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Universidad Complutense De Madrid Facultad De Filología UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA APROXIMACIÓN AL ORIGEN DEL PENSAMIENTO DE GEORGE IVANOVITCH GURDJIEFF: LAS RAÍCES MUSULMANAS TESIS DOCTORAL DE: CARLOS ARANDA PESCADOR DIRIGIDA POR: MONTSERRAT ABUMALHAM MÁS Madrid, 2013 ©Carlos Aranda Pescador, 2013 I.U. DE CIENCIAS DE LAS RELIGIONES APROXIMACIÓN AL ORIGEN DEL PENSAMIENTO DE GEORGE IVANOVITCH GURDJIEFF: LAS RAÍCES MUSULMANAS TESIS DOCTORAL PRESENTADA POR: CARLOS ARANDA PESCADOR MARZO 2012 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID I.U. DE CIENCIAS DE LAS RELIGIONES DIRECTORA: DRA. Dª MONTSERRAT ABUMALHAM MÁS I.U. DE CIENCIAS DE LAS RELIGIONES UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID APROXIMACIÓN AL ORIGEN DEL PENSAMIENTO DE G. I. GURDJIEFF: LAS RAÍCES MUSULMANAS I.U. DE CIENCIAS DE LAS RELIGIONES ÍNDICE Pág. PREÁMBULO 1 INTRODUCCIÓN 6 PRIMERA PARTE Gurdjieff: Un Maestro para el Siglo XX 15 Capítulo 1. Una Biografía peculiar 16 1. El Cáucaso: Un problema no resuelto 18 1.1. Los primeros años (1866-1886). Religión y Esoterismo 21 1.2. Encuentros con Hombres Notables: un viaje iniciático en busca del Conocimiento 29 2. Vislumbres de la Verdad 41 2.1. Inicios de la Enseñanza: el grupo ruso 44 2.2. Las seis semanas de Essentuki (1917) 54 2.3. El Instituto Para el Desarrollo Armónico del Hombre: Tiflis (1919) – Chateau du Prieuré (1922) 67 Capítulo 2. El Camino del “hombre astuto” 82 1. Fragmentos de una Enseñanza Desconocida 84 1.1. El Cuarto Camino o Haida-Yoga 88 1.2. Teoría del Alma: Reencarnación y Recurrencia 116 1.3. El Purgatorio 133 1.4. Psicología de la Posible Evolución del Hombre 139 2. La Lucha de los Magos 157 2.1. Música, Canto y Danza al servicio del “Ser” 162 2.2. Actualidad de la enseñanza de Gurdjieff 189 SEGUNDA PARTE La Religión es un concepto relativo 201 Capítulo 1. La imposibilidad de “ser” cristiano 202 1. La Religión olvidada 204 1.1. La Iglesia Cristiana: una escuela iniciática 213 1.2. Los Evangelios según la tradición Gurdjieff-Ouspensky 235 1.2.a) Una interpretación perdida del Padre Nuestro 241 1.2 b) Parábolas 261 1.2.c) Milagros 269 1.2.d) Significado esotérico de la Última Cena 273 1.3. Concepto de La Trinidad: bajo la Ley de Tres 282 I Pág. 2. La divinidad de Jesús 289 2.1. Gurdjieff: aproximación a un original gnosticismo 294 2.2. El Hombre número 7 315 Capítulo 2. Gurdjieff y las Religiones Orientales 327 1. Escuelas de Conocimiento 329 1.1. Aproximación al pensamiento hinduista 333 1.2. El Tao Te Ching y la Triada gurdjieffiana 346 1.3. Budismo y Cuarto Camino 355 2. Religiones antiguas desde la perspectiva de los “Relatos de Belcebú” 378 2.1. Significado psicológico del mito de la Atlántida 380 2.2. Mesopotamia: Auge y Decadencia de la Sabiduría 389 2.2.a) Mani y el Círculo Interior de la Humanidad 403 2.3. Comentarios de Belcebú sobre el arte: La Esfinge Caldea 414 TERCERA PARTE Influencia del Pensamiento Islámico en la Enseñanza de Gurdjieff 431 Capítulo 1. Corrientes esotéricas islámicas 432 1. Tras los pasos de la inmortalidad: los Maestros de Gurdjieff 434 1.1. Cofradías en Oriente Medio, Turquía y Asia Central según el relato de Rafael Lefort 440 1.2. Tarīqā Naqshbandiyya: Los khwājagān fuente de inspiración 468 1.2.a) Bahā al-dīn Naqshbandi y el Cuarto Camino 482 1.2.b) Antecedentes sufíes del Haida-Yoga y del ejercicio del Stop 499 2. Los hombres de la Culpa 518 2.1. Malāmatiyya, el Cuarto Camino y la no identificación 521 2.2. Shams de Tabriz y Gurdjieff: la paradoja del Amor 537 Capítulo 2. Jihād: el camino del guerrero 553 1. Un brindis al Sol 555 1.1. La cena de los Idiotas 558 1.2. Aforismos en el “Study House” 577 2. Dos hombres y un destino: Shaij Ahmad Al-'Alawī y G. I. Gurdjieff. El conocimiento objetivo 586 2.1. La Oración consciente 592 2.2. Amor y Conocimiento 597 CONCLUSIÓN GENERAL 607 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS UTILIZADAS 613 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 617 II PREÁMBULO 1 Recién estrenado el primer año de la década de los noventa del pasado siglo XX, el autor de estas líneas abandonaba, tras cuatro años de permanencia, la escuela. En aquel lugar tuve la oportunidad de conocer una enseñanza que desde un primer momento transmitía, entre un halo de privacidad y misterio, un concepto de la posición del hombre ante el mundo que hasta entonces era desconocido para mí. Mis conocimientos del fenómeno religioso y de las principales tradiciones espirituales no iban más allá de lo que algunos sencillos libros y documentales televisivos me habían aportado; pero en mi interior se fraguaba, quizá de manera inconsciente, un vivo deseo de saber más, de profundizar en la intimidad de mi ser, sin duda motivado por una creciente decepción ante la imposibilidad de afrontar con mis propias fuerzas los retos que la vida constantemente ofrecía. Y fue en aquella peculiar escuela –allí se mezclaban retazos de añejas sabidurías con la práctica de una peculiar filosofía, extraña, incluso, a los versados en esta disciplina del saber- donde por vez primera escuché, casi entre susurros, el nombre de Gurdjieff, quien de algún modo parecía estar omnipresente en el ordenado “Plan de Estudios”. Con el paso del tiempo la atmósfera de secretismo y el rigorismo que atenazaba a los presentes comenzaron a resultar ciertamente asfixiantes. Detrás de aquella puesta en escena con reminiscencias monacales, y dirección única y absoluta se echaba en falta el conocimiento de un objetivo que diera consistencia y esperanza al esfuerzo cada vez mayor que se exigía a los alumnos. Como más tarde descubrí la escuela seguía el método del “Desarrollo Armónico del Hombre” típicamente gurdjieffiano, pero con la novedad de que fallecido el maestro decenios antes el liderazgo magisterial descansaba en alguna parte de la India, bajo el sostén espiritual de un ser que había alcanzado, supuestamente, el mayor grado de evolución interior permitido a un hombre. El “Cuarto Camino”, vía esotérica introducida por G. I. Gurdjieff en Occidente, ponía a disposición de todas aquellas personas llamadas a una nueva y singular experiencia de orden metafísico, un sistema de entrenamiento basado en el trabajo sobre las tres dimensiones – Gurdjieff las denominaba “centros”- constitutivas de la persona: la naturaleza física, el mundo de las emociones y la capacidad intelectual o racional. Un camino duro pero que no comprometía, al menos en la teoría, las actividades cotidianas comunes al hombre y a la mujer de hoy. Precisamente el atractivo fundamental de este 2 método consistía en el no apartamiento o en el no confinamiento en un lugar especial destinado a desarrollar las extraordinarias capacidades ocultas en lo más recóndito de la naturaleza del ser humano. Un novedoso concepto que hacía su entrada de modo imperceptible en el diverso y complejo panorama del universo de la experiencia de lo Trascendente. Pasados los años decidí emprender una investigación académica del pensamiento de Gurdjieff desde una óptica exenta de toda actitud de pertenencia hacia los grupos de seguidores que, pretendiendo continuar sus enseñanzas, florecían anárquicamente por los cinco continentes. Un trabajo que he llevado a término basándome en testimonios escritos de discípulos –en la actualidad todos aquellos que lo trataron en vida ya han fallecido-; en los escasos estudios de algunos aventureros del esoterismo atraídos por el “enigma Gurdjieff”; y, de modo especial, valiéndome de una metodología científica que permitiera establecer nexos de unión entre algunos de los procedimientos dispuestos por las principales religiones del pasado y del presente y la doctrina gurdjieffiana. O cuando menos reseñar un posible paralelismo con ésta. Labor compleja por carecer de antecedentes y referencias similares dentro del ámbito de los estudios universitarios en España. Y con una escasísima presencia en otros países que pese a interesarse académicamente por el fenómeno del “Hecho Religioso” desde la especificidad de las diversas disciplinas científicas, ignoran las aportaciones que el Sistema y el Método de George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff podría haber realizado al campo epistemológico de las “Ciencias de las Religiones”. Consciente de las dificultades permaneció inalterable en mi ánimo el deseo de proseguir con la investigación, a pesar de no contar con el beneficio de trabajos anteriores ya fueran a modo de introducción de tesis doctoral, lo que en este último caso hubiera significado un hallazgo extraordinario y una auténtica motivación personal. No obstante, he de agradecer la acogida que tuvo la propuesta de redactar un trabajo de doctorado sobre un tema prácticamente inédito dentro del academicismo universitario, por parte de la que se convertiría en la directora de tesis, la profesora Dra. Dª Montserrat Abumalham Más, a quien debo mi más profundo agradecimiento por su confianza y paciencia. 3 Asimismo, expresar mi gratitud a Ana de “Fotocopias Puerta del Ángel” encargada de descifrar los folios escritos de mi puño y letra durante los años de redacción de este trabajo de investigación, y darles el aspecto que presentan. Dice el refranero popular –verdaderamente sabio por antiguo- que “es de bien nacidos el ser agradecidos”; fiel al espíritu de la letra debo reconocer que en los momentos difíciles, surgidos inevitablemente en todo quehacer humano, he sentido la proximidad –así lo creo- de los hombres y mujeres que pasaron a la historia por pertenecer a la reducida elite de seres superiores, espiritualmente perfeccionados, guías que fueron y son en la noche oscura del alma. A todos ellos dedico este humilde esfuerzo de quien aún no ha comenzado a ser. Madrid, Marzo de 2012 4 “Nadie interesado en mis escritos deberá nunca intentar leerlos en otro orden que el indicado. En otras palabras, no deberá leer nada escrito por mí antes de haber sido debidamente informado con los trabajos anteriores” G.I.
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