HIGHLIGHTS DECEMBER 2020  and close. RISE–SET CHART  Moon, and Saturn together. 3 7 11 15 19 23 27 31  Jupiter and Saturn extremely close, rare meeting. 8 am S S U SE Mars Tr atT E M RA T S RI r E N N E S ENU IS E U e U S N N UP A U R P r P A U S IT TU PI T S c I T S E R T Y T U O T R ER T P R UN R R ER RN SET RI N r U E S N E SE R t C T E S O IS o M R r T E S E T ARS E T O r Tr M E M E O N T S M S I E I U A M O ISE R S Part of the legend of Jason and the Argonauts had this hero steal R N R R R A S EP N S O T U t E U N N N S S N A M T M T R S e ERCURY RIS E E U IS UN RISE E R O O O M I R E S E SE S N RY RISE 7 am the golden fleece by slaying a dragon that never slept. Well, we R I T SU MERCU U N O O C O R RISE R P U T A R N A L R P n N U E S Y M M T M IT LU U O R T o N S S N RISE O S R T N SU E I I S E E S S E o PT T E know that their famous ship is immortalised in our southern T M U E O T E A R U S N S T R R A N I E A T S NS N M E O I T M U S O E IS E E R S N R S E SU E T E T E N M S S R R O I A C S S N winter skies, but the source of the fleece also resides in the N M N U I A I O RS S R T N R I M PL R A T O O U N Y R R S O N RISE U P IT R SU T I O I O T N S O O E P M T R E L N N M R O U A heavens, as the of the Ram. Aries is Latin E O T A O SU R M M S N O RI NS UR U SE S O RISE S M 6 am Y IT A O M R T A S E N A T O E O UR ISE T US T NU U T RC N R R M S R C SU A R E N T U M ER N IS BEGINS TWILIGHT BEGINS RA S M for ram. Located 24° due west (left) of the Pleiades cluster SI E S TWILIGHT N E E SU R M N T S S T N R Y IN I E ILIGHT BEG IT S SE P TW R TUN I IS E N R E R it doesn’t have much of an to boast about, showing E E I RIS S O N SUN E E N E S P TW RIS I IL O T IGH Y NS UN T BEG O UR R T BEGI INS C IGH E R L M I O E TW S TRA M mostly two . This region of the sky is so barren these 2.0 N A N MA TU SI RS T TW M S P O R T RA IL UN RISE LU N T EN NSIT IGHT BEG 5 am SUN RISE T O R U O R EGINS SE AN S INS NEP URA and 2.6 magnitude stars, separated by only 4°, stand out well. I IGHT B I S E R N T N SE M TWIL R IT IS EP U U RY S E T N S S I U E A CU E N S SE T R E T U R E T E S P U T R M L T N RI I UT RA MAR PIT E The brighter star is (Alpha Arietis) which is Arabic O N S S R N S E T E TR SIT RAN R S S A O SI E N N EGI N N T T E U IGHT B T SI TW CURY RIS P WIL T O IL MER O for lamb. It is a K2 spectral class star (a cool 4,200 K) so is T O E ITER MERCURY RISE U IGHT BEG R S R I M N O IS O U A ENUS RISE S E PI NU MA N T S M M ER RIS ENUS RISE ISE RS 4 am yellowy-orange in colour. The other is Sheratan (), O T E ENUS R S RAN ET O SIT ENUS RISE M T a name whose origin remains a mystery. It is a hotter (8,300 K) INS T T E ENUS RISE ENUS RISE BEG S E E S IGHT AT WIL U S S T R S N R AT N A5 class, white star. The sight of both in the same binocular N U I N N U S E P R O E PT E IT N T TWILIGHT BEGINS O O U S WILIG U S E H P R E O T BEGINS NE IT I S T O O R E E E I R R T M S field really shows the colour contrast. E T S M R I M A PL 3 am N U N T R UP SI U O ITE T O RA SET R R P NU N IS LU P O S Directly beneath Aries is the constellation of , L T E TO UT TRA O R O M E N T S IS T A SI O E R T S T rd th E A U N T R M S S N N IT TR N E U the Triangle. Although its three main stars (around 3 to 4 EP A S R N TU NS O M AN N I T A N U O E T O R N E S RI E S P S S T O T E magnitude) are arranged in a distinctive narrow isosceles M O U E M R T AR S N S RIS A E E N N O S 2 am M S E N EP IT T TU M O N E T PLU triangle, the name lacks imagination. Especially when one O T T RA O S E N ET M SI E S U U T P P R U S S IT LU A PIT AT I MA considers it came from the same ancients that brought us a N M ER N E U R T E ARS R R O U R R R S ISE IS R S S S N SE R S E O E I AT I T S T S S I E E U E T N O R N R E flying horse (Pegasus), magic flying rams (Aries), gods (many) R O I P T M S SE L I M A U N E RS RISE T O R O S T O 1 am R M T A and a sea monster (Cetus)—to name a few! Its slightly more N NS O U N E I S R O T A A O S T M N M U U O ARS RISE RN S T O U N T RA interesting original name was Deltotron, after the depiction of R M N RA N M A E O S NU PTU NSI IT S N O T SET E R ISE M the Greek letter delta (capitalised). MARS RISE MIDNIGHT MIDNIGHT MIDNIGHT MIDNIGHT MIDNIGHT MIDNIGHT MIDNIGHT MIDNIGHT MIDNIGHT MIDNIGHT MIDNIGHT 12 am MIDNIGHT N UPIT MARS UP EPT ER RISE ITE U UN S N T R R ISE R T AN E T ATU E EP E R U R R S T APPEARANCE of the S A A I U E S N S A N N S N T R S E S E R S U I I I S T T S R E I N M T E E N AR T R S S R I RIS N S E I M U O E A RA R N O N R O S U T S O O N R TR M A A U T N P 11 pm M MERCURY M O N O IT SI SI ER E T T SE S M PL SA O T N U T N U M EPT TO RN U RI O NE E SE TR D D D A P O S S N L E I U T T SI T T O M R E SE S N T S N EP AT E UP T U N O I E U R S TE N N I S S O R E E O R I TR T R IS M A 10 pm O E R N U N A U M E P M S R R N P I A IT S M A T T R U T N N U E S R R S R E U N R A E S O AT E T IS N AN O R E U S S U R A S S E S I T O RN IS N R I IT O E S I S R R I R T E I ENUS SET M S T E P U M LU P N N I E T TO ER S T O R O SE T AN T ENUS N O O ENUS SET E SIT MARS S O M M M A T D TW O P R ILIGHT N LU S D ENDS TO RIS E 9 pm ENDS M O E HT S LIG R E I IS TW O E P E S L I N U S T I T O M R O S E R ET S S O U TW N a ILIG t R HT E EN N P rn NDS AN N U O L E D S T M T S SET N UT ra LIGH U O O n TWI S O s M T O T t ET ER M R O R S CU A A T A URY R RS N M N Y O S RC S T S E U E E R I TWIL M N P IT M T AN T I S I S S N GH E M T ND I P T E P E T E T LU EPT NDS U TU R T TWILIGH 8 pm TO U RA N N R SE URY SET NE NU T PL E R ANS C O I SA T MER SET S S ENUS SE E UTO SE IT T E T S U O T R RN M ISE SA SATURN S N U E T M T ER PIT UR NEP C O E N T UR EN R R RI UN D Y US O IS SE E SUN SET SE SET E TR T M S AN SUN SET TWIL TWILIGHT END SIT SUN SET IGHT ENDS S U TWILIGHT END RA SA NU 7 pm TU S R TWILIGHT ENDS T RN ISE T SET MERCURY E T SUN SE Y E TW SET R R U ILIG A E R HT ENDS S N U A S S C S N I IT R U E I N M S R E T T ET R R N S S O SU A TWILIGHT ENDS E S I N N UN T E N S S S ET O IT R S URANUS O Y U T U R O P R U M N IT O E A N C ER N R T N O O S U UN SE U E S O E S E S P P D T M M I T S T M E E O U N T O R NE SET T SA TR 6 pm M T O E A P SU RY TU M NS LU RAN N SE U S R I T C O T ER N R T O T SET SIT UPITER E E M I R N Y S E M N E A R S ET N U EP S S UN S C E I S S S I O R A T I IT E T U M S R U N R I R E O T R N S SUN SE S M E R N E E T N T RC M N E UR O Y N T O SU N N O S SET SET E NEPTUNE I P E O O SUN SET T M U O O U R R S U N A T T A E P I E R N O S S M T M T U E SE U M R U N R URY E S E D N ERC P I S N S M S R E I E P R M T T S I L I 5 pm E S S O U O R R E TO Sat E T T I N E O U S T O R E R rn E A A T S N E O N r M N P N M U S U S R P S U LU U IT E N P A L S S M T O PI U E T T N T N N T S E O R E ET U R N R S U O S EPT E R S O N S S a T C I R E M TR NU S E T E t O U E P M A E R U T N T A T rn NE RY U A N O r n S U . N S O S N R IT r S e S E E O S a I t o E T M T P T SAT RIS RIS n t M O s PLUTO o R o E E R D MARS SET Set M M 4 pm D DECEMBER 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 Approximate local standard time, for daylight saving add 1 hour.

81 R EBRR MRC R BR R BR R BR

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EEMBER R BR R BR R BR th E Metallah (AlphaE Trianguli) at magnitude 3.4E is the second 25 3 am (1 am WST) Moon at apogee (furthest from Earth brightest star in Triangulum. In Arabic it means ‘triangle’, but at 405,012 km). th its Latin name Caput Trianguli is more appropriately ‘head of 27 7 pm (5 pm WST) Minimum Libration (2.8°), dark NW the triangle’, being at the pointy end. Metallah is also a good limb. guide star to the large, face-on spiral M33, which is 30th 1 pm (11 am WST) Full Moon. a binocular field (4°) west of the star. M33 is a member of the local group of and well worth looking for with THE PLANETS binoculars under dark skies. Like last month, Mercury tends to hug the horizon during CBER EMBER DECEMBER December, remaining invisible to observers. The is a R BR THER MOON BR R BR morning object until superior (Mercury and Earth th 7 3 pm (1 pm WST) Maximum th on opposite sides of the Sun) on the 20 , when it moves into Libration (8.9°), bright SW limb. the western evening twilight. Hausen Crater (167 km) is well E E E Venus is visible in the brightening dawn eastern sky. A neat, visible and a distinctive libration close conjunction between the 27- old waning crescent zone feature. th Moon and Venus occurs on the 13 with the pair less than th 8 11 am (9 am WST) Last Quarter. 2° apart (see Sky View). The planet moves slowly towards 13th 7 am (5 am WST) Moon at , being closest on the 24th when they are 5.5° apart. perigee (closest to Earth at 361,773 km). The Earth is at Solstice on the 21st when the days are longest. th 13 9 pm (7 pm WST) Minimum Libration (2.4°), too close On this day, the Sun is at its most southerly position with a to New Moon. of –23.5°. th 15 2 am (midnight previous day WST) New Moon. Total In the northern sky as evening twilight ends, Mars, in , eclipse of the Sun, not visible from Australia (see Part is obvious as an orange beacon in a region devoid of bright II for details). stars to the upper right of the Great Square of Pegasus. Its 20th 5 am (3 am WST) Maximum Libration (9.1°), bright post opposition size shrinks from around 15 arcseconds at the NE limb. Mare Humboldtianum, 161 km sea, which is beginning of December to 10 arcseconds at ’s end. From in the libration zone is well placed to observe. the 9th to the 15th the Red Planet will be within 1° of Zeta 22nd 10 am (8 am WST) First Quarter. Piscium, a splendid double for small telescopes. There is some

Temple3, or Torreon, fell upon a slab of granite. The same Astronomy of the Inca Part 2 north-eastern facing window could also be used to define each Although many structures had long been suspected to be of individual day from May through August and to sight the first astronomical significance, it has only been in recent that heliacal rising of the Pleiades. The Pleiades played a major serious studies have been carried out. In 2012 a joint team role in Incan life and their emergence in the dawn sky marked of Polish and Peruvian researchers, using 3D laser-scanning the time of crop harvest and the beginning of the year. The techniques at , were able to confirm many of Pleiades were known as Qullqa which means storehouse and the astronomical connections of this 15th century citadel. to this day an annual festival associated with the harvest and The June solstice could be determined with great accuracy New Year is held by the local indigenous peoples near , when a shaft of light, shining through a window in the Sun . Intimachay, or cave 3 The Sun Temple, Machu Picchu by Ken Wallace of the Sun, is a small cavern with east and north facing windows. Sunlight entering through these apertures at various times of the year would indicate summer and winter solstices and the autumn and spring equinoxes. For example, sunlight entering the eastern window during the vernal (spring) equinox is visible through the northern

DECEMBER window against a scale on the wall.

82 On the dizzying heights of Huayna Picchu mountain the Great Rift, the dark clouds that lie between us and the overlooking the citadel below lies a building that appears Sagittarius-Carina arm of our galaxy. Within these dust lanes to have a definite astronomical purpose. Inkaraqay, or El they imagined the outlines of animals they were familiar with. Mirador (vantage point), has a niche on the back of a wall These creatures came to drink from the celestial river that that has two observation openings 5 cm in diameter around hid the heavenly glow of the and included the 1.6 m above the floor. Through the northern of these precisely following; made and oriented holes, sunrise can be observed directly 1. A serpent, a sinuous dark region between Epsilon Canis above the distant summit of Yanantin Mountain (a sacred Majoris and Crux. Andean peak) during the June solstice. The southern hole 2. A toad, the area between Theta Carinae and Lambda shows the helical rising of the Pleiades as it appears to be Centauri. climbing the southern slope of the same mountain. 3. The tinamou (a partridge like bird) represented as the A kite shaped stone orientated to the cardinal compass points Coal Sack (in Crux). is also thought to represent the Southern Cross. It is located 4. A , between Crux and . The dark in a courtyard near the Temple of the Three Windows, its constellation of the Llama is the same as that identified one metre major axis runs directly north/south. The exact by the indigenous peoples of Australia as the Emu in use of the stone is not known although Crux was of great the Sky. The difference is that the Emu’s head is the significance in Incan mysticism. Known as Chakana, meaning Coal Sack, whereas the Llama’s head begins around The chair, it represents the three tiers of the world: the heavens, Pointers and incorporates Alpha and Beta Centauri as its the world of the living and the underworld. eyes. 4 The Intihuatana is a stone resembling a sundial and that 5. A baby llama below the mother llama. may have been one of its uses. Set atop a terraced pyramid 6. A fox, between the tail of and Sagittarius. at Machu Picchu, the one metre high by two metre diameter instrument is beautifully carved from a single piece of 7. A second tinamou in Scutum. granite. It has many faces, planes and levels but the exact The Milky Way, known as Mayu, was a fundamental object purpose of these complex angles is unknown. It is one of the of Incan cosmology and was the celestial counterpart (or few remaining examples of this type of instrument that was reflection) of the Vilcanota River that flows through the placed in the centre of most Incan cities. The Spaniards in Sacred Valley of the Inca. So strong was this belief that they their quest to eradicate the Incan religion destroyed all they thought that water flowing in the heavenly river came back to could find. Fortunately the conquistadors did not discover Earth in the rainy season. Manchu Picchu. As a testament to the amazing astronomical Sadly, much was lost due to the Spanish conquest of the knowledge of the Inca the gnomon has an inclination of 13° Americas. Archaeoastronomy, once considered as part matching the of the site. At of this angle, during the pseudo-science, is now becoming a mainstream discipline March and September equinoxes, the gnomon does not cast a and a fundamental tool in helping to understand how ancient shadow. cultures lived and connected with the world around them. Astronomical observatories such as those at Machu Picchu can be found throughout the Incan empire. With the task of feeding their population, the observations of the Sun, Moon 4 The Intihuatana, Machu Picchu. Note and stars provided them with a clock and calendar to plan the angled gnomon. By Ken Wallace their agricultural and spiritual activities. Like most cultures the Inca created constellations in the night sky and in common with the Australian Aboriginal they visualised constellations both stellar and dark. The first were made up using stars in typical connect-the- dots fashion that we are familiar with. These would form inanimate shapes of gods and heroes etc. The second type they DECEMBER visualised existed in

83 dispute on the colours of this pair (magnitudes 5.2 and 6.3, DWARF PLANETS and separation 23 arcseconds) with the primary described as pale SMALL SOLAR SYSTEM BODIES yellow or white and its companion yellow or reddish. On the Dwarf planet Pluto sets around 9 pm midmonth. This distant 23rd and 24th, the waxing gibbous Moon appears in the vicinity world will be in conjunction with the Sun on 14 January and of the Red Planet. will return to the morning skies in February. Jupiter is visible as it sinks toward the early western evening Brightest Minor Planets at opposition this month include: horizon, spending half the month in Sagittarius before moving into Capricornus. A very neat conjunction occurs on the 17th Date Minor Planet Constellation Mag. with the slender crescent of the 3-day old waxing crescent 7 Dec 16 Psyche Taurus 9.4 Moon appearing directly above Jupiter and Saturn (see Sky 11 Dec 702 Alauda Auriga 12.0 View). It would be best to observe the trio soon after the end 11 Dec 423 Diotima Taurus 11.6 of civil twilight whilst still a reasonable altitude above the 11 Dec 79 Eurynome Taurus/ border 9.9 horizon. The distance from Jupiter to the northern lunar cusp 20 Dec 13 Egeria Auriga 10.0 at this time is 3° (a little further from WA) and the separation 21 Dec 39 Laetitia Orion 9.8 between planets is just 0.5° (one Moon diameter). 29 Dec 52 Europa Orion/ border 10.0 After this lunar conjunction on the 17th, Jupiter and Saturn remain less than 0.5° apart for the next 7 days and are closest COMETS on the 21st at 0.1° apart—a spectacular conjunction (see Sky Comet 88P/Howell is in the constellation of Capricornus for View). It is rare to see both gas giants in the same field of all but the last few days of December, when it will then be view of a telescope, so don’t miss this one as these big guys found in the adjoining constellation of Aquarius. Setting late only get together every 18–20 years for a rendezvous. in the evening, Howell is expected to fade from 10th to 11th As Saturn, together with Jupiter, settles into the western magnitude by month’s end. evening twilight the pair provides some great naked-eye and Comet P/2009 Q4 (Boattini) is predicted to brighten to 12th binocular observing this month. Starting at the beginning magnitude this month. Reaching perihelion on the 27th, at a of December at 2° apart, the gap between the pair narrows distance of 1.3 au from the Sun, it’s a favourable apparition culminating in a spectacular and rare conjunction, just 0.1° as the comet will be less than 0.4 au from Earth at the time. apart on the 21st (see Sky View). A few days earlier on the Visible throughout the night, though best seen when the comet 17th, the 3-day old earthshine enhanced crescent Moon appears is at its highest late in the evening, Boattini resides in the around 3° above the pair for an impressive triple conjunction constellation of throughout December. (see Sky View). Uranus, now past opposition, is in the northern evening sky at DOUBLE STARS the end of astronomical twilight in Aries. Located near the Orion (Messier 42), 8 arcminutes Neptune remains within 1° of the 4th magnitude star Phi south-west from the superb double star Iota (ι) Orionis, is Aquarii this month. The planet can only be seen in the western this month’s double star STF 747AB (All Sky Map No 2). evening sky as it heads toward conjunction in March 2021. The bright stars magnitudes 4.7 and 5.5 are separated by 40 arcseconds with a position angle of 228°. Both stars are DIARY Sun 20th pm m.p. 471 Papagena 1.0°SE of star Alpha Piscium Wed 2nd Mars at ascending node Mon 21st 6 am (4 am WST) Neptune 5° N of Moon Fri 4th Noon (10 am WST) star 4° N of Moon Mon 21st 8 pm (6 pm WST) Solstice Fri 4th pm m.p. 79 Eurynome 0.4°S of Collinder 65 (OC) in Taurus Mon 21st Midnight (10 pm WST) Saturn 0.1° N of Jupiter Sat 5th Venus 1.5°NE of star Alpha Librae Mon 21st pm m.p. 52 Europa 0.5°N of star Gamma Geminorum Sat 5th Mercury at descending node Tue 22nd Comet 88P/Howell 0.6°S of star Delta Capricorni Mon 7th 3 am (1 am WST) star 5° S of Moon Tue 22nd 9:41 am (7:41 am WST) First Quarter Moon Tue 8th 8 am (6 am WST) m.p. 4 Vesta 0.5° S of Moon Tue 22nd 11 pm (9 pm WST) Mars 0.1°N of NGC 524 (G) in Pisces Tue 8th 10:37 am (8:37 am WST) Last Quarter Moon Tue 22nd pm P/2009 Q4 (Boattini) 0.6°SE of NGC 1600 (G) in Thu 10th 10 pm (8 pm WST) star Spica 7° S of Moon Eridanus Sun 13th 7 am (5 am WST) Moon at perigee, 361,773 km Wed 23rd 11 am (9 am WST) star Antares 6° S of Venus Sun 13th 7 am (5 am WST) Venus 1° S of Moon Thu 24th 5 am (3 am WST) Mars 6° N of Moon Tue 15th 2:17 am (12:17 am WST) New Moon Thu 24th pm m.p. 16 Psyche 1.2°S of NGC 1647 (OC) in Taurus Wed 16th Mercury at aphelion Fri 25th 3 am (1 am WST) Moon at apogee, 405,012 km Thu 17th 5 am (3 am WST) d.p. Pluto 2° N of Moon Fri 25th 9 am (7 am WST) Uranus 3° N of Moon Thu 17th 2 pm (Noon WST) Jupiter 3° N of Moon Fri 25th pm m.p. 39 Laetitia 1.2°N of star Thu 17th 3 pm (1 pm WST) Saturn 3° N of Moon Sat 26th 9 pm (7 pm WST) P/2009 Q4 (Boattini) 0.2°E of star Nu Thu 17th pm m.p. 79 Eurynome 1.0°S of NGC 1817 (OC) in Taurus Eridani Sat 19th Venus 0.3°NE of star Mon 28th Venus 0.5°N of NGC 6235 (GC) in Ophiuchus Sat 19th pm m.p. 8 Flora 0.7°NE of NGC 864 (G) in Cetus Mon 28th am m.p. 4 Vesta 0.5°N of NGC 3705 (G) in Sat 19th pm m.p. 79 Eurynome 0.9°S of NGC 1807 (OC) in Taurus Mon 28th 7 am (5 am WST) star Aldebaran 5° S of Moon Sun 20th m.p. 4 Vesta 0.7°S of star Iota Leonis Wed 30th Venus 0.6°N of NGC 6287 (GC) in Ophiuchus

DECEMBER Sun 20th Comet 88P/Howell 0.7°SE of star Gamma Capricorni Wed 30th 1:28 pm (11:28 am WST) Full Moon (392,772 km) Sun 20th 1 pm (11 am WST) Mercury in superior conjunction Thu 31st d.p. Ceres 0.5°SW of NGC 7492 (GC) in Aquarius Sun 20th 7 pm (5 pm WST) d.p. Ceres 5° S of Moon Thu 31st 6 pm (4 pm WST) star Pollux 4° N of Moon

84 brilliant white (spectral classes B0.5V and BIV) and are members of the Orion OB1 association. There have been small changes in position angle and separation since the measures taken in 1825. Hipparchus/Tycho data shows different W AQUARIUS distances to the stars and the pair may represent an optical (line of sight) double. Whilst in the area, look for a fainter, M One hour after sunset. slightly closer pair (STF 745) located 3 arcminutes west. The AQUILA stars magnitudes 8.3 and 9.4 are separated by 28 arcseconds Dec 18 at an amazing 0.1° (see insert). at with a position angle of 347°. This whole area includes the st

14 × 14 arcminute open cluster NGC 1980 (Collinder 72, CAPRICORNUS

The Lost Jewel of Orion) centred on Iota (ι) Orionis and is a Saturn delightful region to explore. Dec 17 , the Moon, Jupiter and Saturn easily t in a 4° circle, , the Moon,and Saturn easily t in a 4° circle, Jupiter

METEOR SHOWERS Moon Jupiter th The Geminids are one of the finest and most reliable of the major annual showers. Visible from the 4th to the 17th, with SAGITTARIUS maximum predicted on the 14th, the Geminids often produce M bright, medium-speed meteors. The zenith hourly rate is MICROSCOPIUM variable but around 150 is possible. Even though our northern Dec 16 counterparts will see the best of the Geminids, they can still provide a spectacular display for us down under, particularly SAGITTARIUS after midnight when the radiant appears above the northern horizon. New Moon on the 15th will leave the mornings skies free of interference. (the Teapot) Saturn with the planets 0.5° apart. The closest approach is reached on the 21 is reached closest approach The with the planets 0.5° apart. Dec 21 0.1° The most spectacular On the 17 The of the year! gathering CORONA AUSTRALIS M7 Jupiter SCORPIUS EENING TWILIGHT 2 Dec to TELESCOPIUM 10°

Approximate local standard time, for daylight saving add one hour. Jupiter D CR RE RM CER CE

M D D DR M BR M M CE D D E DAWN SY DAWN

Dec 0 to Dec 0 to Santae Australis Santae D D E EENING SY Dec 2 to 2 Dec 2 to EENING SY CE R DECEMBER BE D M D R

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