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LE TOURISME EN AUSTRALIE https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg?uselang=fr Panorama de Port Jackson avec l’Opéra de Sydney et Harbour Bridge By Adrian Gigante from Sydney - IMG_4809-Pano-Edit-Edit, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=53554477 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia Jean-Paul Tarrieux - Dossier pédagogique 4 mars 2020 L’Australie (Australia), en forme longue Commonwealth d’Australie (Commonwealth of Australia), est un pays de l’hémisphère Sud dont la superficie couvre la plus grande partie de l'Océanie et représente quatorze fois la France. L'Australie comprend également la Tasmanie ainsi que d’autres îles des océans Pacifique et Indien. 2 https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/australie/presentation-de-l-australie/article/presentation-de-l-australie 3 États de l'Australie Nom de l’État Abrév. Capitale Population (Juin 2019) Superficie (km²) Nouvelle-Galles du Sud NSW Sydney 8.089.526 809.952 Queensland QLD Brisbane 5.095.100 1.851.736 Australie-Méridionale SA Adelaïde 1.751.693 1.044.353 Tasmanie Tas Hobart 534.281 68.401 Victoria Vic Melbourne 6.594.804 237.657 Australie-Occidentale WA Perth 2.621.680 2.642.753 Territoires intérieurs de l'Australie Nom de l’État Abrév. Capitale Population Superficie (Juin 2019) (km²) Territoire de la capitale australienne ACT Canberra 426.709 2.358 Territoire de la baie de Jervis JBT Jervis Bay Village 405 67 Territoire du Nord NT Darwin 245.869 1.419.630 À partir du XVIIe siècle des explorateurs et marchands européens reconnaîtront les côtes, mais ce n’est que le 26 janvier 1788 — jour de la fête nationale australienne — que sera fondée la colonie pénitentiaire de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud. Cinq autres colonies largement autonomes furent fondées dans le courant du XIXe siècle, à mesure que la population augmentait et que de nouveaux territoires étaient explorés. Le 1er janvier 1901, les six colonies se fédérèrent et formèrent le Commonwealth d’Australie. Depuis son indépendance, l’Australie a conservé un système politique stable de type démocratie libérale et reste une monarchie membre du Commonwealth des Nations. Sa capitale est Canberra, située dans le Territoire de la capitale australienne. Sa population est estimée à 25,592 millions d’habitants (estimation janvier 2020) et est principalement concentrée dans les grandes villes côtières de Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth et Adélaïde. Avec un PIB de 1 365 Milliards de $ US, l’Australie était la treizième puissance économique mondiale en 2019 selon le FMI. 4 I) Présentation géographique et historique du pays A) Une île-continent, 6ème pays le plus vaste du monde 1) La géographie de l’Australie L’Australie mesure 7 686 850 km². Bordée par les océans Indien, Pacifique et, pour les Australiens, Austral, l’Australie est séparée de l’Asie par les mers d’Arafura et de Timor et de la Nouvelle-Zélande par la mer de Tasman. Elle possède 59 311 kilomètres de côtes dont 30 914 km considérés comme « vulnérables » soit 52% du total (80% dans l’État de Victoria, 62% dans le Queensland et 63% dans la Territoire du Nord). La Grande barrière de corail, le plus grand récif corallien du monde, s’étend à faible distance des côtes nord-est, sur plus de 2 000 kilomètres. La Cordillère australienne (the Great Dividing Range) est la chaîne de montagne le plus importante d'Australie. The view from the peak of Mount Feathertop, facing north-east, showing the Fainters and other mountains By Benjamint444, edited by Fir0002 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3172226 Elle s'étend à partir de la pointe nord-est du Queensland, sur toute la longueur de la côte orientale à travers la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, puis l'État du Victoria avant de venir mourir dans l'immense plaine centrale aux monts Grampians, dans l'est du Victoria. En certains endroits, tels que les Montagnes bleues, les Snowy Mountains (les « Montagnes Enneigées »), les Alpes victoriennes et les escarpements de l'est de la région de Nouvelle-Angleterre, les régions montagneuses forment une barrière importante. Avec une altitude de 2 228 mètres, le mont Kosciuszko, est la plus haute montagne du territoire continental, alors que le pic Mawson, situé sur l’île australienne d'Heard, atteint 2 745 mètres. 5 L'Australie est constituée en grande partie de déserts et de régions semi-arides dans le centre et dans le nord-ouest du pays. Ils couvrent une surface de près de 1,5 million de km2. Désert Strezlecki Australie-Méridionale By Joy Engelman, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56654233 Le Mont Arkaringa dans le Painted Desert (Australie-Méridionale) à ne pas confondre avec celui de l’Arizona http://www.travelling-australia.info/InfsheetsP/Painteddesert.html 6 Le Mont Augustus, au cœur du parc national éponyme situé à 852 km au nord de Perth, capitale de l'Australie-Occidentale et à 490 à l'est de Carnarvon. L’arrête centrale du monoclinal longue de 8 km est haute de 1105m. By Graeme Churchard from Bristol, UK - Mount AugustusUploaded by PDTillman, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30880963 7 Les distances sont considérables entre les différents centres urbains. Table des distances en Australie Adelaïde 2673 Albany 1533 3588 Alice Springs 1578 3633 443 Uluru 2045 4349 3038 3254 Brisbane 2483 1943 2483 1223 3317 Broome 3352 5656 2457 2900 1716 2496 Cairns 1196 3846 3706 2751 1261 3275 2568 Canberra 3022 4614 1489 1932 3463 1803 2882 4195 Darwin 1001 3674 2534 2579 1944 3636 3251 918 4023 Hobart 3219 3787 1686 2129 3660 1045 3079 4392 827 4220 Kununurra 2783 5087 2505 2948 976 2840 740 1999 2930 2682 3127 Mackay 731 3404 2264 2309 1674 3124 2981 648 3753 609 3950 2412 Melbourne 2742 5106 1209 1652 1829 1834 1248 2561 1634 3075 1831 1296 2805 Mount Isa 2781 409 3696 3741 4457 2389 5764 3954 4205 3782 3378 5195 3512 4905 Perth 1412 3970 3830 2875 1001 3373 2495 286 4034 1142 4516 1926 872 2400 4078 Sydney Distance in kilometres from the corresponding city on the X-Y axis. Les fuseaux horaires Time offsets during standard time Time offsets during daylight-saving time (from Southern Hemisphere spring until autumn) CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1044878 L'heure au Australie est basée sur trois fuseaux horaires principaux : l'Australian Western Standard Time (AWST : UTC+08:00), l'Australian Central Standard Time (ACST : UTC+09:30) et l'Australian Eastern Standard Time (AEST : UTC+10:00). L'heure est définie par les gouvernements des différents états australiens et certains observent l'heure d'été. Les territoires extérieurs de l'Australie continentale observent eux différents fuseaux horaires. 8 2) Les climats 2. a- La plus grande partie du territoire australien est couverte de zones désertiques ou semi-arides. L'Australie est située entre 10° et 40° de latitude sud, de part et d'autre du tropique du Capricorne, dans une position semblable à celle du Sahara dans l'hémisphère nord. Environ 35 % du continent reçoit si peu de pluie (entre 80-110 et 250 mm) qu'il peut être considéré comme un désert. Au total, 70 % du continent reçoit moins de 500 mm d'eau annuellement, le rendant aride ou semi-aride. Seules les parties situées au sud-est (climat subtropical humide), au sud (climat océanique, accentué en Tasmanie) et au sud-ouest autour des villes de Perth et d’Adélaïde (climat méditerranéen) bénéficient d’un climat tempéré. La partie nord du pays, avec un climat tropical, possède une végétation constituée de forêts et prairies humides, mangroves, marais. Le climat est fortement influencé par les courants océaniques, notamment El Niño, qui est corrélé avec des sècheresses périodiques et les basses pressions saisonnières qui produisent des cyclones dans le nord de l’Australie. L'Australie paie le prix fort face aux phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes. 2. b- Il y a quatre raisons principales à la sécheresse du continent australien : Courants océaniques froids sur ses côtes occidentales. Le faible taux d'évaporation de cette masse d'eau froide n'engendre que de rares nuages, incapables de produire des épisodes pluvieux significatifs. Une zone aride ou semi-aride s'étend dans cette région. Faible altitude du relief. L'absence de chaîne montagneuse importante ou de zone suffisamment élevée au-dessus du niveau de la mer entraîne la rareté des pluies créées par soulèvement orographique. À l'est, la Cordillère australienne limite la pénétration des pluies à l'intérieur du pays. Prédominance d'un système de haute pression. Une masse d'air tropical continental se maintient sur la plus grande partie du pays. Formée d'anticyclones se déplaçant lentement vers l'est, cette masse d'air ne contient que des fronts faiblement actifs. Forme du continent. L'Australie présente une forme compacte, et aucun vaste plan d'eau ne pénètre à l'intérieur des terres. Cela signifie que des vents humides ne peuvent souffler à l'intérieur du pays, ce qui maintient une faible pluviométrie. En Australie, il peut neiger dans les montagnes de l'État de Victoria, du Territoire de la capitale australienne, de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud et de Tasmanie. 9 Carte des climats de l’Australie selon la classification de Köppen By Adam Peterson - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50647486 2. c- Choisir le bon moment pour le voyage L’immensité du pays rend le voyage possible toute l’année, mais avec des nuances.
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