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RESTORING FOREST LANDSCAPES THROUGH ASSISTED NATURAL REGENERATION (ANR) a Practical Manual

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RESTORING FOREST LANDSCAPES THROUGH ASSISTED NATURAL REGENERATION (ANR) A practical manual FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Bangkok, 2019 Required citation: FAO. 2019. Restoring forest landscapes through assisted natural regeneration (ANR) – A practical manual. Bangkok. 52 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-131382-4 © FAO, 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode/ legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected]. Artwork: Damrongchai Saengkham Photo cover: (Top) © FAO/Kenichi Shono (Down left) © Bagong Pagasa Foundation (Down middle) © Bagong Pagasa Foundation (Down right) © FAO/Noel Celis Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... iv 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 1 2. What is natural regeneration and ANR? ................................................................... 4 3. Where is ANR appropriate? ............................................................................................ 9 3.1 Important factors to consider ............................................................................... 9 3.2 Performing a rapid site assessment .................................................................... 11 4. Basic ANR procedures ....................................................................................................... 16 4.1 Marking regenerants ................................................................................................ 16 4.2 Liberating regenerants ............................................................................................ 17 4.3 Suppressing grass and other weeds ................................................................... 19 4.4 Controlling disturbances......................................................................................... 22 4.5 Enrichment planting ................................................................................................. 27 4.6 Maintenance and protection ................................................................................. 30 5. Developing sustained social support for ANR ...................................................... 33 6. ANR in degraded forests .................................................................................................. 36 7. Monitoring ............................................................................................................................ 39 8. Costs and labor requirements for ANR ..................................................................... 42 9. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 45 References ....................................................................................................................................... 46 iii Acknowledgements This publication is largely based on assisted natural regeneration (ANR) field manuals drafted by Patrick Dugan (Bagong Pagasa Foundation, the Philippines) and Stephen Elliot (Forest Restoration Research Unit [FORRU] Chiang Mai University) developed under an FAO-funded regional project on promoting the application of ANR. Kenichi Shono, Zhe Kong and Maria Paula Sarigumba provided the editing. FAO appreciates the support of partners and government officials who have worked together with FAO in promoting ANR, and these experiences are reflected in this manual. Patrick Durst, former Senior Forestry Officer for the FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, has been a long-time proponent of ANR and has done much to promote the application of ANR in the Asia-Pacific region. iv 1. Introduction Background There are numerous global, regional, national and even subnational targets for forest area and forest restoration. At the global level, these include the Bonn Challenge, the Aichi Target 15 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the New York Declaration on Forests and Target 15.3 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In Asia, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) has adopted an aspirational goal of increasing forest cover in the region by at least 20 million hectares by 2020, and the Strategic Plan of Action for ASEAN Cooperation on Forestry (2016-2025) includes ‘Increase of Forest Resource Base’ within its Action Programme. Furthermore, nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement include increase in forest cover for many Asia-Pacific countries. Furthermore, nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement include increase in forest cover for many Asia-Pacific countries (Chokkalingam et al. 2018). In light of these global targets and emerging ambitious national commitments, it is imperative to develop low-cost strategies and techniques for landscape restoration. The most widely used restoration strategies involving planting of tree seedlings are often costly and their application for restoring vast expanses of degraded forest lands in the region may be limited. Case studies and experiences with natural regeneration from the region have shown that it significantly reduces the cost of restoration in areas that meet certain conditions. Native species that are adapted to the prevailing conditions re-establish on their own with some assistance, achieving accelerated growth in accordance with natural succession, leading to the recovery of native ecosystems. Restoration strategies based on natural regeneration also provide low-cost opportunities for conserving biodiversity and enhancing ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration and watershed protection (Figure 1). Despite these economic and environmental advantages, natural regeneration is often overlooked for various reasons when restoration policies and programmes are designed. These reasons include: not recognizing natural regeneration as a viable restoration option; perverse incentives that favor the clearing of young secondary growth for plantation development or other land uses; lack of institutional support by government agencies and other organizations; unclear tenure and property rights; 1 lack of incentives for local communities; and uncertainty about the restoration processes and outcomes. Figure 1. Naturall regeneration can reduce the cost of restoration activities and deliver a wide range of forest products and ecosystem services that provide local to global benefits ©FAO/Kenichi Shono ©FAO/Kenichi The manual This manual describes procedures
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