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Spinning Alpaca: Fiber from Huacaya Alpaca to Suri Alpaca (And Beyond)
presents A Guide to Spinning Alpaca: Fiber from Huacaya Alpaca to Suri Alpaca (and beyond) ©F+W Media, Inc. ■ All rights reserved ■ F+W Media grants permission for any or all pages in this issue to be copied for personal use Spin.Off ■ spinningdaily.com ■ 1 oft, long, and available in a range of beautiful natural colors, alpaca can be a joy to spin. That is, if you know what makes it different from the sheep’s wool most spinners start with. It is Sa long fiber with no crimp, so it doesn’t stretch and bounce the way wool does. Sheep’s wool also contains a lot of lanolin (grease) and most spinners like to scour the wool to remove excess lanolin before they spin it. Alpaca doesn’t have the same grease content, so it can be spun raw (or unwashed) pretty easily, though it may contain a lot of dust or vegetable matter. Alpaca fiber also takes dye beautifully—you’ll find that the colors will be a little more muted than they would be on most sheep’s wool because the fiber is not lustrous. Because alpaca fiber doesn’t have crimp of wool, the yarn requires more twist to stay together as well as hold its shape over time. If you spin a softly spun, thick yarn, and then knit a heavy sweater, the garment is likely to grow over time as the fiber stretches. I hadn’t much experience spinning alpaca until I started volunteering at a school with a spinning program and two alpacas on the working farm that is part of the campus. -
Mechanical Properties of Unidirectional Epoxy Matrix Composites Reinforced with Scutched Flax and Tow By-Product
ECCM16 - 16TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS, Seville, Spain, 22-26 June 2014 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF UNIDIRECTIONAL EPOXY MATRIX COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH SCUTCHED FLAX AND TOW BY-PRODUCT N. Martina*,c, P. Daviesb, C. Baleya aLIMATB, EA 4250, Univ. Bretagne-Sud, 56100 Lorient, France bMarine Structures Laboratory, IFREMER, 29280 Plouzané, France cVan Robaeys Frères, 83 rue Saint-Michel, 59122 Killem, France *[email protected] Keywords: Flax fibers, Scutching, Flax by-products, Composite materials Abstract The decortication of flax by scutching yields scutched flax and tows. In this study, we have compared the properties of composite materials made of scutched flax and flax tows from the same batch. A series of unidirectional epoxy composites were manufactured by wet moulding. Mechanical properties of single fibers and composite materials were measured by tensile tests. The tensile properties of single fibers were in the same range. The tensile properties of the unidirectional composites show a similar evolution of properties versus fiber volume fraction. The results show that tows could be used to reinforce high performance composite materials. 1. Introduction A wide range of plant fibers have been studied for composite reinforcement including hemp, jute, sisal and flax [1]. Among them, flax fibers have excellent specific mechanical properties and are being evaluated as a replacement for E-glass fibers [2,3]. Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is the major plant fiber cultivated in northern Europe, mainly for the textile sector. The structure and composition of flax plants is complex [4,5]. The stems contain fiber bundles embedded in cortex tissues at the periphery. In these bundles, single fibers are grouped together by middle lamellae. -
SO an Introduction to Spinning 2018
An Introduction to Spinning BASIC IDEAS, TOOLS, AND TERMS Starting with Wool Sheep’s wool is the most popular fiber CRIMP lots among handspinners because it is easy to spin and versatile. There are dozens of breeds of sheep, such as Lincoln, Romney, Corriedale, Suffolk, and Merino, and each breed produces a unique type less of wool. By choosing from suitable breeds, spinners can use wool to make warm, comfortable, and stylish sweaters, scarves, mittens, hats, socks, afghans, rugs, and many other kinds of garments and accessories. One advantage to making your own yarn is that you can choose the qualities in the fiber that you want to emphasize in your finished project. Yes, the results are definitely worth it! the crimp or waviness of the wool, and the count or A single fleece—one sheep’s annual growth of thickness of the wool fibers (larger numbers indicate wool—usually weighs between 4 and 12 pounds. A finer wool—80s is quite fine, and 40s is coarse). Coarse good spinning fleece costs around $4 to $12 per pound. wool tends to have fewer crimps per inch, and may be Shepherds who produce good wool pay extra attention scratchy or itchy—but it will be very durable. Fine wool to their animals throughout the year. Some put jackets most often has a lot of crimps per inch, and feels soft or blankets on their sheep to keep hay out of the wool; and comfortable next to your skin, but it does not wear those fleeces may be especially clean, although cover- well in a rug. -
1 Classes Run 9-12 and 2-5 Each Day. Retreat Day 1 Tuesday, March 27
Classes run 9-12 and 2-5 each day. Retreat Day 1 Retreat Day 2 Retreat Day 3 Retreat Day 4 Retreat Day 5 Tuesday, March 27, 2018 Wednesday, March 28, 2018 Thursday, March 29, 2018 Friday March 30, 2018 Saturday, March 31, 2018 Casey, English v Spinning Big Boucle the Spinning Big Maggie Start Spinning American & Lofty Yarns Easy Way & Lofty Yarns Longdraw Clemes & Explorations Clemes in Drumcarding Demers, Knitting Happily Knitting Happily Ergo Spin Ergo Spin Ergo Spin Carson Ever After Ever After Egbert, Taking the Taking the Silk Fusion: Fiber Prep Elevated Fiber Prep Elevated Mystery Out Mystery Out Mary Making Paper of the Box of the Box Emerson, Locks in the Locks in the Bernadette Lens, Fiber Lens, Fiber in Focus in Focus Franquemont, Teaching Spindle Intro to Intermediate Backstrap Weaving Abby Spinning Plying Backstrap Weaving Gaustad, The Best from Focus on the The Best from Plying by Design Stephenie Your Wheel Drafting Zone Your Wheel Mackenzie, Extraordinary Extraordinary Judith Perfect Cloth: Spinning Bountiful Beasts: Cloth: Spinning Perfect Unusual The Gentle Art of Plying Unusual Pairings Spinning the Wild Pairings Threads for Threads for Weaving Weaving Moreno, Pretty Maids Living Color Spin & Nosh Yarnitecture 2 Spin & Nosh Jillian All in a Row Mullarkey, Pocket Pocket Woven Shoe Laces John Weaving Weaving Robson, Basic Things Every Spinner Deb The Classic Down Wools Wool Facts for Wool Geeks The Classic Down Wools Should Know About Wool Rodgers, Spinning Twisted Together Wild Plying Wild Plying Esther Loops Ruane, Love -
Majacraft Camp
MAJACRAFT CAMP February 2017 We would love to welcome you to our next Majacraft Magic Camp! Featuring Laurie Boyer (USA) !1 Laurie Boyer: The three yarn classes will be workshop choices– the application will be a whole group session on Sunday afternoon. Slub Fun Learn how to spin a comfortable and regular slub yarn. Then use this slub yarn to create the popular bobble yarn and Laurie’s unique teardrop and icicle yarns. Warning! Create these yarns only if you want your knitting to be the center of attention. Basic spinning skills required. Please bring the following equipment and materials to class: -Spinning wheel with the largest orifice (Woolly winders create too much tension and flyer hooks will catch the large texture so both should be avoided.) Double treadles will make starting and stopping easier. -2 empty bobbins -Lazy kate -Niddy noddy -6 oz. of nice wool (merino combed top or roving works well) prepared and ready for spinning. -At least 1-2 oz. of plying thread on a cone (8/2 cotton works well or anything that is fingering or sport weight that has a good drape). Ultra Spongy Singles from the “Oh My God, Squeeze This” series Learn how to construct Laurie’s newest yarn creation. It has three layers, is an extra-bulky (2 sts = 1”), lightweight and well-balanced yarn that is a pleasure to spin and feels luxurious sliding through your hands as you knit your favorite project. It also doesn’t seem to have a singles slant when knit on #10 or so needles. -
Agricultural Products FLAX Linum Usitatissimum from Which Comes
Agricultural Products FLAX Linum usitatissimum from which comes our words “linen”, “linseed oil”, “linoleum”. Flax seed is sewn as early in the springtime as the ground will permit; as soon as the frost leaves it, in other words. The seed was distributed rather densely so that the plants would be forced to grow straight upward to get enough sunlight, rather than to put out branches, which was not desirable. When ready for harvesting, the plants would be about two feet high. When the mature plants were ready for harvesting along about mid-summer, they were pulled up out of the ground rather than cut, and allowed to dry on the surface for a day or two. Cutting caused the plant’s sap to flow out, and this would stain the fibers, after which no amount of bleaching would produce white cloth. After drying, the flax was pulled through a ripple comb made with coarse wooden or heavy wire teeth. This broke off the pods and the seeds, which were saved for next year’s planting, or for barter or cash sale. The stalks were then tied by the top end in bundles called “beats”, or “bates” (depending on what part of the country you came from) and the base of the stalks were spread out to form a tent-shaped stack called a “stook” for drying. Next came soaking in water for fermentation, the length of time depending on the temperature and whether the water was moving. One method was to put the stalks in a stream. This was a smelly and slow process. -
Spinning Daily Presents Alternative Fibers: the Spinner's Guide To
presents Alternative Fibers: The Spinner’s Guide to Vegan, Natural, and Wool-Free Yarns ©F+W Media, Inc. ■ All rights reserved ■ F+W Media grants permission for any or all pages in this issue to be copied for personal use Spin.Off ■ spinningdaily.com ■ 1 pinners have worked with wool for thousands of years, and with good reason: it dyes easily, wears well, and Scomes from cute sheep. But it’s not the only option available nowadays. We can spin fiber produced from other animals, from plants, or from manufacturing processes. Bam- boo, soy, and corn can all be made into yarn. So can wood pulp and seaweed: if you’ve never heard of Seacell, Modal, or Lyocell, read on. Do all of these spinnable fibers qualify as natural? Are they vegan (i.e., animal-friendly) or at least animal- neutral? How sustainable are the different production methods? It depends on your personal definitions and choices. Some people might see rayon, extruded from wood pulp, as too far removed from Nature, while others might prefer rayon to water-intensive hemp retting. You’ll read about protein and cellulose fibers in the first article, then find others on plant-based fibers, either directly from the plant or processed in some way. If you want to spin something other than wool, you can find the perfect substitute here. Happy spinning, Anne Merrow [email protected] ©F+W Media, Inc. ■ All rights reserved ■ F+W Media grants permission for any or all pages in this issue to be copied for personal use Spin.Off ■ spinningdaily.com ■ 2 What are natural fi bers? BY A MY C LARKE M OORE atural fi bers occur naturally in na- not usually included in the natural fi ber catego- a Nture, naturally. -
Spinning Soft Yarn Rhythmically Spinning and Plying Low Twist Yarns
Spinning Soft Yarn Rhythmically spinning and plying low twist yarns By Mary Spanos Mary uses a short forward draw spinning technique, similar to worsted spinning, to create these fluffy wool yarns for soft and lightweight garments. Several years ago I thought I’d finally learned to spin at SOAR in Vermont in 1997. I’ve used Jaquie’s technique to the perfect knitting yarn. That three-ply yarn was lovely and change from a long backward draw to a short forward draw, the skeins were beautiful. The yarn was a consistent, perfectly which is described below. smooth, high-twist 3-ply. Unfortunately, the sweater I made with Changing my spinning technique was not easy. After years that yarn didn’t turn out as I had hoped. The knitted fabric felt of spinning wool one way, those hand motions had become like stiff and dense, and the sweater weighed more than it should (it so many other small habits that don’t require attention or thought. was uncomfortably heavy and too warm). Too much twist in my It was difficult to change those motions, even when the new singles and in the plying resulted in a yarn that looked good but technique seemed so simple. But it was worth the frustration. was actually dense and firm instead of soft and fluffy as I had Not only does this technique help me produce the kind of yarns I envisioned my sweater. enjoy knitting and weaving, but it also offers a more comfortable At that time, I was spinning wool with a long draw tech- sitting position and hand positions so I can spin for longer periods nique, which if broken into steps could be described as: 1) the of time. -
GLOSSARY of SPINNING TERMS Batts - Carded Hunks of Fiber As It Comes Off of a Drumcarder Bench – Also Called the Table
GLOSSARY OF SPINNING TERMS batts - carded hunks of fiber as it comes off of a drumcarder bench – also called the table. The table of the spinning wheel on which the wheel and spinning mechanism are mounted bobbin – the shaft of the spool onto which the spun yarn is wound on a spinning wheel carders – (or cards) a pair of brushes used to smooth and straighten fibers for spinning comb - used to process long stapled wool for worsted spinning crimp - amount of curl in a lock of fleece; fine wool is very crimpy distaff – a staff that holds the flax or wool fibers which are drawn from as the spinner needs them when spinning. A distaff can be attached to a belt, mounted on the bench of a spinning wheel, or free-standing. draft - the pulling out of fibers to allow only a certain amount of the fiber to twist into thread drafting triangle – the space between the spun yarn and the fibers being drawn out drive band – the cord carrying the power from the large wheel to the spindle or bobbin/pulley drop spindle – (handspindle) a stick with a weighted whorl that is used to twist fibers into thread ewe – a mature female sheep fiber – the unspun hair/wool/plant material (as opposed to the thread, which is already spun) fleece – the entire coat of wool off of a sheep flyer – the u-shaped device on a treadle spinning wheel that twists the yarn footman – the straight piece of wood or wire that connects the treadle to the axle/crank of a spinning wheel grease wool – (or “wool in the grease”) the unwashed wool as it comes off of a sheep hank – a 560-yard long skein of wool, usually wound on a niddy-noddy or reel knot – a 40-yard strand skein of yarn wound on a reel or a niddy-noddy that measures 2 yards in circumference= 80 yards maidens – (or sisters) two upright pieces of wood that hold the spinning apparatus in a horizontal position. -
Notes from the Flax Presentation by Bruce Engebertson April 29, 2017
notes from the Flax Presentation by Bruce Engebertson April 29, 2017 Bruce began spinning wool at age 10, despite the fact that no one in his immediate family had any background in spinning. A chance referral led him to Ester Kromaki about 25 years ago, and she taught him the traditional Finnish techniques for growing, processing, spinning, and weaving flax. He says his linen knowledge is firmly based in the Finnish traditions and that "he doesn't know a variety of methods but the ones he knows, he knows well." The flax plant is an annual that dies in the winter. It is a "greedy" plant which will take lots of nutrients, so it's best not to plant it in soil that has been exhausted by other crops like corn. Flax is best in full sun and protected from the wind. It is relatively free from insect pests and will even keep potato bugs away (so plant near potatoes!). Prepare the seed bed by spading up the area to be seeded (in our case, approximately 3 ft by 3 ft) and adding in some cow manure or other fertilizer. Make sure the area is free of weeds when you seed. Seed flax when the lilacs just begin blooming. The seed should be spread thickly -- about 5 to 7 seeds for a thumbprint (of course, this depends on the size of your -- hopefully green -- thumb). Do not plant in rows. Divide the seeds in half and sow half in one direction and the other half if the other direction. If the soil is the same color as the seeds, you can add sand to the mix so you'll have an idea of how the seeds are being spread out. -
Effects of Micro-Braiding and Co-Wrapping Techniques
polymers Article Effects of Micro-Braiding and Co-Wrapping Techniques on Characteristics of Flax/Polypropylene-Based Hybrid Yarn: A Comparative Study Wenqian Zhai 1, Peng Wang 2,3,* , Xavier Legrand 1, Damien Soulat 1 and Manuela Ferreira 1 1 University of Lille, Ensait, Gemtex, F-59000 Roubaix, France; [email protected] (W.Z.); [email protected] (X.L.); [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (M.F.) 2 University of Haute-Alsace, Ensisa, Lpmt, F-68000 Mulhouse, France 3 University of Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-3-89-33-66-48; Fax: +33-3-89-33-63-39 Received: 12 October 2020; Accepted: 28 October 2020; Published: 31 October 2020 Abstract: Micro-braiding and co-wrapping techniques have been developed over a few decades and have made important contributions to biocomposites development. In this present study, a set of flax/polypropylene (PP) micro-braided and co-wrapped yarns was developed by varying different PP parameters (PP braiding angles and PP wrapping turns, respectively) to get different flax/PP mass ratios. The effects on textile and mechanical characteristics were studied thoroughly at the yarn scale, both dry- and thermo-state tensile tests were carried out, and tensile properties were compared before and after the braiding process to study the braidabilities. It was observed that PP braiding angles of micro-braided yarn influenced the frictional damage on surface treatment agent of flax roving, the cohesive effect between PP filaments/flax roving, and the PP cover factor; PP wrapping turns of co-wrapped yarn had a strong impact on the flax roving damage and the PP coverage, which further influenced the characteristics. -
Textile Yarns
TEXTILE YARNS 1970 40 2010 Years of Progress ® ® Printed on Re-Cycled Paper Save a tree. 1 Textile Yarns 1.0 Introduction A textile yarn is a continuous strand of staple or filament fibers arranged in a form suitable for weaving, knitting, or other form of fabric assembly. Also, a yarn is a textile product of substantial length and relatively small cross-section consisting of fibers with twist and/or filaments without twist. The yarn can be twisted with one or more yarns to create added value or aesthetics. Traditionally, yarns have been constructed of fibers of finite length called staple fibers. Today, continuous filament yarns are also used to construct yarns. Filament yarns tend to be smoother, more lustrous, more uniform, harsher, and less absorbent. Spun yarns have a hairy surface, are more uneven in appearance, have lower luster, are softer, and more absorbent. Spun yarn is the yarn of choice in many woven and knitted fabric products. The short fibers can be natural fibers such as cotton where the fiber grows in short lengths. But they can also be synthetic fibers such as polyester that are manufactured in a continuous length and then cut into shorter staple lengths. This document will discuss how yarns are formed. It covers fiber preparation and spinning for cotton and blends of cotton. Also covered is the production of synthetic filaments and their conversion to tow and how the tow in turn gets cut into short fibers. Then the steps in the processing of cotton and cotton/synthetic blended spun yarns and the various spinning systems used will be addressed.