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Kniha 1.Indb Acta rerum naturalium 10: 27–62, 2011 ISSN 1801-5972 Motýli (Lepidoptera) údolí řeky Brtnice II Butterfl ies and Moths (Lepidoptera) of Brtnice Valley II JAN ŠUMPICH Česká Bělá 212, CZ – 582 61 Česká Bělá; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This contribution summarizes all present knowledge about lepidopteran fauna in Brtnice Valley (declared as Údolí Brtnice Nature Reserve) acquired from various sources, in particular from research executed between 1993 and 1997 (Šumpich et Dvořák 1998) and 2009–2010. The result is a summary of 968 butterfl y and moth species found. As it turns out, there is a high probability that some ecologically demanding species died out in that location, namely Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758), Pseudophilotes vicrama (Moore, 1865), Glaucopsyche alexis (Poda, 1761), Maculinea arion (Linnaeus, 1758), Polyommatus dorylas (Den. et Schiff., 1775) and Coenonympha tullia (Müller, 1764); on the other hand, for some spreading spe- cies Brtnice Valley provides a suitable habitat, e.g. Colias erate (Esper, 1805), Lycaena dispar (Haworth, 1803), Proxenus lepigone (Möschler, 1860), Apamea oblonga (Haworth, 1809), Mythimna sicula (Treitschke, 1835) or Noctua interjecta Hübner, 1803. Siederia pineti (Zeller, 1852) and Platyptilia farfarella (Zeller, 1867) were recorded in Moravia for the fi rst time; Syncopacma azosterella (Her.-Sch., 1854) is new for the Czech Republic. Brtnice Valley is currently probably the most north-western locality in Moravia for the following species: Batia internella (Jäckh, 1972), Coleophora oriolella (Zeller, 1849), Rhyacionia hafneri (Rebel, 1937), Stenoptilia annadactyla (Sutter, 1988), Agriphila tolli (Bleszyňski, 1952), Brintesia circe (Fabricius, 1775) and Arethusana arethusa (Den. et Schiff., 1775). Changes in lepidopteran taxocoenoses in dependence on spontaneous succession of natural habitats in the past few decades are discussed. Key words: Lepidoptera, faunistics, diversity, conservation, Nature Reserve, Bohemian-Moravian Highlands, Czech Republic ÚVOD D. Povolný), v údolí Brtnice přežívá řada takových druhů až do dnešních dnů. Údolí řeky Brtnice lze právem považovat za „hot spot“ bio- Po více než 10 letech, v letech 2009 a 2010 byl v údolí Brtni- diverzity Jihlavska. Charakter hluboce zaříznutého údolí s boč- ce proveden opakovaný průzkum, přičemž byly použity odlišné ními skalnatými stráněmi jednoznačně představuje lokální metody sběru dat než v předchozích letech. Příspěvek je zároveň fenomén a v řadě ohledů převyšuje význam tohoto území hra- obohacen o data získaná během nahodilých exkurzí v mezidobí nice Jihlavska nebo dokonce kraje Vysočina. Územní ochrany stejně tak jako o data pořízená některými kolegy v minulých le- se tomuto výjimečnému koutu přírody však dostalo až poměrně tech. Předchozí práce Šumpicha et Dvořáka (Šumpich et Dvo- nedávno, a to 20. 7. 2001, kdy byla Okresním úřadem Jihlava řák 1998) poukazovala na vysokou druhovou diverzitu tohoto vyhlášena Přírodní rezervace (dále PR) Údolí Brtnice. Jedním území formou výčtu zjištěných druhů a jejich potravních náro- z podstatných odborných podkladů pro vyhlášení se staly vý- ků, neobsahovala však až na výjimky fenologická data pozoro- sledky průzkumu motýlí fauny z let 1993 až 1997 (Šumpich et vání jednotlivých druhů a také nebyla v rámci tohoto rozsáhlého Dvořák 1995, 1998, Šumpich 1998b, Liška et al. 2000, Šum- pich et Žemlička 2002, Šumpich et al. 1999, 2007). Před tímto území rozlišována jednotlivá stanoviště. Tento příspěvek shrnu- průzkumem byly z území publikovány pouze ojedinělé nálezy je veškeré dosud získané faunistické informace o motýlí fauně. motýlů (Povolný 1969, Schmöger et al. 1990, 1995). Až studie V dalších letech tak bude možné sledovat vývoj přírodních po- Šumpicha et Dvořáka (Šumpich et Dvořák 1998) přinesla první měrů jednotlivých stanovišť, a to nejen na základě výskytu vý- souhrnné informace o výskytu druhů z řádu motýlů a poukázala značných a ochranářsky významných druhů motýlů, ale i podle na přírodní výjimečnost tohoto území. Ukázalo se, že lokální změny velikostí populací druhů dosud relativně hojných. podmínky údolí řeky Brtnice umožňují výskyt a v řadě případů i prosperitu populací řady druhů s velmi vyhraněnými ekolo- NÁSTIN PŘÍRODNÍCH PODMÍNEK gickými nároky. Za zvlášť pozoruhodný byl považován vysoký podíl teplomilných druhů, z nichž některé zde dosahují hranice PR Údolí Brtnice se nachází cca 10 km jihovýchodně od svého areálu. Toto poznání koresponduje se závěry Povolného Jihlavy v katastru obcí Komárovice, Malé, Střížov, Panská (Povolný 1969), který na několika příkladech doložil pronikání Lhota, Dolní Smrčné a Přímělkov, přičemž přírodně nejcen- xerofi lních druhů z teplejšího Třebíčska údolím řeky Jihlavy až nější partie skalních stepí leží jižně od obce Střížov a jihozá- téměř ke krajskému městu Jihlava. Je tedy zřejmé, že většina padně od obce Přímělkov. Říční údolí dolního toku Brtnice je těchto druhů nalézala vhodná útočiště nejen v okolí řeky Jihla- chráněno v délce cca 7 km a zaujímá plochu 68,84 ha. Nad- vy, ale i v bočních údolích jejích přítoků, včetně zkoumaného mořská výška území se pohybuje v rozmezí 440–520 m. údolí Brtnice. Zatímco v blízkém okolí lidských sídel nacházejí Podrobnou charakteristiku přírodních podmínek viz Laš- ekologicky náročné druhy stále méně vhodných útočišť (po- tovička (1972) a Zlámalík (1998). Vegetační poměry tohoto stupující devastaci okolí blízkých obcí zmiňuje ve své práci už území detailně charakterizují Růžička et Zlámalík (1998). 27 Šumpich: Motýli (Lepidoptera) údolí řeky Brtnice II Obr. 1. Přehled zkoumaných lokalit v rámci údolí Brtnice, podobnosti viz Tab. 1. V pravém rohu mapka České republiky s lokalizací studovaného území. Fig. 1. Overview of sites surveyed within Brtnice Valley; for details, see Table 1. In the top right-hand corner, a map of the Czech Republic with the study area marked. Tab. 1. Stručná charakteristika nejčastěji navštěvovaných lokalit, lokalizace viz Obr. 1. Table 1. Brief characteristics of the most frequently visited sites, for locations see Fig. 1. Lokalita Charakteristika Characteristics Locality strmá stráň zarostlá různými druhy dřevin, v keřovém patru převládají trnky; v současné době A prakticky chybí otevřené biotopy (obr. 2) / Steep slope overgrown with various tree species, blackthorns dominate in the shrub layer; currently, there are almost no open habitats (Fig. 2). nelesní xerotermní, z velké části travnatá společenstva; typická je přítomnost menších skalek B (B1+B2) (obr. 3–6) / Open, mostly grass xerotherm associations; the presence of smaller rock ledges is typical (Fig. 3–6). skalnaté stráně s xerotermními společenstvy rostlin a vtroušenými keři (obr. 7)/ Rocky slopes C with xerotherm associations of plants and disseminated shrubs (Fig. 7). menší louka se subxerofi lní vegetací (obr. 8) / Smaller meadow with subxerophilous vegetation D (Fig. 8). xerotermní stráň, v současnosti se zapojeným keřovým patrem (obr. 9) / Xerotherm slope, cur- E rently with an engaged shrub layer (Fig. 9). menší skalka v ohybu asfaltové silnice, otevřený biotop s výskytem nejnáročnějších xero- F fi lních druhů rostlin (obr. 10) / Smaller rock garden in the curve of an asphalt road; an open habitat where the most demanding xerophilous species of plants occur (Fig. 10). 28 Acta rerum naturalium 10: 27–62, 2011 ISSN 1801-5972 Obr. 2. Jarní aspekt stráně nedaleko Vidourkova mlýna (lokalita A), stav 8. 5. 2001. Na snímku jsou patrná otevřená místa v horní části stráně, v současné době je keřové patro souvislé a dřeviny výrazně vzrostlejší. Fig. 2. Spring aspect of the slope near Vidourek’s mill (locality A), state as of 8 May 2001. There are open places obvious in the top part of the slope; currently, a shrub layer of coherent tree species is signifi cantly higher. Obr. 3. Stráně jižně od Střížova, pohled z lokality B1 na lokalitu B2. Stav z 22. 4. 1996. V současné době je většina stráně B2 zarostlá borovicemi a zbytky otevřených částí nejsou z tohoto místa již vidět. V pozadí v pravé části snímku je vidět niva řeky zaplavená vodou z jarního tání sněhu. Fig. 3. Slopes south of Střížov; view from locality B1 to locality B2. State as of 22 April 1996. Currently, a major part of slope B2 is overgrown with pine trees, and remains of the open parts are not seen from this place. In the background in the right part of the image, the alluvium of the river is seen fl ooded with water from ice melting in spring. 29 Šumpich: Motýli (Lepidoptera) údolí řeky Brtnice II Obr. 4. Stráně jižně od Střížova, pohled z nivy na lokality B1 (v popředí) Obr. 7. Celkový pohled na skály pod Střížovem, lokalita C. Stav z 6. 6. a B2 (zbytek v pravé části snímku). Stav z 6. 6. 2010. 2010. Lokalita s dosud nejvyšší diverzitou motýlů. Během posledních 20 Fig. 4. Slopes south of Střížov; the view from alluvium to locality B1 (in let se zde výrazně zvýšil podíl keřového patra. Zásadním problémem je the foreground) and B2 (remaining part in the right part of the image). změna vegetačních poměrů v dolních částech strání, které jsou biotopem State as of 6 June 2010. Chrysoesthia verrucosa, Pyrgus alveus, v minulosti i Maculinea arion a dalších druhů modrásků. Fig. 7. Overall view to the rocks under Střížov, locality C. State as of 6 June 2010. The locality with so far the largest diversity of butterfl ies and moths. During the past 20 years, its share of shrub layer has signifi cantly increased. The fundamental problem is the change of vegetative circum- stances in the lower parts of the slopes, which are a habitat for Chryso- esthia verrucosa, Pyrgus alveus, and in the past also Maculinea arion and other species of Blues. Obr. 5. Detail stráně B1. Stav z 22. 7. 2009. Drobné skalky postupně za- růstají vysokou vegetací, v popředí je vidět vysoký porost kopřiv, který prakticky v celé délce pod stráněmi B a C odděluje xerotermní společen- stva strání od nivních luk. Fig. 5. Detail of slope B1. State as of 22 July 2009. Small rock ledges are Obr. 8. Detail porostu lokality D, stav z 6. 6. 2010. Ještě v 90. letech zde gradually becoming overgrown with high vegetation; there are high nettles žily nejpočetnější populace Zygaena carniolica a Polyommatus coridon in the foreground, which, almost for the entire length below slopes B and v údolí Brtnice.
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