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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Irenaeus, Joseph Smith, and the Sociology of Heresy POWELL, ADAM,JARED How to cite: POWELL, ADAM,JARED (2013) Irenaeus, Joseph Smith, and the Sociology of Heresy, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9411/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Irenaeus, Joseph Smith, and the Sociology of Heresy by Adam J. Powell Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Durham University Department of Theology and Religion 2013 Declaration This work has been submitted to Durham University in accordance with the regulations for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. It is my own work, and no part of it has been previously submitted to the Durham University or in any other university for a degree. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published in any format, including electronic and internet, without the author’s prior written consent. All information derived from this thesis must be acknowledged appropriately. i Abstract This thesis attempts to illustrate the salience of the concept ‘heresy’ for sociologically-informed studies of religious violence and opposition by removing it from its traditional moorings in historical theology and applying it to two religious movements: second-century Christians and nineteenth-century Mormons. Divided into two major sections, the study pursues its objective first by surveying available definitions of heresy (theological and sociological) and offering its own understanding of heresy as a Weberian ideal type of religious opposition. Part One of the study concludes with a look at the sociology of knowledge in general and the theory of identity adumbrated by Hans Mol in particular, appropriating each in order to outline the social process whereby religious groups facing opposition come to elaborate complex soteriologies capable of resolving the conflict. The second half of the thesis involves a close examination of early Christians and early Mormons, providing a detailed description of the types of social opposition each group faced and juxtaposing the two communities in an effort to illuminate unique historical patterns of social marginalisation. Following this investigation of each group’s religious milieu and corresponding persecution, the study engages the soteriologies articulated by Irenaeus and Joseph Smith, paying particular attention to the connections between specific forms of opposition and the way in which espousing deification helped resolve such ‘heresy’. The thesis concludes with thoughts on the relationship between adaptable belief systems (such as the forms of deification expressed by Irenaeus and Joseph Smith) and the future success of new religious movements. ii Table of Contents Declaration ................................................................................................................ i Abstract ..................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... iii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Method and Approach ...................................................................................................... 3 Heresy........................................................................................................................... 7 Soteriological Schema ................................................................................................... 8 Two Structural Pillars .................................................................................................... 9 Thesis Outline ................................................................................................................... 9 PART ONE 1. Heresy as Opposition: Debates and Definitions .............................................................. 12 Available Definitions ....................................................................................................... 18 Historians and Theologians on the Social Aspects of Heresy ........................................ 19 Sociological Definitions ............................................................................................... 23 Relativity and Heresy....................................................................................................... 31 Heresy and the Negotiation of Identity ........................................................................ 33 The Ideal Type ................................................................................................................. 35 A Working Definition ................................................................................................... 37 Whence comes the Heresy (Exogenous or Endogenous)? ............................................ 38 Toward a Sociology of Heresy .......................................................................................... 48 Heresy as Threefold .................................................................................................... 52 Heresy and Soteriology: The Process of Interaction ......................................................... 53 2. The Heretical Process: Its Assumptions and Predictions ................................................. 55 The Sociology of Knowledge ............................................................................................ 55 Karl Mannheim ........................................................................................................... 57 Alfred Schutz ............................................................................................................... 63 Peter Berger ................................................................................................................ 66 Hans Mol’s Adaptation/Identity Dialectic ........................................................................ 81 The Sacralisation of Identity ........................................................................................ 86 iii Critique and Application .............................................................................................. 93 When Position becomes Confession .............................................................................. 101 Reception .................................................................................................................. 104 Recognition ............................................................................................................... 113 Resolution ................................................................................................................. 121 From Opposition to Salvation ........................................................................................ 128 PART TWO 3. Locating Heresy: The Threefold Attack ......................................................................... 132 Pagans, Jews, Gnostics, and Rome: The Irenaean Antecedent ....................................... 135 The Second Century .................................................................................................. 137 Societal and Doctrinal Heresy .................................................................................... 146 Personal Heresy ........................................................................................................ 158 Christianos Esse Non Licet ......................................................................................... 168 Ministers, Mobs, Apostates, and ‘Gentile’ (Protestant) America: The Early Mormon Example ........................................................................................................................ 169 Nineteenth-Century America..................................................................................... 174 Societal Heresy.......................................................................................................... 184 Doctrinal Heresy........................................................................................................ 193 Personal Heresy ........................................................................................................ 199 Ferment and Fecundity ................................................................................................. 208 4. Resolving Heresy: Soteriological Schemas .................................................................... 211 Toward Resolution ........................................................................................................ 218 Order and Salvation .....................................................................................................
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