Nonviolent Sanctions News from the Albert Einstein Institution Volume I Number 3 Winter 1989/90 Nonviolent Struggle Discussed in Moscow Nonviolent struggle was among several topics discussed at two recent international conferences in Moscow. Gene Sharp, president of the Albert Einstein Institution, presented separate papers on the historical and ethical significance of nonviolent struggle to each forum. The Institute of General History of the USSR Academy of Sciences organized an international round table concerning “The Twentieth Century: Main Problems and Tendencies in International Relations,” held November 21-23, 1989. Scholars from , Finland, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Einstein Institution board member Joanne Leedom-Ackerman opens the National the United States, the USSR, and West Conference on Nonviolent Sanctions in Conflict and Defense at the Royal Sonesta Hotel Germany presented analyses of 20th in Cambridge, Massachusetts. (Photo by Vin Catania) century international conflicts. Dr. Sharp, in his presentation, argued that nonviolent struggle has been an important political Nonviolent “People Power” Movements factor throughout this century and that its importance is growing. The nonviolent Focus of Einstein Institution Conference pro-democracy movements that swept across Eastern Europe are only the most More than 180 people from twenty- Nonviolence; Johan Jørgen Holst, recent examples of the role nonviolent seven states and sixteen countries partici- Former Defense Minister of Norway; struggle has played in altering political pated in the National Conference on Patrick Lekota, United Democratic structures and international relations in Nonviolent Sanctions in Conflict and Front, South Africa; Li Lu, Chinese this century. Defense, February 8-11, in Cambridge, student leader; Raymundas Rayatskas, A second conference on the “Ethics of Massachusetts, sponsored by the Albert Lithuanian Academy of Sciences; Tom Nonviolence” was held November 27-29 Einstein Institution. Wicker, The New York Times; and U Tin in Moscow. Jointly sponsored by the The conference brought together Maung Win, Committee for the Restora- Ethics Section of the Institute of Philoso- scholars, journalists, activists, foundation tion of Democracy in Burma. ❏ phy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, executives, religious leaders, and military the Center for Ethics of Nonviolence, the strategists to discuss the increasing Soviet Association Znaniye, the Soviet political significance and growing use of NEXT ISSUE Peace Committee, and the International nonviolent methods of struggle in conflicts The next issue of Nonviolent Foundation for Survival and Development around the world — in the USSR, China, Sanctions: News from the Albert of Humanity, this conference brought Burma, Poland, South Africa, the Israeli- together scholars and activists from occupied territories, and elsewhere. The Einstein Institution will feature Austria, Canada, England, France, Poland, conference also addressed the applicability highlights from the National the United States, the USSR, and West of nonviolent resistance to national Conference on Nonviolent Sanc- Germany. Among the Soviet participants defense. tions in Conflict and Defense, were scholars from Azerbaijan, Latvia, Featured speakers included: Mubarak February 8-11, 1990. and Lithuania. Awad, Palestinian Center for the Study of (Continued on p. 2) News from the Albert Einstein Institution 1 Nonviolent Struggle Discussed Center for Ethics At Moscow Conferences of Nonviolence nonviolence. formed in Mos- Furthermore, Sharp criticized cow the tendency of participants to A group of Soviet scholars have link nonviolent established a research and education action with Center for Ethics of Nonviolence in “peacemaking.” Moscow. The center plans “to promote Nonviolent investigations of social activities based on action, Sharp principles of nonviolence” and to popular- argued, was not a ize the “ideas and principles of nonvi- substitute for olence in order to calculate them into the conciliation or mass consciousness of Soviet society,” negotiations, but for violent according to the center’s charter. Included conflict. In this in this agenda is the intention “to research Red Square in Moscow. From left to right: St Basil’s Cathedral, regard, nonvio- various forms of violence and nonviolence Lenin’s Tomb, and the Kremlin wall. (Photo by Roger Powers) lent struggle in human history” and “to disseminate the provides a way ideas of nonviolence and the experience of (Continued from p. 1) out of the “ends-means” dilemma often nonviolent resistance by publishing Conference participants offered varied confronted in politics, that is, of adhering academic and popular books and periodi- perspectives on “nonviolence” during the to ethical beliefs while acting with cals.” The center intends to support three day meeting. Moral, religious, and political effectiveness. In acute conflicts, students researching nonviolence, to pacifist positions were expressed along- lethal force can be replaced by nonviolent develop contacts with foreign research side Dr. Sharp’s arguments for a strategic struggle. Submission or resort to violence centers, and to conduct conferences and approach to nonviolent struggle. The are not the only alternatives, Sharp workshops on nonviolence and conflict director of the Ethics Section of the concluded. resolution. The center, which is to be Institute of Philosophy, Dr. Abdusalam The “Ethics of Nonviolence” conference completely independent of the Academy Guseinov, stated that the conference received much attention in the Soviet of Sciences or any other institution, will organizers had hoped to gain a broad media. The nightly news program, establish its own library on nonviolence. survey of the “field” through the differing Vremya, televised a short piece on the -- Bruce Jenkins perspectives. He explained that Soviet opening day of the conference. On scholars were new to this area (“the November 30, Pravda carried a report on Russian tongue must learn to speak this the conference which contained specific In Memoriam word nonviolence again”); hence, they references to the work of the Einstein wanted to see what was “out there.” Institution. CONSTANCE GRICE In his presentation, Dr. Sharp argued for The Ethics Section of the Institute of a strict delineation between practical Philosophy plans to expand its Russian Constance Grice, executive director nonviolent struggle and “principled” language resources on nonviolence, of the Albert Einstein Institution from forms of nonviolence, stating that the two beginning with the Ethics of Nonviolence, 1985 to 1988, died on January 17, 1990 are most often quite separate phenomenon. a soon to be published collection of essays after a long bout with cancer. She was He refuted the contentions of several on ethics, religious nonviolence, and 41. conference participants that people must nonviolent struggle. Dr. Guseinov also Connie played a major role in the first adopt “nonviolence” as a way of life discussed the possibility of translating growth and development of the Ein- before acting nonviolently, or that ethical, some of Dr. Sharp’s works into Russian. stein Institution. Her joyous spirit and moral or religious belief in nonviolence Possible translation projects include the deep commitment to the work of the was necessary to maintain nonviolent forthcoming book, Civilian-based De- Institution inspired us all. discipline. Sharp used recent examples fense: A Post-Military Weapons System, a A special fund has been established from the German Democratic Republic, future abridged version of The Politics of in her memory: the Constance Grice Czechoslovakia, and the Baltic states to Nonviolent Action, and a dictionary of Educational Fund of the Albert Ein- reveal that mass nonviolent action was terms on nonviolent action. ❏ stein Institution. indeed distinct from personal belief in — Bruce Jenkins

2 Nonviolent Sanctions The Women’s Rosenstraße Protest in Nazi by Nathan Stoltzfus

Many people believe that it was loved ones had also been kidnapped and shouted something—maybe he gave a impossible for the Germans to resist the imprisoned there. A protest broke out. command. I didn’t hear it, it was drowned Nazi dictatorship and the deportations of The women who had gathered by the out. But then they cleared out and the German . However, a street protest in hundreds at the gate of the improvised only sound was silence. That was the day early 1943 indicates that resistance was detention center began to call out together it was so cold that the tears froze on my possible, and indeed, successful. in a chorus, “Give us our husbands back.” face.” Until early 1943, Nazi officials ex- They held their protest day and night for a The headquarters of the Jewish section empted Jews married to Gentiles or week, as the crowd grew larger day by of the was just around the corner, “Aryans” (the Nazi term for German non- day. within earshot of the protesters. A few Jews) from the so-called Final Solution. On different occasions the armed guards salvos from a machine gun could have In late February of that year, however, between the women and the building wiped the women off the square. But during a mass arrest of the last Jews in imprisoning their loved ones barked a instead the Jews were released. Joseph Berlin, the Gestapo also arrested Jews in command: “Clear the street or we’ll Goebbels, in his role as the Nazi Party intermarriages. This was the most brutal shoot!” This sent the women scrambling Director for Berlin, decided that the chapter of the expulsion of Jews in Berlin. pell-mell into the alleys and courtyards in simplest way to end the protest was to Without warning, the SS stormed into the area. But within minutes they began release the Jews. Goebbels chose not to Berlin’s factories and arrested any Jews streaming out again, inexorably drawn to forcibly tear Jews from Aryans who still working there. Simultaneously, all their loved ones. Again and again they clearly risked their lives to stay with their throughout the Reich capital, the Gestapo were scattered, and again and again they Jewish family members, and rationalized arrested Jews from their homes. Anyone advanced, massed together, and called for that he would deport the Jews later on the streets wearing the “Star of David” their husbands, who heard them and took anyway. But the Jews remained. They was also abruptly carted off with the other hope. survived the war in Berlin, registered Jews to huge provisional Collecting The square, according to one witness, officially with the police, working in Centers in central Berlin, in preparation “was crammed with people, and the officially authorized jobs, and officially for massive deportations to Auschwitz. demanding, accusing cries of the women (Continued on p. 8) The Gestapo called this action simply rose above the noise of the traffic like the “Schlußaktion der Berliner Juden” passionate avowals of a love strengthened (Closing Berlin Jew Action). Hitler was by the bitterness of life.” One woman PROFILE offended that so many Jews still lived in described her feeling as a protester on the Berlin, and the Nazi Party Director for street as one of incredible solidarity with Nathan Stoltzfus Berlin, Joseph Goebbels, had promised to those sharing her fate. Normally people make Berlin “” (free of Jews) for were afraid to show dissent, fearing Nathan Stoltzfus is the Führer’s 54th birthday in April. This denunciation, but on the street they knew the first researcher “Schlußaktion” was, indeed, the beginning they were among friends, because they and writer to study of the end for about 8,000 of the 10,000 were risking death together. A Gestapo the Rosenstraße Berlin Jews arrested in its course. Many man who no doubt would have heartlessly Protest extensively. who left their houses for what they done his part to deport the Jews impris- An Einstein thought would be a “normal” day of work, oned in the Rosenstraße was so impressed Institution Fellow without turning back for even a last glance by the people on the streets that, holding and a doctoral or hug, were to end up shortly in the ovens up his hands in a victory clasp of solidar- student at Harvard of Auschwitz, never again to see home or ity with a Jew about to be released, he (Photo by Vin Catania) University, family. pronounced proudly: “You will be Stoltzfus has researched this event About 2,000 of the arrested Jews who released, your relatives protested for you. intensively for nearly three years. He were related to Aryan Germans, however, That is German loyalty.” spent two years in West Germany and experienced quite a different fate. They “One day the situation in front of the seven months in East Germany where, as were locked up in a provisional collecting collecting center came to a head,” a an exchange scholar, he had access to center at Rosenstraße 2-4, an administra- witness reported. “The SS trained archives usually not open to Americans. tive center of the Jewish Community in machine guns on us: ‘If you don’t go now, He has studied the statements of hundreds the heart of Berlin. The Aryan spouses of we’ll shoot.’ But by now we couldn’t care of witnesses who testified at post-war the interned Jews—who were mostly less. We screamed ‘you murderers!’ and trials against former members of the women—hurried alone or in pairs to the everything else. We bellowed. We Gestapo, and he has examined documents Rosenstraße, where they discovered a thought that now, at last, we would be from more than twenty-five archives and growing crowd of other women whose shot. Behind the machine guns a man (Continued on p. 8)

News from the Albert Einstein Institution 3 ment of their government, and subvert Embargo: An economic boycott their troops. This policy, alone or in initiated and enforced by a government. A combination with military means, has received governmental or military Fast: Deliberate abstention from certain attention in several European countries. or all food. When applied in a social or Brief political conflict, it may be combined Civilian insurrection: A nonviolent with a moral appeal seeking to change Glossary uprising against a dictatorship, or other attitudes. It may also be intended simply unpopular regime, usually involving to force the opponent to grant certain widespread repudiation of the regime as objectives, in which case it is called a of illegitimate, mass strikes, massive hunger strike. demonstrations, an economic shut-down, and widespread political noncooperation. Force: Either: (1) An application of Nonviolent Political noncooperation may include power (including threatened or imposed action by government employees and sanctions, which may be violent or Struggle mutiny by police and troops. In the final nonviolent). As, “the force generated by stages, a parallel government often the civil disobedience movement.” Or: emerges. (2) The body or group applying force as The Albert Einstein Institution has If successful, a civilian insurrection defined in (1), usually used in the plural. prepared this brief glossary to encourage may disintegrate the established regime in As, “the forces at the government’s the use of more precise terminology in days or weeks, as opposed to a long-term disposal.” the field of nonviolent sanctions. struggle of many months or years. Civilian insurrections often end with the General strike: A work stoppage by a Bloodless coup: A successful coup departure of the deposed rulers from the majority of workers in the more impor- d’etat in which there is no killing. Not to country. tant industries of an area or country, be confused with nonviolent struggle, The ousters of Ferdinand Marcos in intended to produce an economic stand- although such a coup sometimes follows 1986 and the Shah of Iran in 1979 are still to achieve political or economic nonviolent protest and resistance against examples. objectives. Certain vital services, as the government. Also called “nonviolent insurrection.” health, food, and water, may be ex- empted. Such strikes may be symbolic, Boycott: Social, economic, or political Economic boycott: The withdrawal or lasting only an hour, to communicate an noncooperation. withholding of economic cooperation in opinion, or may be intended to produce the form of buying, selling, or handling economic paralysis in order to force Civic strike: A collective suspension of of goods or services, often accompanied concessions from the opponent. normal activities — economic, social, and by efforts to induce others to do likewise. political — by an entire society to It may be practiced on local, regional, Hunger strike: See “fast.” achieve a common political objective. national, or international levels. Mutiny: Refusal by police or troops to Civil disobedience: Deliberate, open, Economic noncooperation: The use of obey orders. It can in extreme cases and peaceful violation of particular laws, economic boycotts or strikes, or both, entail individual or group desertion. It is decrees, regulations, military or police against an opponent. a method of nonviolent action unless the orders, or other governmental directives. mutineers resort to violence. The command may be disobeyed because Economic sanctions: Usually, the it is seen as itself illegitimate or immoral, imposition of international economic Noncooperation: Acts that deliberately or because it is a symbol of other policies boycotts and embargoes. The term can restrict, withhold, or discontinue social, which are opposed. Civil disobedience also be used in domestic conflicts to refer economic, or political cooperation with may be practiced by individuals, groups, to labor strikes and economic boycotts, an institution, policy, or government. A or masses of people. shutdowns, and intervention. general class of methods of nonviolent action. Civilian-based defense: A national Economic shutdown: A suspension of defense policy to deter and defeat the economic activities of a city, area, or Nonviolence: Either, (1) The behavior of aggression, both internal (i.e., coups country on a sufficient scale to produce people who in a conflict refrain from d’etat) and external (i.e., invasions) by economic paralysis. It combines a violent acts. Or, (2) Any of several preparing the population and institutions general strike by workers with a closing belief systems that reject violence on for massive nonviolent resistance and of businesses by their owners and principle, not just as impractical. defiance. The broad strategy is to deny managers. Otherwise, the term is best not used, the attackers’ objectives, block establish- since it often contributes to ambiguity

4 Nonviolent Sanctions and confusion. To describe specific measures and countermeasures. See also “nonviolent sanctions.” actions or movements, the recommended terms are: “nonviolent action,” “nonvio- Pacifism: Several types of belief Satyagraha: M.K. Gandhi’s version of lent resistance,” or “nonviolent struggle.” systems of principled rejection of nonviolent action, and also his fuller violence. Pacifism is distinct from the belief system enjoining nonviolent Nonviolent action: A technique of technique of nonviolent action, which is personal behavior and social responsibil- action in conflicts in which participants usually applied as a practical way to act ity. Pronounced sat-ya-graha. conduct the struggle by doing — or by people who are not pacifists. Pacifist refusing to do — certain acts without belief systems, at a minimum, reject Strike: A group’s deliberate restriction using physical violence. It is an alterna- participation in all international or civil or suspension of work, usually temporary, tive to both passive submission and wars, or violent revolutions. Pacifists to put pressure on employers or some- violence. The technique includes many may support nonviolent struggle, or may times the government. Strikes take many specific methods, which are grouped into oppose it on ethical grounds as too forms and range widely in extent and three main classes: nonviolent protest conflictual. duration. and persuasion, noncooperation, and The term “pacifism” or “pacifist” See also “economic noncooperation.” nonviolent intervention. should therefore not be used in relation to The technique’s variables include the nonviolent struggles unless there is clear Transarmament: The process of motives for using it, the objectives, the evidence that pacifists are playing incrementally building up a nation’s intended way success is to be accom- significant roles in the conflict. civilian-based defense capacity and plished (mechanism), and the relation gradually phasing out its military defense between nonviolent action and other Passive resistance: A nineteenth century capacity. “Transarmament” is contrasted forms of action. term once used to describe nonviolent to “disarmament” which involves a struggle. The term is now in disfavor simple reduction or abandonment of Nonviolent discipline: Orderly adher- and rejected because “passive” is plainly military capacity without providing a ence to the planned strategy and tactics of inaccurate to describe recent cases of substitute means for national defense. an action and to nonviolent behavior even nonviolent noncooperation and defiance. See also “civilian-based defense.” in face of repression. This is a major factor contributing to the success of a People power: The power capacity of a Violence: The infliction on people of nonviolent struggle movement. mobilized population and its institutions physical injury or death, or the threat to using nonviolent forms of struggle. The do so. All behavior cannot be neatly Nonviolent resistance: Nonviolent term was especially used during the 1986 classified as either “violence” or “nonvi- struggle, conducted largely by noncoop- Philippine nonviolent insurrection. olence,” and several categories fall eration, in reaction to a disapproved act, between these two extremes, including policy, or government. The broader Political boycott: See “political nonco- “destruction of property.” terms “nonviolent action” and “nonvio- operation.” In reporting a demonstration or lent struggle” are therefore preferred to resistance movement which is primarily refer to the overall nonviolent technique Political noncooperation: The withhold- or exclusively nonviolent, care is required of action and to action in which the ing of usual obedience to, or participation to distinguish it, for example, from the nonviolent group also takes the initiative in, the political system. The aim may be acts of violence by small numbers of or intervenes, as in a sit-in. to correct a specific grievance or to persons (who may be undisciplined or disintegrate a government. Political deliberately disruptive for political Nonviolent sanctions: The methods of noncooperation can take a great variety of reasons or as agents provocateurs). the technique of nonviolent action. The forms, including withholding of alle- Similarly, a demonstration should not be term is used especially when one wishes giance, civil disobedience of “illegiti- described as “violent” when it is violently to make clear that these methods are not mate” laws, and governmental refusal of attacked by police or troops but neverthe- merely expressive behavior but are ways diplomatic recognition. A synonym for less maintains its nonviolent discipline. ❏ to wield power, exercise influence, inflict “political boycott.” punishments, and impose costs. See also “noncooperation.” This glossary is reprinted from the Nonviolent struggle: A synonym for Sanctions: Punishments or reprisals, brochure, A Journalist's Brief “nonviolent action.” This term may be violent or nonviolent, for either failure to Glossary of Nonviolent Struggle. used also to indicate that the nonviolent act in the expected or desired manner or Copies of the brochure are available action in a conflict is particularly pur- for acting in an unexpected or prohibited from the Albert Einstein Institution, poseful or aggressive. “Nonviolent manner. Nonviolent sanctions are less 1430 Massachusetts Avenue, struggle” is especially useful to describe likely than violent ones to be simple Cambridge, MA 02138. nonviolent action against determined and reprisals and more likely to be intended Price: 75¢ each (includes postage) resourceful opponents who use repressive to achieve a given objective.

News from the Albert Einstein Institution 5 Nonviolent Sanctions in the News The last three months of 1989 saw an here could remember. (NYT) waved the flags of the A.N.C. movement, explosion in the use of nonviolent sanc- chanted its slogans, cheered for the release tions in acute conflicts around the world. BUDAPEST, Hungary, Oct. 24 — of Nelson R. Mandela, its best-known Listed below are just a few of the stories Hungary formally declared itself an leader, and listened to political songs and which appeared in The New York Times independent republic yesterday, and for speeches that included a message from the (NYT) and The Boston Globe (BG) the first time held an open observance of Congress’s leadership in exile. (NYT) during that period: the anniversary of a 1956 uprising that was crushed by Soviet tanks. LEIPZIG, East Germany, Oct. 30 — MINSK, USSR, Oct. 1 — Thousands of In the evening, a crowd estimated by Chanting demands for everything from Byelorussians, denouncing local leaders, organizers at 100,000 interrupted speeches free elections to the ouster of the secret marched through the center of Minsk before Parliament with shouts of “Rus- police, more than 300,000 East Germans yesterday to demand further cleanup sians Out! Russians Out!” Others, marched around Leipzig’s old center in measures after the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear imitating the 1956 rebels, tore the ham- what has become the major weekly ritual accident. mer-and-sickle symbol from red, white of the growing popular movement for Up to 15,000 protesters wearing and green Hungarian flags. (BG) change. (NYT) armbands with radioactivity symbols and carrying the banned red-and-white EAST BERLIN, Oct. 24 — More than MOSCOW, Nov. 1 (UPI) — Thousands Byelorussian national flag filed through 200,000 people demonstrated yesterday in of Georgians have protested for five days torrential rain in defiance of a ban by local Leipzig, and thousands more filled the in Tbilisi to demand formation of a local authorities. (BG) streets of three other cities in the biggest all-Georgian army, replacement of the antigovernment protests so far. republic’s Communist Party leadership JERUSALEM, Oct. 3 — The under- For the fifth consecutive day, crowds and a new investigation of the April ground leadership of the Palestinian revolt chanting slogans for free elections and crackdown that killed 19 persons, Radio in the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip travel abroad massed in Leipzig, East Moscow said yesterday. About 30,000 sought today to broaden the protest, Germany’s second largest city, and people massed at the Georgian capital’s calling for a five-day general strike and marched around its inner ring road. (BG) main Rustaveli Square on Monday to push “rebellion” in the streets. (NYT) demands for a UN commission to investi- PRAGUE, Czechoslovakia, Oct. 29 — gate “the illegal annexation of Georgia” BEIT SAHUR, Israeli-Occupied West Thousands of people defied the govern- by the Soviet Union and the right to refuse Bank, Oct. 4 — To press the Palestinian ment yesterday to rally for democracy on service in the Soviet army, a witness said uprising, the people of this town have the 71st anniversary of Czechoslovakia’s by telephone from Tbilisi. (BG) refused for months to pay their taxes. In independence, and scores were beaten and response, Israel has begun to confiscate dragged away by riot police who poured MOSCOW, Nov. 2 (Reuters) — their goods. (NYT) into central Prague. Thousands of miners in the Ukraine defied “We want no violence!” protesters an official ban and staged warning strikes OSLO, Oct. 5 — The Dalai Lama, the chanted as they were penned in by riot yesterday in the Soviet Union’s largest exiled religious and political leader of police on Wenceslas Square. “We’ve got coal field. Unrest also spread in the Tibet, was named the 1989 winner of the bare hands!” they shouted, raising their Siberian mines. At all 28 mines in the Nobel Peace Prize today in recognition of arms to show they were unarmed. (BG) major Ukrainian coal center of Donetsk, his nonviolent campaign over nearly 40 miners stopped work for two hours to years to end China’s domination of his DUBLIN, Oct. 29 — About 1,000 demand improved pensions and vacations, homeland. (NYT) people rode two “peace trains” from a strikers’ representative said by tele- Belfast to Dublin yesterday to protest phone. (BG) JOHANNESBURG, Oct. 14 — Tens of bombings by the Irish Republican Army thousands of demonstrators marched today of the vital rail link. (BG) EAST BERLIN, Nov. 4 — Four weeks in more than a dozen cities and towns to the day since a few thousand East across South Africa in a simultaneous JOHANNESBURG, Oct. 29 — The Berliners took to the streets to demand protest against apartheid that took on largest political rally in the history of the political change, at least a half million overtones of a celebration of the expected African National Congress was held today demonstrators jammed the heart of the release of Walter Sisulu and seven other with the acquiescence of the white East German capital today for the largest political prisoners. minority Government, which declared the rally so far in what one speaker called a The demonstrations drew more than organization illegal 29 years ago. “revolution from below.” (NYT) 150,000, according to the South African Nearly 70,000 supporters filled a new Press Association, in the largest simulta- soccer stadium a few miles from Soweto, MOSCOW, Nov. 7 — Thousands of neous protest against apartheid anyone the huge black township near here. They political dissenters staged an audacious

6 Nonviolent Sanctions alternative parade today on the 72d before a thin line of police, raised their About 200,000 Czechoslovaks, from anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution, a hands in mock surrender and sang “We high school students with bookbags on major holiday that has traditionally been a Shall Overcome.” (BG) their backs to elderly couples with tears in celebration of monolithic Soviet rule. their eyes, poured into the streets chanting Such a dissident march had not been PRAGUE, Nov. 17 (AP) — Tens of for freedom and jingling keys representing seen in Moscow since the early 1920’s thousands of young people attending a the “last bell” for the communist govern- before Stalin came to power. memorial today for a student killed by the ment. Dissident activity was reported at other Nazis 50 years ago turned it into a rally It was the largest antigovernment parades around the country, principally in demanding the removal of the hard-line demonstration since a Soviet-led invasion Kishinev, the capital of the Moldavian Communist regime. (NYT) crushed the 1968 “Prague Spring” republic. Thousands there were said to movement of liberalized government, have swarmed around a parade of tanks, PRAGUE, Nov. 18 (Reuters) — Defiant installing a hard-line regime. (BG) demanding greater recognition of the Czechoslovaks staged a fresh protest in rights of the republic’s Rumanian- central Prague today, and in a new PRAGUE, Nov. 26 — The underground speaking majority. (NYT) challenge to the Communist authorities, press is thriving in Prague these days. The actors began a weeklong strike to protest rare clandestine documents of previous PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti, Nov. 8 police brutality. (NYT) generations have given way to a flood of (Reuters) — A general strike protesting homemade handbills and posters that the arrests and beatings of three anti- SOFIA, Bulgaria, Nov. 18 — In the adorn the city’s walls and windows, Government leaders brought the Haitian largest independent rally in this country’s subway cars and stations. . . . capital to a virtual standstill for the second postwar history, about 50,000 Bulgarians Typed by students on home computers straight day today. filled the broad cobblestoned square of a and typewriters, or in some cases hand Most stores and businesses were cathedral here in the capital today to painted, this “subway samizdat” has been shuttered, wooden stalls stood empty at exorcise their repressive past and chart a the most effective means of spreading the normally bustling markets and public democratic future. (NYT) word about the opposition movement and transportation ground to a halt. (NYT) of informing the public about coming PRAGUE, Nov. 21 — After 21 years, events like today’s human chain, Satur- PRAGUE, Nov. 16 — Several hundred spring returned to Prague yesterday. (Continued on p. 8) people marched through the center of the city yesterday, carrying flickering candles Nonviolent Sanctions is a quarterly publication of the Albert Einstein Institu- and chanting for political reform. In a tion, 1430 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138. The Albert Einstein sharp break with past practice, police Institution is a nonprofit organization which supports work on the strategic refrained from using force to disperse the uses of nonviolent sanctions in relation to problems of political violence. peaceful crowd. Independent and nonsectarian, it does not endorse political candidates and is Instead, protesters and police had a quiet not an advocate of any political organization. standoff on the Charles Bridge, where President: Gene Sharp demonstrators knelt on cobblestones Executive Director: Stephen Crawford Editor: Roger S. Powers

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News from the Albert Einstein Institution 7 Rosenstraße Protest neither women, nor nonviolent actions, NVS in the News ❏ (Continued from p. 3) could be politically powerful. (Continued from p. 7) receiving food rations. day’s mass at St. Vitus Cathedral and the The implications of this protest are that Profile: Nathan Stoltzfus weekend change of venue for a daily mass, public and nonviolent acts of demonstration. (NYT) (Continued from p. 3) noncooperation by non-Jewish Germans on behalf of German Jews could have personal collections around the world. PRAGUE, Nov. 27 — Millions of slowed or even stopped the Nazi genocide Stoltzfus has conducted in-depth Czechs and Slovaks walked off their jobs of German Jews. True, some six million interviews with survivors who have never and into the streets at midday today, Jews were murdered. Not many Jews been interviewed before, including bringing Prague and the rest of the country were saved. Yet when the (non-Jewish) seventeen who participated in the protest to a standstill. It was a powerful demon- German populace protested nonviolently and nineteen who were released because stration of national solidarity in support of and en masse, the Nazis made conces- of it. He interviewed a former assistant to free elections and opposition to Commu- sions. When Germans protested for Jews, and two members of the nist domination. (NYT) Jews were saved. Berlin Gestapo who were directly associ- Although there were a few men in ated with this protest. And he is the only SOFIA, Bulgaria, Nov. 30 — Hundreds attendance, this was a protest by women; person to have interviewed Goebbel’s of prisoners have begun a hunger strike, women were really the origin and the core chief deputy at the Propaganda Ministry demanding the abolition of capital of the protest. Women, traditionally, have (1938-1944) about the Nazi period and punishment and improved prison condi- felt responsible for home and family; to about Goebbels’ reasoning behind his tions, a newspaper reported yesterday. the women who were protesting, their decison to release these Jews. (BG) families were, in some sense, their careers; Stoltzfus is now completing his disserta- to lose their families was to lose every- tion, entitled “Social Limitations on the LEIPZIG, East Germany, Dec. 18 — thing meaningful for them. Nazi Dictatorship: Jewish-‘Aryan’ The marchers at the regular Monday At the protest in the Rosenstraße there Intermarriages in Germany, 1933-1945,” demonstration in Leipzig today exchanged was a flickering of a tiny torch, which which makes a social scientific argument most of their banners for candles and their might have kindled the fire of general about the nature of the Rosenstraße Protest chants for silence — to commemorate resistance if Germans had taken note of and why it succeeded. He will publish a “victims of Stalinism,” and to cool the women on the Rosenstraße and book about the Protest based on eyewit- passions that have begun to flare in recent imitated their actions of mass civil ness accounts and documents from the weeks over the issue of German reunifica- disobedience. Perhaps they did not do so Nazi period, and he has also completed tion. (NYT) ❏ because they were used to thinking that filming for a German documentary. ❏

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8 Nonviolent Sanctions