DOCSLIB.ORG

Energy Efficiency in Affordable Housing SOLID WASTE and MATERIALS MANAGEMENT

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Energy Efficiency in Affordable Housing SOLID WASTE and MATERIALS MANAGEMENT State and Local Energy and Environment Program LOCAL GOVERNMENT CLIMATE AND ENERGY STRATEGY SERIES Housing A Guide to Developing and Implementing Greenhouse Gas Reduction Programs U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 2018 EPA’s Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series The Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series provides a comprehensive, straightforward overview of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction strategies that local governments can employ. Topics include energy efficiency, transportation, community planning and design, solid waste and materials management, and renewable energy. City, county, territorial, tribal, and regional government staff and elected officials can use these guides to plan, implement, and evaluate GHG reduction and energy projects. Each guide in the series provides an overview of project benefits, policy mechanisms, investments, key stakeholders, and other implementation considerations. Examples and case studies highlighting achievable results from programs implemented in communities across the United States are incorporated throughout the guides. While each guide stands on its own, the entire series contains many interrelated strategies that can be combined to create comprehensive, cost-effective programs that generate multiple benefits. For example, efforts to improve energy efficiency can be combined with transportation and community planning and design programs to reduce GHG emissions, decrease the costs of energy and transportation for businesses and residents, improve air quality and public health, and enhance quality of life. Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series All guides in the series are available at https://www.epa.gov/statelocalenergy/local-government-strategy-series. ENERGY EFFICIENCY COMMUNITY PLANNING AND DESIGN . Energy Efficiency in Local Government Operations . Smart Growth . Energy Efficiency in K-12 Schools . Urban Heat Island Reduction . Energy Efficiency in Affordable Housing SOLID WASTE AND MATERIALS MANAGEMENT . Energy-Efficient Product Procurement . Resource Conservation and Recovery . Combined Heat and Power RENEWABLE ENERGY . Energy Efficiency in Water and Wastewater Facilities . Green Power Procurement TRANSPORTATION . On-Site Renewable Energy Generation . Transportation Control Measures . Landfill Gas Energy Please note: All web addresses in this document were working as of the time of publication, but links may break over time as sites are reorganized and content is moved. TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... v 1. Overview ............................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Benefits of Energy Efficiency in Affordable Housing ................................................................................ 2 3. Planning and Design Approaches for Energy Efficiency in Affordable Housing ......................................... 5 Improving Energy Efficiency in Existing Affordable Housing .............................................................................................................. 9 Evaluate Home Energy Consumption .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Develop an Action Plan to Improve Energy Efficiency ............................................................................................................... 10 Energy Efficiency in New Affordable Housing ................................................................................................................................... 13 Energy-Efficient New Home Features ........................................................................................................................................ 13 Planning and Designing Energy-Efficient New Affordable Housing ........................................................................................... 13 Energy Efficiency in Green Affordable Housing ................................................................................................................................ 15 4. Key Participants .................................................................................................................................... 16 5. Opportunities for Local Governments to Support Energy Efficiency in Affordable Housing ..................... 20 6. Strategies for Effective Program Implementation .................................................................................. 22 Strategies for Working with Developers and Other Affordable Housing Stakeholders in the Community ...................................... 23 Strategies for Working with Federal, State, and Local Government Agencies ................................................................................. 25 7. Investment and Financing Opportunities ............................................................................................... 26 Investment ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 26 Financing ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Financial Vehicles....................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Funding Sources......................................................................................................................................................................... 30 8. Federal, State, and Other Program Resources ........................................................................................ 32 Federal Programs .............................................................................................................................................................................. 32 State Programs ................................................................................................................................................................................. 34 Other Programs ................................................................................................................................................................................ 34 9. Case Studies .......................................................................................................................................... 37 Philadelphia Housing Authority and the City of Philadelphia: Reducing Energy Costs for Public and Private Affordable Housing ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 37 Program Initiation ...................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Program Features ...................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Program Results ......................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Austin, Texas: Energy Conservation Audit and Disclosure Ordinance for Multifamily Buildings ..................................................... 39 Program Initiation ...................................................................................................................................................................... 39 Program Features ...................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Program Results ......................................................................................................................................................................... 41 10. Additional Examples and Information Resources ................................................................................... 41 11. References ............................................................................................................................................ 47 policy mechanisms that local governments have used to EXECUTIVE SUMMARY support programs for energy efficiency in affordable housing (Section 5); implementation strategies for Developing and Implementing Energy effective programs (Section 6); investment and financing Efficiency Programs opportunities (Section 7); federal, state, and other program resources that may be able to help local Saving energy through energy efficiency improvements governments with information or financial and technical can cost less than generating, transmitting, and assistance (Section 8); two case studies of successful distributing energy from power plants. As shown in the local government programs for improving energy box to the right, energy efficiency also provides a range of efficiency in affordable housing (Section 9); additional important environmental, public health, and economic examples and information
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Insulation a Guide for Contractors to Share with Homeowners
    BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM VOLUME 17. BUILDING AMERICA BEST PRACTICES SERIES Energy Renovations Insulation A Guide for Contractors to Share with Homeowners PREPARED BY Pacific Northwest National Laboratory & Oak Ridge National Laboratory May 2012 R May 2012 • PNNL-20972 BUILDING AMERICA BEST PRACTICES SERIES Energy Renovations Volume 17: Insulation A Guide for Contractors to Share with Homeowners Prepared by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Michael C. Baechler, Project Manager K. T. Adams, M. G. Hefty, and T. L. Gilbride and Oak Ridge National Laboratory Pat M. Love May 2012 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Building America Program PNNL-20972 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 Contract DE-AC05-76RLO 1830 This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor Battelle Memorial Institute, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or Battelle Memorial Institute. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. ENERGY RENOVATIONS INSULATION Preface R The U.S. Department of Energy recognizes the enormous potential that exists for improving the energy efficiency, safety, and comfort of existing American homes.
    [Show full text]
  • WEATHERIZATION WORKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 39.5 Million
    WEATHERIZATION WORKS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Mission The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Weatherization Assistance Program (Weatherization or the Program) reduces energy costs for low-income 39.5 million households by increasing the energy efficiency of their homes, while ensuring households are eligible their health and safety. for Weatherization Weatherization has operated for over 40 years and is the nation’s largest single “whole house” energy efficiency program. Its primary purpose, established by law, is: “…to increase the energy efficiency of dwellings owned or occupied by low-income persons, reduce their total residential energy expenditures, and improve their health and safety, especially low-income persons who are particularly vulnerable such as the elderly, the disabled, and children.” The Program provides energy efficiency services to an average of35,000 homes annually with congressional appropriated funds while reducing annual energy costs by an average of $283 or more per household1. Through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (the Recovery Act) (Public Law 111-5), the Program weatherized over 1,000,000 homes during three years of the Act2. These low-income households are often on fixed incomes or rely on income assistance programs and are most vulnerable to volatile changes in the economy or energy markets. High energy users or households with a high energy burden also receive priority for weatherization services. Operations DOE works in partnership with state and local-level agencies to implement the Program. The Department awards formula grants to all 50 states, the District of Columbia, five U.S. territories and Native American tribes, which then usually contract with local agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Weatherization Works II – Summary of Findings from the ARRA Period Evaluation of the U.S
    ORNL/TM-2015/139 Weatherization Works II – Summary of Findings From the ARRA Period Evaluation of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Weatherization Assistance Program Bruce Tonn David Carroll Approved for public release. Erin Rose Distribution is unlimited. Beth Hawkins Scott Pigg Daniel Bausch Greg Dalhoff Michael Blasnik Joel Eisenberg Claire Cowan Brian Conlon July 2015 DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via US Department of Energy (DOE) SciTech Connect. Website http://www.osti.gov/scitech/ Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD 703-487-4639 Fax 703-605-6900 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.ntis.gov/help/ordermethods.aspx Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange representatives, and International Nuclear Information System representatives from the following source: Office of Scientific and Technical Information PO Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 2 WEATHERIZATION PROGRAM OPERATIONS MANUAL
    DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 7800 HARKINS ROAD LANHAM, MD 20706 HOUSING & BUILDING ENERGY PROGRAMS Appendix 2 WEATHERIZATION PROGRAM OPERATIONS MANUAL Revised August 2015 The Maryland Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD) pledges to foster the letter and spirit of the law for achieving equal housing opportunity in Maryland. http://www.dhcd.state.md.us 1 WEATHERIZATION PROGRAM OPERATIONS MANUAL TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1 Introduction and Program Overview………………………………………………...……………….5 A. The Federal Program B. The EmPOWER LIEEP Program C. State Administration D. Weatherization Assistance Agreements E. Programs Operations Manual F. Hancock Program Management Software SECTION 2 Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………………………………12 SECTION 3 Network Partners Roles and Responsibilities………………………………………...……………..17 A. Local Weatherization Agencies and Statewide Weatherization Contractors Minimum Requirements B. Budget and Production C. Documentation of Service Delivery D. Regulations Files SECTION 4 Local Weatherization Agencies (LWAS)…………………………..………………..….……………21 SECTION 5 Customer Application Process and Eligibility Determination………..………….…………….......25 SECTION 6 Customer Denial and Hearing Process…………………………………………..…………………..37 A. Customer Denial Process B. Review and Hearing Process C. Procedures for Informal Dispute Settlement D. Procedures for Local Hearings E. Procedures for State Hearings 2 SECTION 7 Weatherization Service Delivery Priorities…………………………….………..…………………..41 A. Single-family Homes B. Mobile
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Weatherization Plan State of Alaska
    AlasA ------------------------ FlNAB~~!!!19 Weatherization Plan State Of Alaska Department Of Energy Low Income Weatherization Program Public Hearing January 22, 2019 AHFC Board Room 4300 Boniface Parkway, Anchorage, Alaska 99504 10-11:00 AM 4300 Boniface Parkway • Anchorage, Alaska 99504 • P.O. Box 101020 • Anchorage, Alaska 99510 907-338-6100 (Anchorage) or (Toll-Free) 1-800-478-AHFC (2432) • www.ahfc.us Weatherization Assistance Program: Checklist Page 1 of 1 '~ us. ocr,R,.,rn, o, I Energy Efficiency & ~ ENERGY Renewable Energy Weatherization & Intergovernmental Programs Performance and Accountability for Grants in Energy (PAGE) Home Contact Us My Profile Help Training Videos Reference Libra,y FAQs Submit Success Sto,y Logout Home Grant Search: _[ ____~ Create New Application Grant#: EE0007903 Grantee: Alaska Housing Finance Corp Status: Active Search WAP Checklist Application Documents Checklist The Checklist allows users to check off application documents as completed, review the status of the application, SF-424 and open the corresponding documents. Budget Annual File !Prcgram Year: 2019; Revision : 0; In-process Master File Application Package: v j Verify and Submit Quarterly Performance Reporting Application Package Info T&TA Reporting Financial Reporting Program\CFDA: Program Name: Weatherization Assistance Program Program Cade: WAP Annual Historic Preservation CFDA Cade: 81.042 Reports Organization: Alaska Housing Finance Corp Grant Administration Program Year: 2019 User Management Opportunity Code: DE·WAP-0002019 Help Desk Start Date: 04/01/2019 End Date: 03/31/2020 Status: In-process Description: Alaska Weatherization prgoram Grant Number: EE0007903 Document Description Status Annual File In-process ~ P.i Application for Federal Assistance CSf-424} In-process ~ ud Budget (SF ·424A) In-process ~ i£1/ Master File In-process ~ Thi Print All Add Document 0 Applications are submitted, approved or rejected in PAGE through the Verify and Submit menu option.
    [Show full text]
  • Low-Income Weatherization Stimulus-Funded Program Shines but Storm Clouds Are on the Horizon
    Low-income WEATHERIZATION STIMULUS-FUNDED PROGRAM SHINES BUT STORM CLOUDS ARE ON THE HORIZON NCLC® NATIONAL CONSUMER November 2012 LAW CENTER® © Copyright 2012, National Consumer Law Center, Inc. All rights reserved. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Charlie Harak is senior attorney on energy and utility issues at the National Consumer Law Cen- ter (NCLC), Inc. He represents consumers before regulatory agencies, legislative bodies, and other policy forums; provides legal and technical support to low-income advocates, legal services lawyers, and government officials; and leads workshops and training sessions for lawyers and advocates. He is the author of numerous publications, including Utilities Advocacy for Low-income Households, Guide to the Rights of Utility Consumers, Up the Chimney: How HUD’s Inaction Costs Taxpayers Millions and Drives Up Utility Bills for Low-Income Families, and Access to Utility Service (co-author and editor). Mr. Harak is a member of the Massachusetts Energy Efficiency Advisory Council, and served as co-counsel in litigation requiring the U.S. Department of Energy to update energy efficiency standards for residential and commercial appliances. He earned his B.A. from Cornell University and his J.D. from Northeastern University, and is admitted to the Massachusetts bar. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The views and conclusions presented in this report are those of the author alone. The author thanks NCLC colleagues Jillian McLaughlin and Jan Kruse for their valuable comments and assistance. Thank you to Elliott Jacobson of Action, Inc., John Wells of Action for Boston Com- munity Development, Liz Berube of Citizens for Citizens, Jeff Simon of the Massachusetts Recovery office, Ken Rauseo and Dave Fuller, past and present Massachusetts state weatherization directors, Chuck Eberdt of the Opportunity Council, Dave Rinebolt of Ohio Partners for Affordable Energy, National Fiber President Chris Hoch, and Michael McCarthy of Advantage Weatherization for their assistance.
    [Show full text]
  • RESIDENTIAL WEATHERIZATION BEST PRACTICES FIELD GUIDE Contents 1 INTRODUCTION to the FIELD GUIDE and BEST PRACTICES
    BONNEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION RESIDENTIAL WEATHERIZATION BEST PRACTICES FIELD GUIDE Contents 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE FIELD GUIDE AND BEST PRACTICES .................................. 4 1.1 How to Use this Field Guide .................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Commitment to Health, Safety, and Durability ........................................................................ 5 1.3 General Requirements .............................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Material and Installation Requirements .................................................................................... 6 2 WEATHERIZATION HEALTH AND SAFETY BEST PRACTICES ..................................... 9 2.1 Covering Fibrous Insulation in Intermediate Zones ................................................................. 9 2.2 Safety Requirements for Electrical Wiring............................................................................... 9 2.3 Carbon Monoxide Alarms ...................................................................................................... 10 3 INSTALLER RECORD .............................................................................................................. 12 4 ATTIC AND ROOF-CAVITY INSULATION ......................................................................... 13 4.1 Preparation for Attic and Roof-Cavity Insulation .................................................................. 13 4.2 Passive
    [Show full text]
  • Policies and Procedures for Low-Income Weatherization
    Weatherization Manual For Managing the Low-Income Weatherization Program Policies and Procedures Specifications and Standards Supporting Documents for United States Department of Energy United States Department of Health and Human Services Bonneville Power Administration and Matchmakers Prepared By: Washington State Department of Commerce Community Services and Housing Division April 2009 Edition (with 2010 revisions) Policies and Procedures For Managing the Low-Income Weatherization Program for United States Department of Energy United States Department of Health and Human Services Bonneville Power Administration and Matchmakers Prepared By: Washington State Department of Commerce Community Services and Housing Division April 2009 Edition (with 2010 revisions) April 2010 Policies and Procedures For Managing the Low-Income Weatherization Program Table of Contents Chapter 1 Eligible Clients and Dwellings Section 1.1 Outreach to Eligible Clients April 2010 Section 1.1.1 Requirements for Services to Low-Income Native Americans April 2009 Section 1.2 Determining Client Income Eligibility April 2010 Section 1.2.1 Policies for Income Eligibility Guidelines Other than 125 Percent of Federal Poverty Guidelines April 2010 Section 1.3 Period of Eligibility April 2009 Section 1.4 Applicant Eligibility, Owners or Tenants April 2009 Section 1.4.1 Use and Monitoring of Property Owner/Agency Agreements April 2009 Section 1.5 Qualifying Multi-Unit Residences April 2010 Section 1.6 Ineligible Residences and Exceptions April 2009 Section 1.7 Shelters,
    [Show full text]
  • Midwest Weatherization Best Practices Field Guide
    Midwest Weatherization Best Practices Field Guide for the US Department ofEnergy Weatherization Assistance Program May 2007 This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy Midwest Regional Office under cooperative agreement DE-FC45-02R530599. Neither the U.S. Department of Energy, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any information or process disclosed. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. We help people enjoy a more comfortable home, a home that costs less to live in, a home that is safer and a home that is healthier. We help people – that is what the Weatherization Assistance Program is all about. Saving people money, improving the environment, saving energy and helping the economy are the results of our efforts. The Midwest is the center of Weatherization activity in the nation. One-third of the U.S. Department of Energy’s program is operated in the eight states that comprise the Midwest Region. These eight states provide some of the highest quality service and innovative approaches available to addressing the energy needs of the low-income community. Since the 1970’s, when the Weatherization Program began, our efforts were often not as effective as they are today. We would put storm doors and windows on most homes, blow some insulation in the attic and caulk any crack we could find.
    [Show full text]
  • Phased Retrofits in Existing Homes in Florida Phase I: Shallow and Deep Retrofits D
    Phased Retrofits in Existing Homes in Florida Phase I: Shallow and Deep Retrofits D. Parker, K. Sutherland, D. Chasar, J. Montemurno, B. Amos, and J. Kono Building America Partnership for Advanced Residential Construction February 2016 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, subcontractors, or affiliated partners makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at SciTech Connect http:/www.osti.gov/scitech Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 OSTI http://www.osti.gov Phone: 865.576.8401 Fax: 865.576.5728 Email: [email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5301 Shawnee Road Alexandria, VA 22312 NTIS http://www.ntis.gov Phone: 800.553.6847 or 703.605.6000 Fax: 703.605.6900 Email: [email protected] Phased Retrofits in Existing Homes in Florida Phase I: Shallow and Deep Retrofits Prepared for: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory On behalf of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Weatherization
    Weatherization Assistance Program Weatherization Fundamentals 1 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – July 2012 eere.energy.gov WEATHERIZATION INSTALLER/TECHNICIAN FUNDAMENTALS Introduction to Weatherization 2 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – July 2012 eere.energy.gov Mission INTRODUCTION TO WEATHERIZATION Mission of the Weatherization Assistance Program To reduce energy costs for low-income families, particularly for the elderly, people with disabilities, and families with children, while ensuring their health and safety (H&S). 3 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – July 2012 eere.energy.gov Low-Income Households INTRODUCTION TO WEATHERIZATION Characteristics of Low-Income Households • Over 90% of low-income households have annual incomes less than $15,000. • More than 13% of these low-income households have annual incomes less than $2,000. • According to DOE’s Energy Information Administration (EIA), low-income households spend 14.4% of their annual income on energy, while other households only spend 3.3%. • The average energy expenditure in low-income households is $1,800 annually. • The elderly occupy 34% of low-income homes. 4 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – July 2012 eere.energy.gov History INTRODUCTION TO WEATHERIZATION 1976 to Early 1980s (First Generation) • Started in Maine as “Winterization” • Administered by the Community Services Administration • Later managed by the Federal Energy Administration • Volunteer labor • Low-cost measures • Little or no accountability 5 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – July 2012 eere.energy.gov History INTRODUCTION TO WEATHERIZATION Early 1980s to Late 1980s (Second Generation) • Used volunteer labor from the Comprehensive Employment & Training Act under the Department of Labor. • Often installed temporary measures. • Little or no diagnostic technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Wall Upgrades for Residential Deep Energy Retrofits: a Literature Review June 2019
    PNNL-28690 Wall Upgrades for Residential Deep Energy Retrofits: A Literature Review June 2019 CA Antonopoulos CE Metzger JM Zhang S Ganguli MC Baechler HU Nagda AO Desjarlais Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Choose an item. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor Battelle Memorial Institute, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or Battelle Memorial Institute. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY operated by BATTELLE for the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Printed in the United States of America Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062; ph: (865) 576-8401 fax: (865) 576-5728 email: [email protected] Available to the public from the National Technical Information Service 5301 Shawnee Rd., Alexandria, VA 22312 ph: (800) 553-NTIS (6847) email: [email protected] <https://www.ntis.gov/about> Online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov Choose an item.
    [Show full text]