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Schoemansdal: 'N Voortrekkergrensdorp, 1848 -1868 Jochemus Johannes De Waal Doctor Litterarum Et Philosophiae Geskiedenis ******

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Schoemansdal: 'N Voortrekkergrensdorp, 1848 -1868 Jochemus Johannes De Waal Doctor Litterarum Et Philosophiae Geskiedenis ****** SCHOEMANSDAL: 'N VOORTREKKERGRENSDORP, 1848 -1868 Deur JOCHEMUS JOHANNES DE WAAL V oorgele luidens die vereistes vir die graad DOCTOR LITTERARUM ET PHILOSOPHIAE in die vak GESKIEDENIS aan die UNIVERSITEIT VAN SUID-AFRIKA PROMOTOR: PROF J T DU BRUYN FEBRUARIE 2000 ****************** Studentenommer: 0231-297-2 Ek, JOCHEMUS JOHANNES DE WAAL verklaar hiermee dat: SCHOEMANSDAL: 'n VOORTREKKERGRENSDORP, 1848-1868 my eie werk is en dat ek alle bronne wat ek gebruik of aangehaal het deur middel van volledige verwysings aangedui en erken het. ;f.~ oV¢0. HANDTEKENING DATUM JJDEWAAL lllHllllllll\I 0001761057 INHOUD Bladsy OPSOMMING SUMMARY DANKBETUIGINGS KAART SOUTPANSBERG, 1848 -1871 INLEIDING 1 1 DIE SOUTPANSBERG 12 2 DIE VESTIGING VAN BLANKE INWONERS 22 3 ARGITEKTUUR EN INTERIEUR 40 4 DIE ORGANISASIE EN ADMINISTRASIE VAN SCHOEMANSDAL 54 5 LEEFWYSE EN KULTUUR 64 6 JAG EN ANDER BEDRYWE IN SCHOEMANSDAL 85 7 GODSDIENS EN KERK 94 8 ONDERWYS IN SCHOEM&l\JSDAL 112 9 SIEKTE EN DOOD 122 10 HANDEL 136 11 DIE SCHOEMANSDALLERS EN HULLE SWART BURE 148 12 - DIE ONDERGANG EN ONTRUIMING VAN SCHOEMANSDAL 169 13 POGINGS TOT DIE HEROPBOU VAN SCHOEMANSDAL 190 SAMEVATTING EN BESLUIT 200 BRONNELYS 206 OPSOMMING Op 3 Mei 1848 het 'n aantal blanke nedersetters van Ohrigstad in Soutpansberg aangekom; 'n pioniersdorp, onder leiding van Hendrik Potgieter, is gestig en primitiewe huise is opgerig. In 1855 het Stephanus Schoeman die leiding oorgeneem en die dorp na homself vemoem. Die plaaslike owerheid het bestaan uit die kommandant-generaal, 'n landdros met heemrade en an­ tler regeringsamptenare sowel as dorpsbeamptes. Tropiese koorssiektes het soms epidemiese afmetings aangeneem en talle mense het gesterf soos die kerkhof met sy rye grafte getuig. Die nedersetters, gehard deur hul swerwersbestaan, het die siektes en ontberings verduur. Vir 16 van die 19 jaar was daar nie 'n vaste predikant nie tot ds N] van Warmelo in 1864 horn in Schoemansdal gevestig het Hy het horn beywer vir die opheffmg van die inwoners op geestelike en onderwysgebied. Die mense was konserwatief en meestal ongeletterd. Hulle was bedagsaam, maar daar was ook ongure en opstandige persone. Hulle klere was eenvoudig en meestal tuisgemaak, en hulle het graag sosiaal verkeer. Verskeie beroepe is beoefen: houtsaery was betalend en hout was oorvloedig; jag was die winsgewendste, want wild en olifante was volop en jagprodukte, veral ivoor waarvan tonne verhandel is, het goeie markpryse behaal. Die swartes wat reeds in die gebied gewoon het, het die blankes met wantroue bejeen. Blankes het hulle gevestig, grond toegeeien en onbeperk gejag, terwyl die swartes vir hulle moes werk en belasting betaal. Ongehoorsame swart hoofmanne is aangeval, vee is gebuit en vrouens en veral kinders is weggevoer as inboekelinge. Dit het tot openlike vyandelikhede gelei. Veldtogte is gevoer, maar die blankes kon die swartes, weens hulle oninneembare vestings, nie onderwerp nie. Die swartes het gewere op onwettige wyse bekom. Die handel het begin kwyn, smouse en handelaars het weggebly en die inwoners het verarm en onder mekaar getwis. Die blankes het in die skans in Schoemansdal saamgetrek en Paul Kruger is met 400 man deur die Transvaalse regering gestuur om die Venda te onderwerp. Die paging het misluk en op 15 Julie 1867 is Schoemansdal ontruim. Enkele maande later is 'n paging deur Schoeman aange­ wend om die dorp te herwin, maar ook dit was onsuksesvol. Schoemansdal sou nooit weer herbou word nie en was die eerste vesting wat die blankes aan die swart meerderheid sou oorgee. SUMMARY May 1848 a number of white settlers from Ohrigstad arrived in the Soutpansberg. Under the leadership of Hendrik Potgieter, a pioneer town was developed. In 1855 Stephanus Schoeman replanned and renamed the town. The local government consisted of the commandant­ general, a landdrost, heemrade, government officials and town officers. The region was unhealthy and fever stricken. Numerous graves in the graveyard are the tragic signs of many deaths. However, hardy Trekkers, endured the sickness and hardships. For 16 years there was no minister until, in 1864, the Rev Van Warmelo settled in Schoe­ mansdal and worked zealously for the spiritual and educational uplifunent of the inhabitants. Most people were conservative and illiterate. Their clothes were plain and usually home-made, and they were very sociable. There were different occupations. Woodcutters were well paid and wood was abundant. Hunting was lucrative because there were plenty of wild animals and elephant, and hunting products, especially ivory, had good market value. Black communities, which already inhabited the area, distrusted the whites. The whites settled, annexed the land and hunted wherever they wanted, while the blacks were compelled to work and pay taxes. Military campaigns were undertaken against headmen who were regarded as disobedient, livestock was seized, women, and children, were abducted under the indenture system. All this caused open hostility. Campaigns were launched against the blacks but they could not be subjected because of the mountainous terrain. The blacks obtained weapons illegally. Trade deteriorated and the whites became poorer and started to quarrel amongst themselves. The white inhabitants moved into the fort and Paul Kruger was sent by the Transvaal government with 400 men to force the Venda into submission. The attempt failed and on 15 July 1867 the town was evacuated. Schoeman, with a small army, also made an unsuccessful attempt. Schoemansdal would never be rebuilt and was the first white settlement to surrender to black majority. SCHOEMANSDAL: A VOORTREKKER BORDER TOWN, 1848 -1868. KEY 1ERMS: Soutpansberg; %ite settlers; Hendrik Potgieter; Stephanus Schoeman; Schoemansdal; Tropi­ cal fever; NJ van Wannelo; Ivory trade; Black communities; %ite - black hostilities; Military campaigns; Schoemansdal evacuation. DANKBETUIGINGS 'n Hele aantal persone en instansies het 'n waardevolle bydrae gelewer tot hierdie proefskrif. Ek wil egter eerstens my dank teenoor my promotor prof J T du Bruyn uitspreek. Sy geduld en opbouende kritiek asook sy benadering en insig soos die studie gevorder het, was werklik veelbetekenend en inspirerend. Ander persone sonder wie se hulp die navorsing en te boek stel daarvan uiters moeilik sou gewees het, was prof Cobus Ferreira wat my oortuig het dat daar genoeg bronne vir hierdie onderwerp beskikbaar was. Die personeel van die Schoemansdal-museum: mnr Dirk de Wit, mej Chriszelda Hartman en mev Leonie Sinden, was hoflik en het my van baie inligting voorsien. Ek wil ook graag die personeel van die Transvaalse Argief en Staatsbiblioteek en in besonder mej Judith Benyon, asook die Hervormde-Kerk argief spesiaal vermeld. 'n Spesiale woord van dank aan mev Ans van der Walt wat sonder ophou gewerk het om die proefskrif taalkundig te versorg, en aan my eggenote, Maureen, vir die tegniese versorging en bystand gedurende die studie tydperk. ] ] de Waal PIETERSBURG 2000 Erkenning aan R Wagner, Gazo Ngonl Hlengwa (Tsonga) van Sikwalokwala 'Zoutpansberg: the dynamics of a • Ndebele Venda van Ramabulana hunting frontier, 1848-67' Pedi Venda van Tshivhasa S Marks & A Atmore, Economy and Lango (Ndebelel van Mapela Venda van Mohaphuli society in pre-industrial South Africa, • Lobedu van Modjodjl Venda van Lwamondo p 314. Venda van Rambuda - Suidelike grens van tsetse 1868 - Hool wa-roete 1868 1 INLEIDING Gedurende Desember 1964 het skrywer besluit om 'n besoek aan die eertydse pioniersdorp Schoemansdal te bring. Die terrein waarop die dorp gevestig was, is sowat 13 km wes van Louis Trichardt op die plaas Ashfield van mnr Sybrand Mostert gelee. Die besoek het nie veel interessanthede opgelewer nie. Van die dorp het weinig oorgebly; enkele oop kolle hier en daar het plekke aangedui waar woonhuise eens gestaan het. 'n Paar verwaarloosde granaatboompies is al wat oorgebly het van die heining van generaal Stepha­ nus Schoeman se huis wat ook as pastorie gedien het. Die kerkhof is nog kenbaar, omdat die Schoemansdalterrein deur die jare vir Geloftefeeste gebruik is, die kerkhof ommuur en kliphopies op die sowat 135 grafte gepak is. Slegs twee grafte is duidelik herkenbaar aange­ sien hulle ge1dentifiseer is. Dit is die graf van Hendrik Potgieter uit Tarka en die van Josina van Warrnelo uit Nederland, wat hier begrawe is. My belangstelling het deur die jare lewendig gebly en eindelik het ek in 1990 besluit om na­ vorsing te doen en die geskiedenis van hierdie dorp te probeer rekonstrueer. Gedurende my navorsing het verskeie vrae ontstaan waarop ek antwoorde probeer vind het. Dit sou byvoorbeeld insiggewend wees om vas te stel waarom 'n groep mense van Europese afkoms so ver noord getrek het en in 1848 'n dorp in die wildemis gestig het. Dit was nagenoeg 400 km van die naaste dorp, Rustenburg, en net so ver van Pretoria. Mense het 19 jaar lank in die dorp gebly: hoe het die huise gelyk waarin hulle gewoon het? Was daar 'n plaaslike ower­ heid wat toesig gehou het en was daar dorpsregulasies, of het elkeen gedoen wat hy of sy gedink het goed was? Op die oog af het dit gelyk of die dorp beplan was, maar was daar noodsaaklike geboue soos 'n landdroskantoor en 'n skool? Daar was sekerlik, soos in elke dorp, gegoede en minder gegoede mense, maar watter beroepe het hulle beoefen? Die streek was baie ongesond en die vraag ontstaan hoe mense wat net in besit was van een­ voudige patentemedisyne en slegs boererate geken het, daar kon oorleef. Schoemansdal is nie in 'n ontvolkte streek gevestig nie. Dit was 'n grensdorp wat gelee was in 'n grensgebied waar verskillende bevolkingsgroepe hulle bevind het. 'n Belangrike doel­ stelling van hierdie studie is om aan te toon <lat Schoemansdal as dorp sou kon voortbestaan as die handel, wat grotendeels vir die dorp se opbloei verantwoordelik was, ongehinderd 2 kon voortgaan. Die gespanne verhouding tussen blank en swart, as 'n belangrike oorsaak van die verval van die handel en die ondergang van die dorp word ondersoek. Gelee in die Soutpansberggebied het die dorp en streek aan al die kenmerke van H Giliomee se omskry­ wing van 'n "oop grens" voldoen, veral wat die verhouding en interaksie tussen blank en swart betref, en wat die geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika oorheers het.
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