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Weatherization and Indoor Air Quality: Measured Impacts in Single-Family Homes Under the Weatherization Assistance Program

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Weatherization and Indoor Air Quality: Measured Impacts in Single-Family Homes Under the Weatherization Assistance Program ORNL/TM-2014/170 Weatherization and Indoor Air Quality: Measured Impacts in Single-family Homes under the Weatherization Assistance Program Approved for public release; Scott Pigg distribution is unlimited. Dan Cautley Paul Francisco Beth Hawkins Terry Brennan September 2014 DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via US Department of Energy (DOE) SciTech Connect. Website http://www.osti.gov/scitech/ Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD 703-487-4639 Fax 703-605-6900 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.ntis.gov/help/ordermethods.aspx Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange representatives, and International Nuclear Information System representatives from the following source: Office of Scientific and Technical Information PO Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. ORNL Principal Investigator Dr. Bruce Tonn Evaluation Team Task Manager Scott Pigg ORNL/TM-2014/170 Environmental Sciences Division WEATHERIZATION AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY: MEASURED IMPACTS IN SINGLE-FAMILY HOMES UNDER THE WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Scott Pigg, Energy Center of Wisconsin Dan Cautley, Energy Center of Wisconsin Paul Francisco, University of Illinois Beth Hawkins, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Terry Brennan, Camroden Associates Date Published: September 2014 Prepared by OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6283 managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the US DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................... ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... xi REPORT SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ xv 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 STUDY SCOPE .......................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Time Period .................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Geography ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.3 Housing Type ................................................................................................................. 2 1.2.4 Measurement Parameters ............................................................................................... 2 1.3 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................. 3 2. APPROACH ......................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 SAMPLING ................................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Site Data ......................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.2 Testing and Monitoring .................................................................................................. 7 2.2.3 Occupant Survey ............................................................................................................ 8 2.2.4 Weatherization Measures ............................................................................................... 8 2.2.5 Weather Data ................................................................................................................. 8 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDY HOMES ..................................................................................... 11 4. FINDINGS .......................................................................................................................................... 15 4.1 CARBON MONOXIDE ........................................................................................................... 15 4.1.1 Heating Systems........................................................................................................... 16 4.1.2 Water Heaters............................................................................................................... 18 4.1.3 Ranges and Ovens ........................................................................................................ 20 4.1.4 Indoor Ambient Carbon Monoxide Levels .................................................................. 23 4.2 RADON .................................................................................................................................... 27 4.2.1 Pre-Weatherization Radon Levels ............................................................................... 28 4.2.2 Change in Radon Levels .............................................................................................. 34 4.3 FORMALDEHYDE ................................................................................................................. 40 4.3.1 Pre-Weatherization Formaldehyde .............................................................................. 41 4.3.2 Change in Formaldehyde Levels.................................................................................. 42 4.4 TEMPERATURE ..................................................................................................................... 44 4.4.1 Pre-Weatherization Indoor Temperature ..................................................................... 45 4.4.2 Change in Indoor Temperature .................................................................................... 47 4.5 INDOOR HUMIDITY AND MOISTURE ............................................................................... 49 4.5.1 Pre-Weatherization Indoor Humidity ........................................................................... 50 4.5.2 Change in indoor humidity .......................................................................................... 52 4.5.3 Moisture Observations ................................................................................................. 53 5. DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................................... 57 6. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX A. SAMPLING, WEIGHTING AND UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION PROCEDURES ................................................................................................................................ A-3 APPENDIX B. ANALYSIS OF SITES WITH ELEVATED AMBIENT CARBON MONOXIDE ....... B-3 iii APPENDIX C. RADON LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. C-3 APPENDIX D. FIELDWORK TRAINING AND PROTOCOL ............................................................. D-3 APPENDIX E. FIELD TECHNICIAN DATA COLLECTION FORM .................................................. E-3 APPENDIX F. PICK-UP TECHNICIAN DATA COLLECTION FORM ............................................... F-3 APPENDIX G. OCCUPANT SURVEY INSTRUMENT ........................................................................ G-3 APPENDIX H. LOCAL WEATHERIZATION AGENCY SCRIPTS AND FORMS ............................ H-3 APPENDIX I. HOUSEHOLD RECRUITMENT SCHEDULING SCRIPTS AND INFORMATION FOR STUDY PARTICIPANTS .........................................................................................................I-3
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