DOCSLIB.ORG

Typological Overview of the Uralic Languages Chingduang Yurayong 28.01.2019 Uralic Languages Uralic Languages General Typological Profile of Uralic Languages

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Typological Overview of the Uralic Languages Chingduang Yurayong 28.01.2019 Uralic Languages Uralic Languages General Typological Profile of Uralic Languages Typological overview of the Uralic languages Chingduang Yurayong 28.01.2019 Uralic languages Uralic languages General typological profile of Uralic languages • Intolerant towards complex initial consonant clusters: • Fi ranta (< Germanic *strandō-) • Head-final word order: • ADJ-NOUN • OBJ-VERB • Postposition • Agglutination: • Fi talo-ssa-ni-kin [house-INES-1SG-PTCL] ‘also in my house’ • No grammatical gender: • Fi vanha mies ‘old man’ = vanha nainen ‘old woman’ • etc. Matthias Alexander Castrén (1813-1852) . 1838-1849 – Four expeditions to Lapland, Karelia and Siberia . Dissertation 1850 De affixs personalibus linguarum Altaicarum (comparison of personal endings in Uralic, Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic languages) . 14 March 1851 Imperial Alexander University’s (today University of Helsinki) first ever professor of Finnish language and literature . Founder of the Ural-Altaic hypothesis M. A. Castrén’s expeditions 1838-1849 “Ural-Altaic languages” Ural-Altaic hypothesis • Uralic languages resemble Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic and Japonic languages a lot by their structure > genealogical relation? • Primary attention of early day’s Finnish historical linguistics between the late 19th c. and the early 20th century • Problem: we cannot establish a firm argument for Ural-Altaic relation on the basis of regular sound correspondences in lexicon, which is the primary method in historical linguistics, because the similarities only concern the area of grammar • Modern view: Uralic languages and the rest resemble each other only in their language structure but not substance > contact explanation! “Trans-Eurasian” language family? • Martine Robbeets (Max Planck, Jena) • Conventional “Ural- Altaic” language family became “Trans-Eurasian” • Uralic languages are excluded • Problem: the language to represent the whole Uralic family in her studies is Eastern Khanty … (see later why) Phonology http://eurasianphonology.info/reports?family=Uralic Stops • Three places of articulation • Labial p • Dental t • Velar k • Voice distinction p t k – b d g is absent from Saami and Finnic languages outside Russia (except Livonian), Mari, Eastern Khanty, Mansi, most Samoyedic (except Nganasan and Enets) (https://wals.info/feature/4A) • Voice distinction that maintains two series of stops is common to most “Altaic” languages Sibilants • Three sibilant series s z – ś ź – š ž • ś ź common to the majority of Uralic languages (but not Finnish!) • š ž common to the majority of Uralic languages but not Finnic, Khanty, Mansi and Samoyedic • Turkic have two distinct sibilant series s z – š ž, while the palatal series ś ź Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic and Japonic is allophone to the plain series s z in a palatal sound environment Nasals • Four places of articulation • Labial m • Dental n • Palatal ɲ • Velar ŋ • Velar ŋ rare in the word-initial position, but observed in Samoyedic of the Tundra zone (https://wals.info/feature/9A) • Initial ŋ is also rare among “Altaic” languages (still observed in some Tungusic languages: Even, Udege, Uilta, etc.), but common to Chukotko-Kamchatkan and Eskimo-Aleut Laterals • Lateral l common to the majority of Uralic languages • Voiceless lateral l̥ or latero-fricative ł observed in Kildin and Ter Saami, Moksha, Komi, Northern Khanty and Forest Nenets • Voiceless lateral/latero-fricative is common to Yeniseic, Yukaghir, Chukotko- Kamchatkan and Eskimo-Aleut as well as Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic spoken in Siberia Vowel inventories • Uralic languages are generally rich in vowels (> 6 vowels) • Labial vowels in the non-initial syllable only observed in Saami and Finnic languages • Length distinction is mainly lost in Mordvin, Permic and Mari Erzya (Mordvin) Hill Mari (Mari) Taz Selkup (Samoyedic) Hungarian Vowel harmony Khanty • Palatal type of harmony (front vs. back) • Representative “Ural-Altaic” feature that can possibly be reconstructed to all proto-languages, despite evolving into tongue root harmony (tense vs. lax / unpharyngealised vs. pharyngealised) in most modern Mongolic, Tungusic and Koreanic as well as some Turkic like Kazakh (Barrere & Janhunen 2019) • Collapse in several Finnic languages (e.g., Estonian, Veps) • Fi se – sitä, Est see – seda, Ve se – sida • Fi emä, Est ema, Ve ema(ga) Barrere, Ian G. & Janhunen, Juha. 2019. Mongolian Vowel Harmony in a Eurasian Context. International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics 1(1). 46–77. https://brill.com/view/journals/jeal/1/1/article-p46_4.xml?language=en Phonotactics • Prototypically vowel-ending structures (C)V and (C)V(C)CV • Consonant-ending monosyllabic structure emerging later, especially in Permic, Mari and Hungarian • (Complex) initial consonant clusters are rare, cf. Germanic loanwords in Finnic Stress • Word-initial stress in westernmost Uralic languages (Saami, Finnic) as well as Khanty and Nenets • Mobile stress in the rest of Uralic languages (https://wals.info/feature/14A) Morphosyntax Number • Tripartite Singular-Dual-Plural system still present in the languages of Tundra zone (Saami, Khanty, Mansi, Samoyedic) • Dual is lacking from the steppe languages “Altaic”, but common to other Paleo-Siberian languages of the Taiga and Tundra zone Hungarian Case marking • Grammatical cases for core arguments (subject, direct object, indirect object, adverbial) like in Indo- European, for instance • Rich in locational cases, resulted from grammaticalisation of relational nouns (e.g. ‘top’) • Northern Khanty is an extreme case of case loss, N Khanty xɔt ‘house’ ewĭ ‘girl’ kǫśa ‘farmer’ NOMINATIVE xɔt ewĭ kǫśa only 3 Proto-Uralic cases LATIVE-DATIVE xɔta ewĭja kŏśaja remaining LOCATIVE xɔtnĭ, xɔtən ewĭnĭ, ewĭjən kǫśani, kǫśajən Possessive marking in Meadow Mari Remarks: • Order of case and possessive morphemes • In most languages, predominantly case-possessive • In Khanty and Mansi, predominantly possessive-case • In Permic and Mari, the order is variable Verb paradigm and • Object conjugation (i.e. incorporation) is feature observed widely across the Uralic languages, but not in Finnic, Saami, Permic and Mari! object conjugation • Unknown to “Altaic” but very common to other Paleo-Siberian languages Northern Khanty Southern Hokkaido Ainu Noun phrase • No agreement between modifier and head noun, i.e. adjective does not take the same case and number as head noun, which is a common phenomenon across the Northern Eurasia e.g. Erzya t’e vele ‘this village’ – t’e velese ‘in this village’ (** t’ese velese) • However, • Finnic adjective always declines after its head noun in case and number • Saami adjective has two forms: predicative – attributive, e.g., in Northern Saami vielgat – vilges ‘white’ čáhppat – čáhppes ‘black’ ruoksat – rukses ‘red’ • cf. Indo-European languages have this modifier-modified agreement! Adpositional phrase • Predominantly postpositions like “Altaic”, but prepositions later emerged under the contact with Indo-European languages (Germanic, Baltic, Slavic) Northern Saami & Finnish Verb phrase • Proto-Uralic is regarded to have possessed SOV word order, i.e. verb- final syntax, which is common in “Altaic” and Paleo-Siberian languages. • This verb-final tendency is still dominant in Eastern Uralic languages: Permic, Mari, Khanty, Mansi and Samoyedic, despite it has been recently weakening in many languages due to heavy Russian influence (same applies to Evenki and many other Tungusic languages, for instance) Copula • The original use of verb ‘to be’ seems to be the expression of location ‘to be somewhere’ • The equative use ‘to be someone/something’ seems to be a secondary semantic extension • Some Uralic languages do not use a verb ‘to be’ for expressing equation, but use only a predicative that can receive person ending • Moksha mon žurnalistan – ton žurnalistat – son žurnalist – sin’ žurnalistiht’ • Mari myj žurnalist ulam – tyj ulat – tudo žurnalist – nuno žurnalist ulyt cf. • Kazakh men žurnalistpĭn – sen žurnalistsĭŋ – ol žurnalist – olar žurnalister Comparative • Two types of comparative constructions Estonian Ants on pike-m kui Mart analytic ≈ European type Marti-st pike-m synthetic ≈ Asian type ‘Ants is taller than Mart.’ • The use of degree marker on adjective is mainly observed in Saami and Finnic languages, whereas the other Uralic languages use an absolute degree of adjective • A synthetic model with adjective in absolute degree is common across Northern Eurasia all the way to Northern Sinitic languages! Predicative possession . The predicative BE-possession is predominant across the Uralic family and the entire Northern Eurasia Alternation in Khanty and Mansi Predicative possession . The predicative HAVE-possession secondarily emerged in Khanty and Mansi languages Altaic context Altaic - Yurayong, Chingduang. 2019. Predicative possession in A = Locational possessive with the adessive possessor: Finnic and Permic Predicative possession Predicative B1 = Have-possesssive: SAE Sprachbund and North Africa Novgorod Birch Bark documents in the Ural-Altaic context. in the Ural the in B2 = Have-possessive: Ob-Ugric languages Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 97. 183–233. C = With-possessive: Northeast Eurasia https://journal.fi/susa/article/view/74592 D = Topic possessive: Far East Transitivity • Uralic languages are nominative-accusative languages • Nominative as a subject case is unmarked, while accusative as an object case is marked with a suffix *-m • Uralic languages are generally thought to be causativising languages • Causative is usually derived from plain (in)transitive verb form with a suffix *-t- Relative clause • Prototypically
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Võro Language in Education in Estonia
    THE VÕRO LANGUAGE IN EDUCATION IN ESTONIA European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning VÕRO The Võro language in education in Estonia c/o Fryske Akademy Doelestrjitte 8 P.O. Box 54 NL-8900 AB Ljouwert/Leeuwarden The Netherlands T 0031 (0) 58 - 234 3027 W www.mercator-research.eu E [email protected] | Regional dossiers series | t ca r cum n n i- ual e : Available in this series: This document was published by the Mercator European Research Centre on Asturian; the Asturian language in education in Spain Multilingualism and Language Learning with financial support from the FryskeAkademy Basque; the Basque language in education in France (2nd) and (until 2007) the European Commission (DG: Culture and Education) and (from 2007 Basque; the Basque language in education in Spain (2nd) onwards) the Province of Fryslân and the municipality of Leeuwarden. Breton; the Breton language in education in France (2nd) Catalan; the Catalan language in education in France Catalan; the Catalan language in education in Spain Cornish; the Cornish language in education in the UK © Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Corsican; the Corsican language in education in France Learning, 2007 Croatian; the Croatian language in education in Austria Frisian; the Frisian language in education in the Netherlands (4th) ISSN: 1570 – 1239 Gaelic; the Gaelic language in education in the UK Galician; the Galician language in education in Spain The cover of this dossier changed with the reprint of 2008. German; the German language in education in Alsace, France (2nd) German; the German language in education in Belgium The contents of this publication may be reproduced in print, except for commercial pur- German; the German language in education in South Tyrol, Italy poses, provided that the extract is preceded by a full reference to the Mercator European Hungarian; the Hungarian language in education in Slovakia Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning.
    [Show full text]
  • Germanic Origins from the Perspective of the Y-Chromosome
    Germanic Origins from the Perspective of the Y-Chromosome By Michael Robert St. Clair A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in German in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Irmengard Rauch, Chair Thomas F. Shannon Montgomery Slatkin Spring 2012 Abstract Germanic Origins from the Perspective of the Y-Chromosome by Michael Robert St. Clair Doctor of Philosophy in German University of California, Berkeley Irmengard Rauch, Chair This dissertation holds that genetic data are a useful tool for evaluating contemporary models of Germanic origins. The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and include among their major contemporary representatives English, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and Icelandic. Historically, the search for Germanic origins has sought to determine where the Germanic languages evolved, and why the Germanic languages are similar to and different from other European languages. Both archaeological and linguist approaches have been employed in this research direction. The linguistic approach to Germanic origins is split among those who favor the Stammbaum theory and those favoring language contact theory. Stammbaum theory posits that Proto-Germanic separated from an ancestral Indo-European parent language. This theoretical approach accounts for similarities between Germanic and other Indo- European languages by posting a period of mutual development. Germanic innovations, on the other hand, occurred in isolation after separation from the parent language. Language contact theory posits that Proto-Germanic was the product of language convergence and this convergence explains features that Germanic shares with other Indo-European languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents Abbreviations of the Names of Languages in the Statistical Maps
    V Contents Abbreviations of the names of languages in the statistical maps. xiii Abbreviations in the text. xv Foreword 17 1. Introduction: the objectives 19 2. On the theoretical framework of research 23 2.1 On language typology and areal linguistics 23 2.1.1 On the history of language typology 24 2.1.2 On the modern language typology ' 27 2.2 Methodological principles 33 2.2.1 On statistical methods in linguistics 34 2.2.2 The variables 41 2.2.2.1 On the phonological systems of languages 41 2.2.2.2 Techniques in word-formation 43 2.2.2.3 Lexical categories 44 2.2.2.4 Categories in nominal inflection 45 2.2.2.5 Inflection of verbs 47 2.2.2.5.1 Verbal categories 48 2.2.2.5.2 Non-finite verb forms 50 2.2.2.6 Syntactic and morphosyntactic organization 52 2.2.2.6.1 The order in and between the main syntactic constituents 53 2.2.2.6.2 Agreement 54 2.2.2.6.3 Coordination and subordination 55 2.2.2.6.4 Copula 56 2.2.2.6.5 Relative clauses 56 2.2.2.7 Semantics and pragmatics 57 2.2.2.7.1 Negation 58 2.2.2.7.2 Definiteness 59 2.2.2.7.3 Thematic structure of sentences 59 3. On the typology of languages spoken in Europe and North and 61 Central Asia 3.1 The Indo-European languages 61 3.1.1 Indo-Iranian languages 63 3.1.1.1New Indo-Aryan languages 63 3.1.1.1.1 Romany 63 3.1.2 Iranian languages 65 3.1.2.1 South-West Iranian languages 65 3.1.2.1.1 Tajiki 65 3.1.2.2 North-West Iranian languages 68 3.1.2.2.1 Kurdish 68 3.1.2.2.2 Northern Talysh 70 3.1.2.3 South-East Iranian languages 72 3.1.2.3.1 Pashto 72 3.1.2.4 North-East Iranian languages 74 3.1.2.4.1
    [Show full text]
  • Migracijske Teme 4/1988
    Migracijske teme 15 (1999), 1-2: 63-153 UDK: 809.45-0 Izvorni znanstveni rad Primljeno: 17. 11. 1998. Paolo Agostini University of Padova [email protected] LANGUAGE RECONSTRUCTION – APPLIED TO THE URALIC LANGUAGES* SUMMARY After pointing out the shortcomings and methodological weakness of the general theory of linguistic reconstruction, the author disputes the alleged antiquity of Uralic. Proto-Uralic as recon- structed by the scholars seems to be the sum of a set of features belonging to several distinct language families. The paper examines a number of lexical concordances with historically attested languages and comes to the conclusion that the Proto-Uralic word-stock is the result of a sum of borrowings that took place from the most disparate languages: Balto-Slavic, Old Swedish, several Turkic dialects, Mongolic, Tunguz, Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic, late Middle Persian dialects, Byzantine Greek and Latin. Yet, other languages may also come into account: Chinese, Caucasian languages as well as lan- guages unknown in present day are possible candidates. A large number of bases of the Uralic word- stock can be easily identified by following a few phonological constraints. The linguistic features of the Uralic daughter-languages seem to show that they originated from a pidgin language spoken along the merchant routes that connected the Silk Road to North- and East-European trade. It is a well-known phenomenon that sometimes, when groups of people speaking different languages come into contact for the first time, a new restricted language system (lingua franca or pidgin) comes into being in order to cater to essential common needs.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Article-Like Use of the Px2sg in Dolgan, Nganasan and Some Other Languages in an Areal Siberian Context1
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Jagiellonian Univeristy Repository On the Article-like Use of the Px2Sg in Dolgan, Nganasan and Some Other Languages in an Areal Siberian Context1 Marek Stachowski (Kraków) In Stachowski 1998 wurde gezeigt, dass das Possessivsuffix der 2. Person Sg. im Norddialekt des Dolganischen unter nganasanischem Einfluss die Funktion eines bestimmten Artikels erfüllen kann. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird B. Pakendorfs (2007) These, dass dieser Gebrauch des Possessivsuffixes auf ewenkischen Ein- fluss beruhe, sowie dass die Erscheinung im Dolganischen wie im Jakutischen eine gemeinsame Quelle habe, diskutiert. Zum Schluss wird nahegelegt, dass dieses Phänomen, das einerseits das Jakutische mit dem Selkupischen und an- dererseits das Dolganische mit dem Nganasanischen verbindet, möglicherweise zur Festlegung von zwei Spracharealen beitragen kann: „Tajmyr-Areal“ und „(Ur)Selkupisch-(Ur)Jakutisches“ Areal. Ten years ago I published a short article (Stachowski 1998) showing that the Px2Sg (= possessive suffix of the second person singular) can be used with the function of the definite article in the Northern dialect of Dolgan. Since the construction is completely untypical of a Turkic language, I suggested that it was developed under the influence of Nganasan. Some months ago, B. Pakendorf (2007) published a study addressing the same problem, and it is to her merit that she was able to present four Yakut sentences in which the Px2Sg was also used as a definite article.2 This material was unknown to me earlier, and it makes the phenomenon even more interesting. Pakendorf is of course quite right when she says that the Nganasan adstratum cannot be used to explain the origins of the phenomenon in Yakut because of the geographical distance between the two languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal Vol. LX. No. 2. 2018
    JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY VOLUME LX No. 4 2018 THE ASIATIC SOCIETY 1 PARK STREET KOLKATA © The Asiatic Society ISSN 0368-3308 Edited and published by Dr. Satyabrata Chakrabarti General Secretary The Asiatic Society 1 Park Street Kolkata 700 016 Published in February 2019 Printed at Desktop Printers 3A, Garstin Place, 4th Floor Kolkata 700 001 Price : 400 (Complete vol. of four nos.) CONTENTS ARTICLES The East Asian Linguistic Phylum : A Reconstruction Based on Language and Genes George v an Driem ... ... 1 Situating Buddhism in Mithila Region : Presence or Absence ? Nisha Thakur ... ... 39 Another Inscribed Image Dated in the Reign of Vigrahapäla III Rajat Sanyal ... ... 63 A Scottish Watchmaker — Educationist and Bengal Renaissance Saptarshi Mallick ... ... 79 GLEANINGS FROM THE PAST Notes on Charaka Sanhitá Dr. Mahendra Lal Sircar ... ... 97 Review on Dr. Mahendra Lal Sircar’s studies on Äyurveda Anjalika Mukhopadhyay ... ... 101 BOOK REVIEW Coin Hoards of the Bengal Sultans 1205-1576 AD from West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam and Bangladesh by Sutapa Sinha Danish Moin ... ... 107 THE EAST ASIAN LINGUISTIC PHYLUM : A RECONSTRUCTION BASED ON LANGUAGE AND GENES GEORGE VAN DRIEM 1. Trans-Himalayan Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Xiâng, Hokkien, Teochew, Pínghuà, Gàn, Jìn, Wú and a number of other languages and dialects together comprise the Sinitic branch of the Trans-Himalayan language family. These languages all collectively descend from a prehistorical Sinitic language, the earliest reconstructible form of which was called Archaic Chinese by Bernard Karlgren and is currently referred to in the anglophone literature as Old Chinese. Today, Sinitic linguistic diversity is under threat by the advance of Mandarin as a standard language throughout China because Mandarin is gradually taking over domains of language use that were originally conducted primarily in the local Sinitic languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Izhorians: a Disappearing Ethnic Group Indigenous to the Leningrad Region
    Acta Baltico-Slavica, 43 Warszawa 2019 DOI: 10.11649/abs.2019.010 Elena Fell Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7606-7696 Izhorians: A disappearing ethnic group indigenous to the Leningrad region This review article presents a concise overview of selected research findings rela- ted to various issues concerning the study of Izhorians, including works by A. I. Kir′ianen, A. V. Labudin and A. A. Samodurov (Кирьянен et al., 2017); A. I. Kir′ianen, (Кирьянен, 2016); N. Kuznetsova, E. Markus and M. Muslimov (Kuznetsova, Markus, & Muslimov, 2015); M. Muslimov (Муслимов, 2005); A. P. Chush′′ialova (Чушъялова, 2010); F. I. Rozhanskiĭ and E. B. Markus (Рожанский & Маркус, 2013); and V. I. Mirenkov (Миренков, 2000). The evolution of the term Izhorians The earliest confirmed record of Izhorians (also known as Ingrians), a Finno-Ugrian ethnic group native to the Leningrad region,1 appears in thirteenth-century Russian 1 Whilst the city of Leningrad became the city of Saint Petersburg in 1991, reverting to its pre-So- viet name, the Leningrad region (also known as the Leningrad oblast) retained its Soviet name after the collapse of the USSR. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 PL License (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/pl/), which permits redistribution, commercial and non- -commercial, provided that the article is properly cited. © The Author(s) 2019. Publisher: Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences [Wydawca: Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk] Elena Fell Izhorians: A disappearing ethnic group indigenous to the Leningrad region chronicles, where, according to Chistiakov (Чистяков, 2006), “Izhora” people were mentioned as early as 1228.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Finno-Ugrian Cooperation and Foreign Relations
    UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title Eastern Finno-Ugrian cooperation and foreign relations Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4gc7x938 Journal Nationalities Papers, 29(1) ISSN 0090-5992 Author Taagepera, R Publication Date 2001-04-24 DOI 10.1080/00905990120036457 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Nationalities Papers, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2001 EASTERN FINNO-UGRIAN COOPERATION AND FOREIGN RELATIONS Rein Taagepera Britons and Iranians do not wax poetic when they discover that “one, two, three” sound vaguely similar in English and Persian. Finns and Hungarians at times do. When I speak of “Finno-Ugrian cooperation,” I am referring to a linguistic label that joins peoples whose languages are so distantly related that in most world contexts it would evoke no feelings of kinship.1 Similarities in folk culture may largely boil down to worldwide commonalities in peasant cultures at comparable technological stages. The racial features of Estonians and Mari may be quite disparate. Limited mutual intelligibility occurs only within the Finnic group in the narrow sense (Finns, Karelians, Vepsians, Estonians), the Permic group (Udmurts and Komi), and the Mordvin group (Moksha and Erzia). Yet, despite this almost abstract foundation, the existence of a feeling of kinship is very real. Myths may have no basis in fact, but belief in myths does occur. Before denigrating the beliefs of indigenous and recently modernized peoples as nineteenth-century relics, the observer might ask whether the maintenance of these beliefs might serve some functional twenty-first-century purpose. The underlying rationale for the Finno-Ugrian kinship beliefs has been a shared feeling of isolation among Indo-European and Turkic populations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chronicle Henry of Livonia
    THE CHRONICLE of HENRY OF LIVONIA HENRICUS LETTUS TRANSLATED WITH A NEW INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY James A. Brundage � COLUMBIA UNIVERSI'IY PRESS NEW YORK Columbia University Press RECORDS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION is a series published under the aus­ Publishers Since 1893 pices of the InterdepartmentalCommittee on Medieval and Renaissance New York Chichester,West Sussex Studies of the Columbia University Graduate School. The Western Records are, in fact, a new incarnation of a venerable series, the Co­ Copyright© University ofWisconsin Press, 1961 lumbia Records of Civilization, which, for more than half a century, New introduction,notes, and bibliography© 2003 Columbia University Press published sources and studies concerning great literary and historical All rights reserved landmarks. Many of the volumes of that series retain value, especially for their translations into English of primary sources, and the Medieval and Renaissance Studies Committee is pleased to cooperate with Co­ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationData lumbia University Press in reissuing a selection of those works in pa­ Henricus, de Lettis, ca. II 87-ca. 12 59. perback editions, especially suited for classroom use, and in limited [Origines Livoniae sacrae et civilis. English] clothbound editions. The chronicle of Henry of Livonia / Henricus Lettus ; translatedwith a new introduction and notes by James A. Brundage. Committee for the Records of Western Civilization p. cm. - (Records of Western civilization) Originally published: Madison : University of Wisconsin Press, 1961. Caroline Walker Bynum With new introd. Joan M. Ferrante Includes bibliographical references and index. CarmelaVircillo Franklin Robert Hanning ISBN 978-0-231-12888-9 (cloth: alk. paper)---ISBN 978-0-231-12889-6 (pbk.: alk.
    [Show full text]
  • URALIC MIGRATIONS: the LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE Václav
    URALIC MIGRATIONS: THE LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE Václav Blažek For the classification of Fenno-Ugric/Uralic languages the following scenarios have been proposed: (1) Mari, Mordvin and Fenno-Saamic as coordinate sub-branches (Setälä 1890) Saamic Fenno- -Saamic Balto-Fennic Fenno- -Volgaic Mordvin Fenno- Mari -Permic Udmurt Fenno-Ugric Permic Komi Hungarian Ugric Mansi. Xanty (2) Mordvin and Mari in a Volgaic group (Collinder 1960, 11; Hajdú 1985, 173; OFUJ 1974, 39) Saamic North, East, South Saami Baltic Finnic Finnish, Ingrian, Karelian, Olonets, Ludic, Fenno-Volgaic end of the 1st mill. BC Vepsian, Votic, Estonian, Livonian 1st mill BC Mordvin Fenno- -Permic Volgaic Mari mid 2nd mill. BC Udmurt Finno-Ugric Permic end of the 8th cent. AD Komi 3rd mill. BC Hungarian Uralic Ugric 4th mill. BC mid 2st mill. BC Mansi, Xanty North Nenets, Enets, Nganasan Samoyedic end of the 1st mill. BC South Selkup; Kamasin (3) A model of a series of sequential separations by Viitso (1996, 261-66): Mordvin and Mari represent different separations from the mainstream, formed by Ugric. Fenno-Saamic Finno- Mordvin -Ugric Mari Uralic Permic Ugric (‘Core’) Samoyedic (4) The first application of a so-called ‘recalibrated’ glottochronology to Uralic languages was realized by the team of S. Starostin in 2004. -3500 -3000 -2500 -2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 +500 +1000 +1500 +2000 Selkup Mator Samojedic -720 -210 Kamasin -550 Nganasan -340 Enets +130 Nenets Uralic Khanty -3430 Ugric Ob- +130 Mansi -1340 -Ugric Hungarian Komi Fenno-Ugric Permic +570 Udmurt -2180 Volgaic -1370 Mari -1880 Mordva -1730 Balto-Fennic Veps +220 Estonian +670 Finnish -1300 Saamic Note: G.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction. Komi Folklore Studies: Connecting Points1
    https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2019.76.introduction INTRODUCTION. KOMI FOLKLORE STUDIES: CONNECTING POINTS1 Liudmila Lobanova Researcher Department of Folklore, Institute of Language, Literature, and History Komi Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Email: [email protected] Nikolay Kuznetsov Lecturer in Finno-Ugric Languages Department of Finno-Ugric Studies University of Tartu Email: [email protected] The special edition of Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore is dedicated to Komi2 folklore and folklore studies. The issue was prepared within the frame- work of cooperation between the Department of Folkloristics of the Estonian Literary Museum and the Folklore Department of the Komi Science Centre by Komi and Estonian folklore researchers. Prior to this, the authors published one of the issues (vol. 17, 2016) of the Sator periodical, which was also dedi- cated to Komi folklore studies. The goal of this issue is to present some of the results of recent Komi folklore studies to wider academic circles, overcoming the natural linguistic obstacles. The majority of articles are written within the research project “Local Folklore Traditions of the European Northeast of Russia: Mechanisms of Development and Adaptation, System of Genres, Ethnocultural Folklore Interaction” (№ AAAA-A17-117021310066-4). The history of Komi folklore studies reveals processes typical for the Rus- sian, Soviet, and post-Soviet research dealing with folklore (the research field extended and became more limited over time), as well as studying the Komi language and culture as part of the general development of Finno-Ugric stud- ies. Traditionally, academician Andreas Sjögren (1794–1855) is considered to have discovered Komi folklore – in 1827, he transcribed folklore texts and published them as examples of the Komi language.
    [Show full text]
  • Drastic Demographic Events Triggered the Uralic Spread to Appear in Diachronica
    Drastic demographic events triggered the Uralic spread To appear in Diachronica Riho Grünthal (University of Helsinki) Volker Heyd (University of Helsinki) Sampsa Holopainen (University of Helsinki) Juha Janhunen (University of Helsinki) Olesya Khanina (Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences) Matti Miestamo (University of Helsinki) Johanna Nichols (University of California, Berkeley; University of Helsinki; Higher School of Economics, Moscow) Janne Saarikivi (University of Helsinki) Kaius Sinnemäki (University of Helsinki) Abstract: The widespread Uralic family offers several advantages for tracing prehistory: a firm absolute chronological anchor point in an ancient contact episode with well-dated Indo-Iranian; other points of intersection or diagnostic non-intersection with early Indo-European (the Late PIE-speaking Yamnaya culture of the western steppe, the Afanasievo culture of the upper Yenisei, and the Fatyanovo culture of the middle Volga); lexical and morphological reconstruction sufficient to establish critical absences of sharings and contacts. We add information on climate, linguistic geography, typology, and cognate frequency distributions to reconstruct the Uralic origin and spread. We argue that the Uralic homeland was east of the Urals and initially out of contact with Indo-European. The spread was rapid and without widespread shared substratal effects. We reconstruct its cause as the interconnected reactions of early Uralic and Indo-European populations to a catastrophic climate change episode and interregionalization opportunities which advantaged riverine hunter-fishers over herders. Keywords Uralic; Finno-Ugric; Indo-European; Yamnaya; Indo-Iranian; Siberia; Eurasia; Seima-Turbino, 4.2 ka event; linguistic homeland Note: In-text references have not yet been fully deanonymized. 2 Drastic demographic events triggered the Uralic spread (Contents, for convenience) Main text (pp.
    [Show full text]