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Defining Secondary and Degraded Forests in Central America

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Defining Secondary and Degraded Forests in Central America Defining Secondary and Degraded Forests in Central America Working Paper, CATIE , November 2016 Forestry and Climate Change Fund This working paper has been made possible due to the generous support of: In collaboration with: Investing for Development Société d’Investissement à Capital Variable Content 05 Introduction 06 Forest Typologies and the Forest Transition Curve 07 Defining Secondary Forests 11 // Phase I 12 // Phase II 13 // Phase III 14 // Phase IV 15 // Special case of Pine forests 17 // Conclusion 18 Defining Degraded Forests 20 // Differentiating degraded from natural forest 21 // Naturally degraded forests due to hurricanes and forest fires 24 Annexes 24 // Opportunities and risks associated with different forest types 25 // Decision Making 26 Notes and References 2-3 Secondary forest in San Carlos, Costa Rica // CATIE Introduction The Forestry and Climate Change Fund (“FCCF”) is an impact investment fund focused on providing capital for the management of secondary and degraded forests. FCCF’s initial country focus is on Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Guatemala. FCCF and the associated technical assistance programme (“TAP”) are supported by the Luxembourg Development Cooperation, Lux Dev and CATIE. This paper defines secondary and degraded forests and hence establishes which types of forests are within the scope of FCCF’s investments. This document serves as a basis for FCCF’s investment decisions. It does not review the multiple definitions academics and practitioners have proposed. The definitions in this document have been refined through the field work undertaken within the framework of the TAP and it has been possible to clarify clearly, under which conditions the FCCF might invest. As an impact investment fund, FCCF pursues multiple objectives: financial returns alongside positive impacts in the environmental and social dimensions of sustainability. 4-5 Forest Typologies and the Forest Transition Curve Natural forests in the tropics have México, Guatemala and Belize took gone through a permanent transition about 600 – 700 years to transition from for longer or shorter periods of time. agricultural land use to primary forest. Specialists have defined what is called Figure 1 illustrates the transition curve the Forest Transition Curve (Figure 1), proposed by CIFOR and adapted by which includes the main phases through CATIE. which a primary forest transforms from its initial stage until recovery back to a The terminology used by forest “primary or similar forest”. scientists and practitioners may vary for the different stages of degradation The main driver for these transitions and later recovery and Figure 1 does not are changes in the land use and the cover all possibilities. Yet it serves as natural succession process1. The path basis to define the scope of the projects from one extreme to full recovery takes that will be considered for the secondary a long period of time. As an example, and degraded forests management the forests impacted by the Mayan initiative of FCCF. civilization in the border region between FIGURE 1 THE FOREST TRANSITION CURVE FROM PRIMARY TO SECONDARY FOREST Defining Secondary Forests The deforestation for land use For the purposes of this paper the change and unsustainable forest following definition has been adopted: exploitation process was the main “Secondary forests are forests driver of destruction of primary forests regenerating largely through natural worldwide. Nowadays, secondary processes after significant [or forests constitute a large and growing even total]2 human and/or natural land use component of forest cover, and disturbance of the original forest they have been an important source for vegetation at a single point in time the provision of a wide range of goods or over an extended period, and and ecosystem services. In fact, in the displaying a major difference in forest Forest Recourses Assessment Report structure and/or canopy species 2015, the area of naturally regenerated composition with respect to nearby forests amounts to 2337 million of ha primary forests on similar sites” globally and constitutes 58% of the (Chokkalingam and de Jong, 2001). overall global forest area. (FAO 2015). The change in structure and species There is considerable ambiguity with follows a successional process, and the regard to the meaning of the term time elapsed since the human or natural “secondary forest” which, despite disturbance plays an important role. As its widespread usage, includes very Chazdon (2016) sustains3: “Regenerating different types of forests. Existing (secondary) and restored forests are definitions or perceptions of secondary the nexus between conservation and forests concentrate on three main points development, between social and of contention: (1) whether the cause natural sciences”. for the transition is human activity or natural disturbance, (2) the intensity Secondary forests are a great of the disturbance, and (3) the nature opportunity for initiatives like the of the vegetation development post Bonn Challenge since they represent disturbance. restoration in action or even better, productive restoration. The conversion The statistics of the FAO suggest that of degraded areas in naturally secondary forests are the dominant regenerated forests - assisted by forest type of the planet. However, proper management - constitutes an under the definition adopted in the alternative to restore lands and forests. present document it is likely to be more Well managed secondary forests are restrictive and not all the areas counted also important contributors to carbon as naturally regenerated forest by the sequestration and thus to REDD+. FAO qualify as secondary forests eligible for FCCF financing. 6-7 In recent decades, forest conversion to in Table 1 can also be translated pastures or agricultural fields, followed into successional phases. It is also by land abandonment, has led to large important to state that the variables areas of second-growth forest in the of structural characteristics in lowland Amazon, Central America and many tropical forests are comparable to dry other tropical countries. These forests tropical lowland and semi- tropical grow rapidly and sequester large highland forests. amounts of carbon in their biomass, but they tend to be ignored, as most of the Yet there are differences in the debate on the carbon balance of the magnitudes of the variables according Amazon basin tends to revolve around to life zones8: number of species, basal old-growth forests. area, canopy structure, existence of vines, large logs, and large trees. The Chokkalingham et. al.4 recognize a general picture is that in dry lowlands, typology of secondary forests: most of these variables have lower values and rates, while in the highlands a) post-catastrophic secondary specially the growth rates and number forests; of species are lower, with a trend to b) post-extraction secondary natural monocultures such as the Pine forests; or Oak forests of Central America. c) secondary forests after slash and burn agriculture; d) post-abandonment secondary forests; and e) rehabilitated secondary forests. The types that best match the objective FIGURE 2 of the FCCF are of types c), d) and e) SUCCESSIONAL PHASES OF SECONDARY since a) and b) correspond to degraded FORESTS logged- over forests and to forests disturbed by hurricanes covered by the definition for degraded forest. Table 1 illustrates the structural characteristics of forests with reference to the moment when a disturbance occurred. Table 1 illustrates features in the succession of secondary forests that can be used to determine appropriate management systems for the forest. According to Ruiz (2007)6 and Guariguata (2011)7, the categories The succession in a secondary forest the length of the phases. In the case follows a process in the structure and of mountain forests the differences the gremium of species, a pattern that are mostly in the drastic reduction of is described below and is shown in species up to the extreme of natural Figure 1. We are using as an example monocultures (pine forests, oak forests the phases derived from a tropical in the highlands). Independently of the moist forest from Costa Rica according species in different ecosystems (humid, to Finegan (1992, 1997)9. There are dry, mountain) the species change, but variations in the case of dry forests, the gremiums not (tolerance to shade). especially in species compositions and TABLE 1: STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTIC OF LOWLAND TROPICAL RAINFOREST AS A FUNCTION OF AGE SINCE DISTURBANCE (FROM CLARK 1996)5 Characteristic Young secondary Old secondary Old – growth forest forest forest Standal basal area Lowest Intermediate Highest Distributin of tree Lowest coefficient Intermediate CV Highest CV stem diameters of variation (CV) Canopy structure Plain canopy, only Plain canopy, small Variable canopy a few gaps gaps common height, gaps more frequent Lianas/epiphytes Absent Rare Common Large logs Present or absent Usually absent Always present Very large trees Usually absent Usually absent Always present except as obvious remnants 8-9 Community managed forestry in the RAAN, Nicaragua // CATIE Smallholder farmers cultivating corn adjacent to secondary forests in Osa, Costa Rica // CATIE Phase I FIGURE 3 (MOIST) TROPICAL LOWLAND SECONDARY FOREST IN PHASE I Phase 1 begins in the first year or within the first years after abandonment. The recently abandoned crops or pastures are colonized by a dense growth of herbs, bushes and vines (e.g. Solanaceae, Pteridofitae, Gramineae).
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