P)#%#"'8%M"6)+#'+9Q%-(%7D%(#*"S%'D% G")#$"%1#)U%U#7("DS%(,'(%X7;%(,"%'FD";+"%)P%'M*8(DS%C")C8"%m+)6"n%()%C*(%(,"7#%(#*D(%7;%">C"#(DZQkd% 2"(S%"E";%D*CC)D7;$%(,'(%">C"#(D%'#"%8"DD%D*D+"C(7F8"%()%6';7C*8'(7);%(,';%(,"%'E"#'$"%+7(7b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fe% !*CC)D"M89S%7P%(,"%6'DD"D%7;%M"E"8)C"M%+)*;(#7"D%U"#"%()%D""%(,"7#%D(';M'#M%)P%87E7;$%(,#"'(";"MS% (,"9% U)*8M% F"% U7887;$% ()% 'F';M);% (,"6D"8E"D% ()% '% M"6'$)$*"% C#)67D7;$% ()% C#)("+(% 7(% 7;% ">+,';$"%P)#%(,"7#%P#""M)6S%"E";%'(%(,"%C#7+"%)P%$#"'("#%$8)F'8%7;N*D(7+"%';M%)P%+)*#D"S%*8(76'("89S% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 56 Hubert Védrine expresses views along these lines in the article quoted above, as he bases his hopes partly on the ‘“enlightened technocratic despotism” of the European Commission’. Such a hope could drive more than one to despair! 57 Quoted in Jean-Paul Besset, Comment ne plus être progressistes…, op. cit., p.330. See also Michel Tarrier (Dictature verte, Presse du Midi, 2010), who depicts a benevolent ecocracy following an ecological coup d’État. 58 ‘For all environmental questions, scientific knowledge should be at the heart of the decision-making system.’ See his interview in Le Monde, 31 October-1 November 2010. See also Dominique Bourg and Kerry Whiteside, Vers une démocratie écologique, Paris, Le Seuil, 2010. 59 George Trow, Within the Context of No Context (Boston, Little Brown and Company, 1981) 60 It is discussed in all seriousness by the Bilderberg group, the semi-secret society of the world’s elite which presides over the fate of the Empire, that is to say, world society. !(" (,"%"8767;'(7);%)P%'%C)#(7);%)P%,*6';7(9Qf\%<;M%7;%';9%+'D"S%);89%'%()('87('#7';%C)U"#%U)*8M%F"% +'C'F8"%)P%76C)D7;$%(,"%M#'D(7+%#"M*+(7);D%7;%+);D*6C(7);%;""M"M%()%";D*#"%(,"%D*#E7E'8%)P%(,"% "87("Q%L7+,'#M%=8"7D+,"#ZD%P786%"0)&.+(!Q1..+%]\dlc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b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`eeh% P)#% 3'(7);'8% G")$#'C,7+% =#';+"S% U7(,)*(% '% C#"8767;'#9% 'U'#";"DD% +'6C'7$;S% D,)UD% (,'(% ksr% )P% =#";+,% C")C8"% F"87"E"% "'+,% 7;M7E7M*'8% D,)*8M%('A"%'+(7);%7;%,7D%)#%,"#%M'789%87P"g%lkr%'#"%U7887;$%()%D()C%8"'E7;$%(,"7#%"8"+(#7+'8%M"E7+"D% );%D(';M?F9g%f`r%()%M#7E"%'(%\`e%A6w,%);%(,"%6)()#U'9g%hlr%()%D()C%*D7;$%'7#?+);M7(7);7;$g% hhr%()%*D"%);89%C*F87+%(#';DC)#(g%hkr%()%F*9%';%"8"+(#7+%)#%,9F#7M%;);?C)88*(7;$%+'#g%hcr%()% 7;D('88% D)8'#% ,"'(7;$% '(% ,)6"Qf`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fc%1,"%C#)C)D'8%()%F*78M%'% D)+7"(9%)P%P#*$'8%'F*;M';+"%#"87"D%);%(,"%D7$;7P7+';(%C#"D*CC)D7(7);%(,'(%(,"%+);M7(7);D%#"K*7#"M% P)#% M)7;$% D)% '#"% C)DD7F8"Q% 1,"% E"#9% '+(% )P% 6'A7;$% D*+,% '% C#)C)D'8% +);(#7F*("D% ;);"(,"8"DD% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 61 See William Stanton, The Rapid Growth of Human Population 1750-2000, Histories, Consequences, Issues, Nation by Nation, Brentwood, Multi-Science Publishing, 2003. 62 Quoted by Hubert Védrine, Surmonter l’insurmontable, op. cit., p.175. 63 Cornelius Castoriadis, A Society Adrift. Interviews and Debates, 1974-1997, New York, Fordham University Press, 2010, p.211. !)" ()U'#MD%(,"%+,';$"%)P%'((7(*M"%(,'(%7D%;""M"M%';M%D"(D%(,"%U,""8D%7;%6)(7);Q%O"%'#"%P'+"M%U7(,% (,"%;);"?())?D6'88%('DA%)P%#"P)*;M7;$%M"6)+#'+9Q% ! 0?D!F=KBIACC!>@>C=_`! <%#"+*##7;$%K*"D(7);%7;%C#'+(7+'889%"E"#9%C*F87+%M"F'("%7D%U,"(,"#%M"$#)U(,%7D%+)6C'(7F8"%U7(,% +'C7('87D6Q% !)6"% +#7(7+DS% ';M% 6)#"% DC"+7P7+'889% (,"% ';'#+,7D(% ';M% <(('+% 6)E"6";(DS% '++*D"% )FN"+()#D% ()% $#)U(,% )P% +)67;$% ()% ("#6D% U7(,% +'C7('87D(% ">C8)7('(7);% F"+'*D"% (,"9% M";)*;+"% $8)F'87D'(7);%';M%$#)U(,%U7(,)*(%8'F"887;$%(,"6%'((#7F*("D%)P%'%+'C7('87D(%';M%#'M7+'889%&8#,,.RP A8#1.!D9D("6Q%% X<++)#M7;$% ()% J"';?.'#7"%I'##7F"9SZ%/'*8%<#7uD%;)("DS%X(,"#"%'#"%D"E"#'8%P8'UD%7;%(,"%M"$#)U(,% '$";M'W% C*#D*7;$% *;#"D(#7+("M% M"$#)U(,% U7(,)*(% 'F';M);7;$% +'C7('87D6S% P'787;$% ()% D""% (,'(% +'C7('87D6% 7D% ;)(% (,"% );89% C)DD7F8"% "+);)67+% D9D("6S% ';M% $7E7;$% *C% );% (,"% 7M"'% )P% P*88% "6C8)96";(ZQff%!)6"%)FN"+()#D%()%$#)U(,S%D*+,%'D%.'*#7b7)%/'88';("%7;%-('89S%D""6%()%+);D7M"#% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 64 Cornelius Castoriadis, A Society Adrift, New York, Fordham University Press, 2010, p.201. 65 Ivan Illich, Tools for Conviviality, Glasgow, Fontana, 1975, p.116. 66 Paul Ariès, Décroissance ou barbarie, Villeurbanne, Golias, 2005, p.87. !*" (,'(%M"$#)U(,%]6'7;89%(,'(%)P%G:/fl^%7D%+)6C'(7F8"%U7(,%(,"%+'C7('87D(%6'#A"(%"+);)69S%F*(%(,7D% 7D%;)(%)*#%E7"US%;)#%(,'(%)P%(,"%6'N)#7(9%)P%M"$#)U(,%'ME)+'("DQ%=)#%.'*#7b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ee Maurizio Pallante, La decrescita felice. La quantità della vita non dépende dal PIL, Rome, Editori Riuniti, 2005. 68 Taikis Fotopoulos, Towards an inclusive democracy, Continuum, 1998. 69 Jean-Paul Besset, Comment ne plus être progressiste...sans devenir réactionnaire, Paris, Fayard, 2005, p.169. #+" &7A"%/'D+'8ZD%7;P7;7("%*;7E"#D"S%(,"%$#)U(,%D)+7"(9%7D%F)(,%;)U,"#"%';M%"E"#9U,"#"%Y%7;+8*M7;$% 7;%)*#%,"'MD%Y%';M%7(%#'#"89%8))AD%(,"%D'6"Q% =#""?6'#A"(%+'C7('87D6%';M%C#)M*+(7E7D(%D)+7'87D6%'#"%(U)%'CC#)'+,"D%)P%);"%D7;$8"%C#)$#'66"% P)#% '% $#)U(,% D)+7"(9% F'D"M% );% (,"% M"E"8)C6";(% )P% C#)M*+(7E"% P)#+"D% ()% DC*#% );% ,*6';% 'ME';+"6";(Q% <#7uD% 7#);7+'889% D('("DS% XD)+7'87D(% )78% 7D% ;)(% ';9% ;1..+.1%(,';%+'C7('87D(%)78S%';M% D)+7'87D(% ;*+8"'#% C)U"#% U)*8M% ;)(% F"% 6)#"% 6';'$"'F8"Q% .)E7;$% 'U'9% P#)6% +'C7('87D6% 7D% (,"#"P)#"% ;"+"DD'#9% F*(% 7;D*PP7+7";(Q% O"% ;""M% ()% M7D6';(8"% (,"% +);D*6"#% D)+7"(9% ';M% ()% D()C% P)+*D7;$% );% C#)M*+(7E7(9Q% -;% D,)#(S% U"% 6*D(% M"D(#)9% (,"% 7;M*D(#7'8% D)+7"(9Q% 1,"% ,*6';% ';M% ";E7#);6";('8%"PP"+(D%)P%p#"'8%D)+7'87D6q%'#"%'(%8"'D(%'D%F'M%'D%(,)D"%)P%+'C7('87D6S%';M%"E";%)P% ">(#"6"%+'C7('87D6ZQle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g% (,"% C#)8"('#7';7D'(7);% )P% U)#A"#DS%(,"7#%">C8)7('(7);%';M%76C)E"#7D,6";(S%;)(%()%6";(7);%76C"#7'87D6S%U'#D%';M%+#7D"DS% 7;+8*M7;$% )P% +)*#D"% ";E7#);6";('8% +#7D"DQ% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 70 Paul Ariès, Décroissance ou barbarie, Villeurbanne, Golias, 2005, p.27. 71 It is regrettable, and perhaps tragic, that the relationship between Sergueï Podolinsky (a Ukrainian aristocrat and scientist exiled in France) and Karl Marx came to an abrupt end. Podolinsky (1850-1891) was a precursor of ecological economics looking to reconcile the socialist view with the second law of thermodynamics, and he strived to synthesise Marx, Darwin and Carnot. Because he was overwhelmed and not well acquainted with scientific questions, Marx asked his dear friend Engels to review Podolinsky’s proposal. This was probably a mistake. Steeped in a positivist and mechanistic conception of science, Engels did not foresee the significance of Podolinsky’s work and concluded it was of no interest. Vernadsky’s attempt in a similar vein had an even more tragic fate after the October revolution. Stalin wiped out Russian ecology in Siberian labour camps. In most cases, subsequent attempts at creating an ‘eco-marxism’ were subtly trying to rehabilitate and explain the past and were neither convincing nor effective. See James O’Connor, Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism, New York, Guilford Press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lk%/'(#7+A%T7E"#"(% C)7;(D% 7;% (,"% D'6"% M7#"+(7);S% U7(,% ,7D% D*$$"D(7);% (,'(% U"% )*$,(% ()% X#"+);D7M"#%U"'8(,Z%';M%+'8+*8'("%7(%M7PP"#";(89Q% I)U"E"#S%(,"%M"$#)U(,%#"E)8*(7);%';M%7(D%E'#7)*D%P)#6D%,'E"%#'7D"M%K*"D(7);D%);%(,"%'F)87(7);% )P%+'C7('87D6%';M%7(D%+);D"K*";+"D%](,"%#)8"%)P%6);"9S%(,"%6'#A"(S%U'$"%8'F)*#%';M%C#)P7(^Q%-P%(,"% 6'#A"(%';M%C#)P7(%+';%;)%8);$"#%F"%'(%(,"%F'D7D%)P%(,"%D9D("6S%(,"9%6'9%D(788%87;$"#%'D%7;+";(7E"DQ% X!)%+'C7('87D6%D,'88%#"6'7;SZ%D'9%)*#%+#7(7+DQlf%&"(%*D%F"%'FD)8*("89%+8"'#W%U"%D,'88%;)(%P'88%7;()%(,"% #"'87D(w"DD";(7'87D(wD*FD(';(7'87D(%(#'Cj% O,'(%M)%U"%6"';%F9%(,"%U)#M%X+'C7('87D6Z_%0'C7('87D6%'D%'%D9D("6S%'D%'%X6)M"%)P%C#)M*+(7);Z%]7;% <8(,*DD"#ZD%U)#MD^S%7D%'%+#"'(7);%)P%(,"%67;MQ%-(%7D%*D"P*8%'D%'%U'9%)P%*;M"#D(';M7;$%'%+)6C8">% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 72 Douglas Martin, ‘Murray Bookchin, Writer, Activist and Ecology Theorist, Dies’, The New York Times, 7 August 2006. 73 Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Talcott Parsons, 1930. 74 Miguel Benasayag, ‘Contre-pouvoir et décroissance’, Entropia, no. 9, 27 September 2010, p.11. 75 Mauro Bonaiuti, ‘A la conquête des biens relationnels’, Silence, no. 280, February 2002. Michel Bernard, Vincent Cheynet and Bruno Clementin, Objectif décroissance, Lyon, Parangon, 2003. 76 Michel Bernard, ‘Sortir des pièges de l’effet rebond’, Silence, no. 322, April 2005. Also, several anarchist schools of thought (for example, www.lariposte.net). ##" #"'87(9S%F*(%M';$"#)*D%7P%(,"%+);+"C(%7D%P"(7D,7D"MQ%1)M'9S%+)6C';7"DS%$)E"#;6";(D%';M%+7(7b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j% O)*8M% U"% D(788% F"% 'F8"% ()% DC"'A% )P% 6);"9S% X6'#A"(DZS% C#)P7(% ';M% U'$"D% 7;% '% C)D(% M"E"8)C"M% D)+7"(9_ll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se% 1,"#"P)#"S% 'F';M);7;$% M"E"8)C6";(S% (,"% "+);)69% ';M% $#)U(,% M)"D% ;)(% 6"';% (,'(% U"% 6*D(% #";)*;+"%'88%)P%(,"%D)+7'8%7;D(7(*(7);D%';;">"M%F9%(,"%"+);)69Q%L'(,"#S%U"%6*D(%C8'+"%(,"6%7;%'% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 77 Serge Latouche, Le défi de l’éthique dans une économie mondialisée, Paris, Fayard, 2003. 78 ‘…the extinction of capitalism without doing away with autonomy and the logic of capital, which remain valid, though in a limited way.’ André Gorz, Capitalism Socialism Ecology, New York, Verso, 1994. 79 Cornelius Castoriadis, A Society Adrift. Interviews and Debates, 1974-1997, New York, Fordham University Press, 2010, p.161. 80 Ibid., p.169. #$" M7PP"#";(%A7;M%)P%8)$7+Qs\%-(%7D%;)(%'%K*"D(7);%)P%'F)87D,7;$%'88%7;D(7(*(7);D%(,'(%,'E"%F"";%+)8);7D"M% F9%"+);)67+DS%F*(%)P%#"D()#7;$%(,"7#%D)+7'F787(9Q%5>+,';$"D%)P%C#)M*+(D%';M%D"#E7+"D%]7;+8*M7;$% 8'F)*#^% U)*8M% ;)% 8);$"#% F"% C*#"% ">+,';$"D% F"(U"";% (,7;$DS% )FN"+(D% )P% 6);"('#9% +'8+*8'(7);Q% 1,"9%U)*8M%#"E"#(%()%F"7;$%">+,';$"D%F"(U"";%C")C8"S%U7(,%'88%(,"%,'b'#MD%(,'(%7;E)8E"DQ%<$'7;S% $"((7;$% )*(% )P% (,"% "+);)69% 7D% ">'+(89% 87A"% ';% :-A=.@-+;%7;%(,"%I"$"87';%D";D"%)P%X'F)87(7);ZS% XD*F8'(7);ZQ%I)U"E"#S%$"((7;$%)*(%)P%(,"%"+);)69%'8D)%7;E)8E"D%#";)*;+7;$%(,"%7M"'%)P%"+);)67+% D+7";+"%'D%';%7;M"C";M";(%';M%P)#6'87D"M%M7D+7C87;"Q% :"$#)U(,%+';%(,"#"P)#"%F"%+);D7M"#"M%'%A7;M%)P%X"+)D)+7'87D6ZS%"DC"+7'889%7PS%F9%XD)+7'87D6ZS%U"% '$#""% U7(,% <;M#o% G)#b% 7;% +);D7M"#7;$% 7(% X(,"% C)D7(7E"% #"DC);D"% ()% (,"% M7D7;("$#'(7);% )P% D)+7'8% F);MD%";D*7;$%P#)6%(,"%+)66)M7(9%';M%+)6C"(7(7E"%#"8'(7);D%+,'#'+("#7D(7+%)P%+'C7('87D6ZQs`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her%()%dhr%';M%#"M*+"D%F)(,% P)DD78%P*"8%+);D*6C(7);%';M%0[`%"67DD7);DQsc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e share Castoriadis’ point of view on this as well: ‘On the other hand, there is the absurd Marxist idea that the market as such—commodities as such— “personifies” alienation. That’s absurd because interpersonal relations in an extended society can’t be ‘personal’ the way they are in a family. They are always, and always will be, socially mediated. In any even slightly developed economy that mediation is called the market (exchange, in other words).’ A Society Adrift, op. cit., p.155. 82 André Gorz, Capitalism Socialism Ecology, London, Verso, 1994, p.30. 83 Maurizio Pallante, Un futuro senza luxe?, Rome, Editori Riuniti, 2004. #%" 1#)(DA97D6%';M%D)+7'8%M"6)+#'+9^S%F*(%;);"%)P%(,"D"%D+,))8D%)P%(,)*$,(%)#%6)M"8D%U'D%+'C'F8"% )P%";+'CD*8'(7;$%(,"%6';9%(#*(,D%';M%M7E"#D"S%+);+#"("%D)8*(7);DQ%-;%,7D%P'6)*D%\ss\%8"(("#%()% T"#'% a'D*87+,S% .'#>% 'M67(("M89% #'7D"M% (,"% C)DD7F787(9% )P% 6)E7;$% M7#"+(89% P#)6% (,"% (#'M7(7);'8% L*DD7';% C"'D';(% +)66*;7(9S% (,"% $#1S% ()% D)+7'87D6S% (,*D% F9C'DD7;$% +'C7('87D6% ";(7#"89Q% 1,7D% '8("#;'(7E"%U'D%M7D+*DD"M%'$'7;%7;% ! 6>!F=KBIAC -(% 7D% )FE7)*D% ()% 6)D(% )FN"+()#D% ()% $#)U(,% (,'(% M"$#)U(,% 7D% '% 8"P(?U7;$% C)87(7+'8% '$";M'S% "E";% (,)*$,%+"#('7;%#7$,(?U7;$"#D%'ME)+'("%P)#%(,"7#%)U;%E"#D7);%)P%M"$#)U(,Q%3)(%);89%7D%7(%'%8"P(? U7;$%C)87(7+'8%'$";M'S%F*(%7(%7D%(,"%);89%);"%(,'(%+';%$7E"%(,"%&"P(%6"';7;$%'$'7;Q%3"E"#(,"8"DDS% (,7D%6"DD'$"%7D%)P(";%D(#);$89%#"F*PP"MQ% :"$#)U(,%7D%C'#(%)P%(,"%8"P(?U7;$%'$";M'%F"+'*D"%P7#D(89S%7(%7D%F'D"M%);%+#7(7+7D6%)P%87F"#'87D6S% D"+);M89S% 7(% #";"UD% (7"D% U7(,% D)+7'87D6ZD% )#7$7;'8% C,78)D)C,9% F9% +);M"6;7;$% 7;M*D(#7'87D'(7);S% ';M%(,7#M89S%7(%K*"D(7);D%+'C7('87D6%'++)#M7;$%()%(,"%D(#7+("D(%.'#>7D(%)#(,)M)>9Q%% \^%:"$#)U(,%7D%'F)E"%'88%'%#'M7+'8%+#7(7K*"%)P%87F"#'87D6%'D%(,"%*;M"#897;$%D9D("6%)P%E'8*"D%)P%(,"% +);D*6"#% D)+7"(9Q% -(% 7D% '% D)87M% *()C7'S% '% C)87(7+'8% C#)N"+(% (,'(% +';% F"% M7E7M"M% 7;()% "7$,(% LDW% #"? "E'8*'("S%#"+);+"C(*'87D"S%#"D(#*+(*#"S%#"8)+'87D"S%#"M7D(#7F*("S%#"M*+"S%#"?*D"%';M%#"+9+8"S%(U)%)P% U,7+,%Y%#"?"E'8*'("%';M%#"M7D(#7F*("%Y%$7E"%;"U%6"';7;$%()%(,7D%+#7(7K*"Q%L"?"E'8*'(7;$%6"';D% #"(,7;A7;$%(,"%E'8*"D%U"%F"87"E"%7;%';M%'#)*;M%U,7+,%U"%D(#*+(*#"%)*#%87E"DS%';M%+,';$7;$%(,"% );"D%(,'(%8"'M%()%M7D'D("#Q%<8(#*7D6%D,)*8M%(#*6C%D"8P7D,;"DDS%';M%D)%D,)*8M%+))C"#'(7);%U,";% )CC)D"M% ()% P7"#+"% +)6C"(7(7);g%D)+7'8%87P"%)E"#%*;8767("M%+);D*6C(7);g%8)+'8%)E"#%$8)F'8g% '*();)69%)E"#%,"("#);)69g%#"'D);%)E"#%#'(7);'87(9g%,*6';%F);MD%)E"#%6'("#7'87D6S%';M%D)%);Q% O,'(% 6'(("#D% 6)D(% 7D% ()% K*"D(7);% (,"% /#)6"(,"';% 'CC#)'+,% )P% 6)M"#;7(9% 7;,"#7("M% P#)6% :"D+'#("D%]'++)#M7;$%()%U,)6%,*6';%F"7;$D%'#"%(,"%6'D("#D%';M%)U;"#D%)P%;'(*#"^%';M%P#)6% @'+);%]P)#%U,)6%;'(*#"%,'D%()%F"%D*FN*$'("M^Q%1,"%U,)8"%C'#'M7$6%D76C89%;""MD%()%F"%+,';$"MQ%% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 84 For Africa, please refer to: Guy Belloncle, La question paysanne en Afrique, Paris, Karthala, 1982. For Mexico: Jérôme Baschet, La rébellion zapatiste, Paris, Flammarion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`^%1,"%7M"'D%)P%7;M"C";M";(%(,7;A"#D%D*+,%'D%t87Do"%L"+8*D%';M%/'*8%&'P'#$*"%'#"%'(%(,"%F'D7D%)P% D)+7'87D6S% ';M% '#"% (,"% C788'#D% )P% (,"% M"$#)U(,% 7M")8)$9Q% -E';% -887+,% ';M% J'+K*"D% 588*8% 7;DC7#"M% )FN"+()#D%()%$#)U(,S%U,)%'#"%#";"U7;$%(7"D%U7(,%(,"%+#7(7K*"%)P%7;M*D(#7'87D'(7);%'D%">C#"DD"M%F9% (,"%C#"+*#D)#D%)P%D)+7'87D6Q%1)%$"(%'%$))M%7M"'%)P%(,"%)#7$7;D%)P%C)87(7+'8%"+)8)$9%'D%7(%,'D%F"";% M"E"8)C"M%F9%<;M#o%G)#b%)#%@"#;'#M%0,'#F);;"'*skS%U"%D,)*8M%#"'M%(,"%U)#AD%)P%(,7;A"#D%D*+,% 'D% @#7(7D,% '#(7D(% ';M% #"E)8*(7);'#9% O7887'6% .)##7DS% ';M% )(,"#D% U,)D"% 7M"'D% #';$"M% P#)6% ';'#+,7D6%()%D)+7'87D6Q%O"%D,)*8M%'8D)%D(*M9%';M%#"+);D7M"#%(,"%&*MM7("DZ%+8'76DQ%:"6';M7;$% K*'87(9% C#)M*+(DS% #"P*D7;$% *$87;"DDS% D""7;$% 87P"% 7;% '% C)"(7+% ';M% '"D(,"(7+% M76";D7);% '#"% C#"#"K*7D7("D%7;%)#M"#%()%$7E"%0)66*;7D6%6"';7;$%'$'7;Q%% c^%0#7(7+7D7;$%+'C7('87D6%7D%7;,"#";(%()%M"$#)U(,S%D7;+"%(,7D%6)E"6";(%7D%+)6C8"("89%)CC)D"M%()% (,"% +);D*6"#% ';M% M"E"8)C6";(% D)+7"(9Q% /'#'M)>7+'889S% M"$#)U(,% +';% F"% +);D7M"#"M% 6)#"% .'#>7D(% (,';% .'#>7D6S% 7(% F"7;$% (,"% $)'8% (,'(% .'#>7D6% ]';M% 6'9F"% "E";% .'#>% ,76D"8P^% ;"E"#% 6';'$"M%()%'+,7"E"Q%-;M""MS%$#)U(,%7D%);89%'%8'F"8%C*(%);%U,'(%.'#>%';'89D"M%'D%(,"%*;8767("M% '++*6*8'(7);%)P%+'C7('8S%U,7+,%7D%(,"%D)*#+"%)P%'88%(,"%M"'M%";MD%';M%7;N*D(7+"%)P%+'C7('87D6Q%.'#>% D*66"M% 7(% '88% *C% ])#% '86)D(% '88^% 7;% );"% D,)#(% C'DD'$"S% )P(";% K*)("MS% +)66";("M% );% ';M% "E";(*'889% #"N"+("M% F9% (,"% $*'#M7';D% )P% (,"% ("6C8"sfW% X<++*6*8'("S% '++*6*8'("j% 1,'(% 7D% .)D"D% ';M%(,"%/#)C,"(DjZ%1,"%E"#9%"DD";+"%)P%+'C7('87D6%87"D%7;%(,"%'++*6*8'(7);%)P%+'C7('8S%U,7+,%7D% 6'M"% C)DD7F8"% F9% (,"% ">()#(7);% )P% (,"% D*#C8*D% E'8*"% C#)M*+"M% F9% U)#A"#DQ% <++*6*8'(7);% 7D% '+,7"E"M%(,#)*$,%6'A7;$%C#)P7(S%';M%,'D%;)%)(,"#%$)'8%(,';%#"D*8(7;$%7;%';%"E";%F7$$"#%C#)P7(Q% <++)#M7;$% ()% .'#>S% "E";% X7;M7E7M*'8% +'C7('87D(DZ% '#"% D*FN"+(% ()% (,7D% 8)$7+Q% -;M""MS% 7P% (,"9% P'78% ()% '++*6*8'("S%(,"9%U788%F"%"8767;'("M%F9%+)6C"(7()#D%U,)%,'E"%6)#"%P*;MD%(,';%(,"9%M)Q%!'97;$% (,'(% $#)U(,% )#% +'C7('8% '++*6*8'(7);% 7D% (,"% "DD";+"% ';M% C*#C)D"% )P% +'C7('87D6% U)*8M% F"% 'D% #"8"E';(% 'D% D'97;$% (,'(% 7(% 7D% F'D"M% );% (,"% D"'#+,% P)#% C#)P7(Q% 5;MD% ';M% 6"';D% '#"% 7;% (,7D% +'D"% 7;("#+,';$"'F8"Q% 1,"% '76% )P% '++*6*8'(7;$% +'C7('8% 7D% ()% 6'A"% C#)P7(S% ';M% E7+"?E"#D'Q% 4D7;$% (,"% U)#M%;004%()%K*'87P9%$#)U(,S%M"E"8)C6";(%)#%'++*6*8'(7);%)P%+'C7('8%Y%";("#('7;7;$%(,"%69(,%)P% '%X$#)U(,%U,)D"%$)'8%7D%()%F"(("#%P*8P78%D)+7'8%;""MDZsl%YS%7;%)(,"#%U)#MDS%D'97;$%(,'(%(,"#"%7D%D*+,% '%(,7;$%'D%'%;004%+'C7('87D6%]$#"";%)#%D*D('7;'F8"^%6"';D%(,'(%'%;004%">C8)7('(7);%7D%C)DD7F8"Q% 1,"%+*##";(%+#7D7D%7D%7;">(#7+'F89%";(U7;"M%U7(,%D)+7'8%';M%"+)8)$7+'8%7DD*"DQ%1)%P7;M%'%U'9%)*(S% U"%;""M%()%C*(%';%";M%()%)*#%+);(7;*'8%'++*6*8'(7);%)P%+'C7('8S%';M%()%D()C%+);D7M"#7;$%(,'(%(,"% """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 85 See William Morris’s lecture ‘How we live and how we might live’, 1884, transcribed and published in Political Writings of William Morris, by A. L. Morten, 1973. 86 See ‘Décroissance: le poids des mots, le choc des idées’, written by Alain Beitone and Marion Navarro, available and discussed on the MAUSS website (www.revuedumauss.com). 87 Phrase used by Alain Beitone and Marion Navarro, Ibid., p.6. #'" 8)$7+% )P% C#)P7(% D,)*8M% F"% (,"% F'D7D% P)#% '88% M"+7D7);DQ% =)#% (,7D% #"'D);S% (,"% &"P(% D,)*8M% 'M)C(% (,"% M"$#)U(,%(,")#9%8"D(%(,"9%M";9%(,"7#%)U;%E'8*"DQss%% ! *JK 0#7(7+7D6%)P%6)M"#;7(9%M)"D%">7D(%'6);$%#7$,(?U7;$"#Dg%(,"%L7$,(%'8D)%7;+8*M"%"8"6";(D%)P%';(7? *(787('#7';7D6% ';M% ';(7?+'C7('87D6Qsd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ndré Gorz, Paths to Paradise, Pluto Press, 1985. 89 Alain de Benoist is the French representative of this movement, though he denies it. Alain de Benoist, Demain la décroissance ! Penser l’écologie jusqu’au bout, Paris, Édite, 2007. #(" 7;%)*#%67;MDS%7D%'+(*'889%M)7;$%D)%F9%'86)D(%D;"'A789%('A7;$%);%'88%(,"%6'$7+%)P%(,"%("#6%X$#)U(,ZQ% <88%(,"%U,78"S%7(%7D%'8D)%)C";89%';M%#'M7+'889%(#97;$%()%M7D(';+"%7(D"8P%P#)6%7(%U7(,%(,"%C#"P7>%XM"?ZQ% :"$#)U(,%7D%'PP"+("M%';M%7;P"+("M%F9%(,"%U)#M%X$#)U(,ZS%U,7+,%M"E)*#D%7(%P#)6%U7(,7;Qde% =)#(*;'("89S%D,"%)PP"#D%'%D)8*(7);%()%(,"%C#)F8"6W%U"%N*D(%;""M%()%(*#;%(,"%6'$7+%)P%$#)U(,%7;()%'% C)"(7+%E7D7);%)P%M"$#)U(,Q%:"$#)U(,%)PP"#D%'%U'9%)*(%)P%(,"%M#"'6%U)#8M%)P%";M8"DD%C#)M*+(7);S% 8"'M7;$% ()% '% C)"(7+% "#'S% P#""% )P% ';9% D";(76";('8S% '"D(,"(7+% )#% 6)#'8% 76C"#'(7E"% F*(% P*88% )P% 76'$7;'(7);%';M%+#"'(7E7(9Qd\% -P%U"%8))A%'(%(,"%("#6%7(D"8PS%M"$#)U(,%7D%N*D(%'%+'(+,9%U)#MS%F*(%U,";%7(%+)6"D%()%(,"%6'("#7'8% M)6'7;S%7(%7D%'%D9;);96%P)#%M"+#"'D"Q%<;M%7;%)#M"#%()%M"+#"'D"S%U"%;""M%()%XM"?F"87"E"Z%';M%D,'C"% (,"%C)"(7+%U)#8M%C*(%P)#(,%F9%.'#7"?:)67;7K*"%/"##)(Q%% % """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 90 Marie-Dominique Perrot, ‘La Décroissance, un mot en laisse’, Entropia, n°9, Autumn 2010, p.211. 91 Ibid., p.213-214. #)"