Masaryk University Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Museology
BACHELOR’S DIPLOMA THESIS
The Study of Halaf pottery from the Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS) in Iraqi Kurdistan
Brno 2017 Beáta Baluchová
Masaryk University Faculty of Arts
Department of Archaeology and Museology Centre of Prehistoric Archaeology of the Near East
Beáta Baluchová
Bachelor’s Diploma Thesis
Supervisor: Mgr. Mateiciucová, Inna Ph.D.
Consultant:
Prof. Dr. Pfälzner, Peter
Dr. Sconzo, Paola
Dr. Nieuwenhuyse Olivier
Brno 2017
DECLARATION
I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently,
Using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography.
I agree with storing this work in the library of the Prehistoric Archaeology of the Near East
At the Masaryk University in Brno and making it accessible for study purposes.
Brno 30.11.2017 ......
Signature
Abstract/Annotation
Title: The Study of Halaf pottery from the Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS) in Iraqi Kurdistan
Author: Beáta Baluchová
Department/Institute: Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts, Department of Archaeology and Museology, Centre of Prehistoric Archaeology of the Near East
Supervisor: Mgr. Mateiciucová Inna Ph.D.
Consultant: Prof. Dr. Pfälzner, Peter Dr. Sconzo, Paola Dr. Nieuwenhuyse Olivier
The study deals with the pottery, identified as Halaf, from the autonomous area of Kurdistan in Iraq. The material, which I analysed, originates from a surface collection carried out by the team of Tuebingen University from 2013. The work in field is lead under supervision of Prof. Dr. Peter Pfälzner and Dr. Paola Sconzo.
The thesis is a preliminary effort to present material and distinguish more precisely ceramic material from EHAS to the chronological order from Pre-Halaf/Proto-Hassuna, Proto-Halaf, Early Halaf, Middle Halaf, Late Halaf and Halaf-Ubaid Transitional. The Halaf pottery will be divided on ware bases according to the technological and morphological characteristics. To achieve more accurate outcomes I will compare this material with those known from continuously occupied sites, specifically at least one of sites, Tell Arpachiyah and Yarim Tepe, which are located in Iraq, and Tell Halula, Tell Sabi Abyad and Chagar Bazar, which are situated in Syria.
My research focuses on a description and analysis of material obtained from three different sites, which are located in diverse areas. These zones were divided in the EHAS project according to geographical and morphological attributes. They are the Tigris valley, the eastern Tigris valley plateau and the lower Zagros chains with Khabur basin. There will also be mention the amount of so called Halaf pottery, which have been found in each zone from the beginning of project in 2013 until the campaign 2016, including.
Keywords: the Late Neolithic pottery, Halaf, survey, Iraq, Kurdistan, comparison, the Tuebingen Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS)
Abstrakt/Anotacia
Názov práce: Štúdia Halafskej keramiky z Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS) v Iraku
Autor: Beáta Baluchová
Oddelenie/Inštitút: Masaryková Univerzita, Filozofická fakulta, Oddelenie Archeológie a Muzeológie, Centrum Pravekej Archeológie Predného Východu
Vedúci práce Mgr. Mateiciucová Inna, Ph.D.
Konzultant: Prof. Dr. Pfälzner, Peter Dr. Sconzo, Paola Dr. Nieuwenhuyse Olivier
Štúdia sa zaoberá Halafskou keramikou z autonómnej oblasti Kurdistan v Iraku. Materiál, ktorý som analyzovala pochádza z povrchového archeologického zberu, ktorý je organizovaný tímom z univerzity v Tuebingene od roku 2013. Práca v teréne je realizovaná pod vedením prof. Petra Pfälznera a Post. Doc Paoli Sconzo.
Bakalárska práca sa snaží o predbežné predstavenie keramického materiálu, ktorý bol v rámci archeologického prieskumu zaradený do Halafskej kultúry. Táto keramika bude zadelená do chronologického rámca od Pre- Halafskej, Proto-Halafskej, rannej, strednej a neskorej Halafskej keramiky až ku prechodu k Obejdskej kultúrnej tradícii.
Halafska keramika bude rozdelená na základe technologických a morfologických charakteristík do predchádzajúcimi výskumami zadefinovaných skupín. Na dosiahnutie presnejších výsledkov je materiál porovnávaný s tým, ktorý je vypublikovaný z výskumov vykonávaných na dlhodobejšie osídlených lokalitách. Jedná sa o osídlenie v Iraku a to Tell Arpachiyah a Yarim Tepe a sídliska Tell Sabi Abyad, Tell Arbid Abyad a Chagar Bazar, ktoré sú situované v Sýrii. Analyzovaná keramika je tiež porovnávaná s materiálom, ktorý bol získaný počas súčasných výskumov v irackom Kurdistane.
Práca sa zameriava na opis a analýzu materiálu získaného z troch odlišných lokalít, ktoré patria k rozdielnym zónam. Tieto zóny boli diferencované v EHAS projekte podľa geografických a morfologických vlastností krajiny. Jedná sa o údolie Tigrisu, východnú plošinu údolia Tigrisu a pohorie nízkeho Zagrosu s povodím rieky Khabur.
Kľúčové slová: neskoro neolitická keramika, Halaf, povrchový zber, Irak, Kurdistan, porovnanie, Tuebingen Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS)
Acknowledgement
First of all, I would like to express my thanks to my great family and close friends, for their love, support, understanding and concern not only during the writing of this thesis but also during the study.
In this place I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Mgr. Inna
Mateiciucova Ph.D. for her guidance and help during the writing of this thesis.
I would like to express my thanks to the Prof. Dr. Peter Pfälzner and Dr. Paola
Sconzo, who allowed me to be a member of a team in EHAS project. Without this possibility I could not write down this thesis and have learnt so much about the beauties of the Neolithic pottery. I am also very grateful to other members of “pottery team” who though me basic information also about their pottery-period.
And other enormous thanks go to the Dr. Olivier Nieuwenhuyse, who was very helpful and provided me with a lot of valuable information about the pottery.
Furthermore, I would like to point out in this acknowledgement the fact that I was working with the bibliography, either acquired on my own, or those, which was at disposal via Centre of Prehistoric Archaeology of the Near East. Therefore, I used unpublished version from 2006 by Nieuwenhuyse O. P., Plain and painted pottery. The rise of Late Neolithic Ceramic Styles on the Syrian and Northern Mesopotamian Plains, because published version (2007), was not in our centre at disposal.
Table of content
1 Introduction ...... 4 2 Research questions/ additional aims ...... 7 3 Methodology ...... 8 4 Criticism of the sources and the ceramic material ...... 10 5 Background of Halaf pottery ...... 12 5.1 Introduction ...... 12 5.2 Periodization...... 16 5.2 Division of ware ...... 18 5.2.1 Introduction ...... 18 5.2.2 Standard Ware (SW)/Coarse Ware (CO)/Proto-Hassuna/the Bulk ...... 19 5.2.3 Standard Fine Ware/Standard Hassuna/Samarra Fine Ware/Samarra Standard Ware ...... 22 5.2.4 Grey Black Ware/ Grey Burnished Ware ...... 24 5.2.5 Mineral Coarse Ware ...... 25 5.2.6 Halaf Fine Ware ...... 25 5.2.7 Other wares ...... 28 6 State of research on Halaf pottery in Iraqi Kurdistan ...... 30 7 The Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS) ...... 34 8 Physical Environment of surveyed area ...... 37 8.1 Introduction ...... 37 8.2 Geomorphology of the surveyed area ...... 37 8.3 Climate ...... 38 8.4 Hydrology ...... 40 8.5 Soils ...... 40 8.6 Flora and fauna ...... 41 9 Sites with Halaf pottery in EHAS ...... 43 9.1 Introduction ...... 43 9.2 Zone A: The Tigris valley ...... 44 9.2.1 A006 ...... 45 9.3 Zone B: The Eastern Tigris plateau ...... 47 9.3.1 B003 ...... 48 9.3.2 B010 ...... 50 9.3.3 B011 ...... 51 9.3.4. B012 ...... 52 9.3.5. B013 ...... 54 9.3.6 B015 ...... 56 9.3.7 B016 ...... 57 9.3.8. B032 ...... 58 9.3.9 B046 ...... 59 9.3.10 B054 ...... 60 9.3.11 B056 ...... 61 9.3.12 B101 ...... 62 9.3.13 B114 ...... 63 9.3.14 B115 ...... 65 9.3.15 B120 ...... 65 9.3.16 B134 ...... 67 9.3.17 B145 ...... 68 9.3.18 B146 ...... 69 9.4 Zone C: The lower Zagros chains with the Khabur basin...... 70 9.4.1 C002 ...... 71 9.4.2 C054 ...... 72 9.4.3 C062 ...... 73 9.4.4 C095 ...... 75 9.4.5. C096 ...... 76 10 Description of a ceramic material from EHAS ...... 78 10.1 Zone A: The Tigris valley ...... 80 10.1.1 Halaf Fine ware ...... 80 10.2 Zone B: The Eastern Tigris plateau ...... 81 10.2.1 Standard Ware...... 83 10.2.3 Fine Ware ...... 84 10.2.4 Red ware ...... 87 10.3 Zone C: The lower Zagros chains with the Khabur basin ...... 88 10.3.1 Halaf Fine Ware ...... 90 11 Conclusion ...... 94 Appendix A Description of Neolithic sites ...... 97 Description of sites from Zone A: The Tigris valley ...... 97 Description of sites from Zone B: The Eastern Tigris plateau ...... 98 Description of sites from Zone C: The lower Zagros chains with Khabur basin ...... 107 Appendix B Colour system applied in EHAS project ...... 110 Appendix C Catalogue of analysed sherds ...... 111 Zone A: Site Gire Tusana ...... 111 Halaf Fine ware ...... 111 Zone B: Site B32 ...... 112 Standard Ware...... 112 Fine ware ...... 113 Fine ware ...... 116 Fine Ware ...... 119 Fine Ware ...... 122 Fine Ware ...... 125 Fine ware ...... 128 Fine Ware ...... 131 Red ware ...... 133 Red ware ...... 135 Zone C: Site Harina 1 ...... 138 Halaf Fine Ware ...... 138 Halaf Fine Ware ...... 141 Halaf Fine Ware ...... 144 Halaf Fine Ware ...... 147 Halaf Fine Ware ...... 150 Halaf Fine Ware ...... 152 Halaf Fine Ware ...... 154 Bibliography ...... 157
List of abbreviations
a. s. l. above sea level ca. circa, around, about cm centimetre(s) etc. et cetera, so forth
EHAS Eastern Habur Archaeological Survey e.g. exampli gratia, for example et al. et alii, and others fig. figure(s) frag. fragment ha hectare(s) km kilometre(s)
LoNAP Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project m metre(s)
PPNB Pre-pottery Neolithic B
PN Pottery Neolithic unpub. unpublished
List of figures
Fig.6.1 The Autonomous Region of Kurdistan……………………….………………………30 Fig.7.1 Zones of EHAS project (after Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015:95)………………..………36 Fig. 8.1 Geographical map of the EHAS region in Dohuk province (after Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015:92) …………………...………………………………………………………....………38 Fig. 8.2 Rainfall in Greater Mesopotamia (Ur 2010) ……………...…………………………39 Fig. 9.1 Sites with Halaf occupation in EHAS (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 12, 74, 95, 98, 103,106, 113, 116, 157, 187, 204, 208, 311, 338, 340, 351, 389, 422, 424, 532, 678, 699, 791, 794) via: Google Earth………………………………………………………..…………43 Fig. 9.2 Halaf sites in Zone A, The Tigris Valley (made by Google Earth) (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:12)……………………………………………..………………………….….45 Fig. 9.3 Gire Tusana. Photo by Paola Sconzo (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:14) ..……...46 Fig. 9.4 Gire Tusana, view on the eastern side of tell. Photo by Paola Sconzo (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:14) ……………………………………………….….……………..……46 Fig. 9.5 Halaf sites in Zone B - The eastern Tigris Valley Plateau (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 74, 95, 98, 103, 106, 113, 116, 157, 187, 204, 208, 311, 338, 340, 351, 389, 422, 424 made byGoogle Earth …………………………………………………………………..…….48 Fig. 9.6 Tell Basetki 3. Photo by Peter Pfälzner (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:77) ….….49 Fig. 9.7 Site B010. Photo by Paola Sconzo (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 97)……….…50 Fig. 9.8 Site Muqable 1/ Gire Gozel. Photo: Paola Sconzo(after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 99)………………………………………………………………………………………….…52 Fig. 9.9 Site Muqable 2. Photo: Paola Sconzo (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:105) ……..53 Fig. 9.10 Site Muqable 3/Kharabe. Photo: Paola Sconzo (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 109) …………………………………………………………………………...……….…..…55 Fig. 9.11 Gire Salu. Photo: Paola Sconzo (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:114) …………..56 Fig. 9.12 Site Bamir 1. Photo: Paola Sconzo (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:117) ..……..57 Fig. 9.13 Site B032. Photo: Paola Sconzo. (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:158) ..………..59 Fig. 9.14 Site B114. Photo: Paola Sconzo (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:339) ………….64 Fig. 9.15 Site Grfil. Photo:Paola Sconzo. (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:353) …………..66 Fig.9.16 Ste B134. Photo: Paola Sconzo (after EHAS SIte Gazetteer 2016: 392) ……….….68 Fig. 9.17 Site B146. Photo: Paola Sconzo.(after EHAS SIte Gazetteer 2016:425) ………….70 Fig. 9.18 Halaf sites in Zone C, The lower Zagros chain with the Khabur basin (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: (made by Google Earth) ……………………………………………….71 Fig. 9.19 Site Kerpet Ali 2. Photo: Paola Sconzo. (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:681) …72 Fig. 9.20 Site Milham Bani Jora. Photo: Paola Sconzo. (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 702) ……………………………………………………………………………………………...…74 Fig. 9.21 Site C095. Photo:Paola Sconzo.(after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:792) …..………75 Fig. 9.22 Site C096.Photo:Paola Sconzo (afer EHAS SIte Gazetteer 2016:795) ……………76 Fig.10.1 Gire Tusana in Zone A, The Tigris valley (after EHAS site Gazetteer 2016, 12) made by Google Earth………………………………………………………………………………80 Fig. 10.2 Site B32 in Zone B, The Eastern Tigris plateau (after EHAS site Gazetteer 2016, 157) made by Google Earth…………………………………………………………..………83 Fig. 10.3 Site C002 in Zone C, The lower Zagros chains with the Khabur basin (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 532) made by Google Earth………………………………….…………90 Fig. 11.1 Sites in EHAS with analysed material (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:12, 157, 532) made by Google Earth…………………………………………………..……………………94
List of tables
Tab. 5.1 Relative chronology and cultural phase for Halaf period of the Near Eastern areas and specific sites (after Cruells 2017, 25) ……………………………………………………18 Tab. 6.1 The Iraqi Jarmo Project, the Saddam Dam Salvage Project and North Jazirah Project with examined sites (Braidwood and Howe 1960: 33;Watson 1983:545; Ball et al. 2003: 22; Altaweel 2006: 156) ……………………………………………………………….…………31 Tab. 6.2 List of surveys in the Iraqi Kurdistan with reported the Late Neolithic material (after Kopanias et al. 2015:13, 15, 16, 27, 29, 33 38, 39, 41, 43, 46, 51, 52) ……..……………….32 Tab. 6.3 Excavations projects in Iraqi Kurdistan (after Kopanias et al 2015) ………………33 Tab. 9.1 Types of sites with Halaf occupation (after EHAS Gazetteer 2016: 12, 74, 95, 98, 103,106, 113, 116, 157, 187, 204, 208, 311, 338, 340, 351, 389, 422, 424, 532, 678, 699, 791, 794) ………………………………………………………………………………………..…44 Tab. 9.1 Pottery material from A006 divided according to documented period (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:14) ………………………………………………………………………47 Tab.9.2 Pottery material from B003 divided according to documented period (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 76)………………………………………………………………………49 Tab. 9.3 Pottery material from B010 divided according to documented period (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:96)………………………..………………………………………..……51 Tab. 9.4 Pottery material from B011 divided according to documented period (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:99)…………………………………………………………………….…52 Tab. 9.5 Pottery material from B012 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:104) …………………………………………………………………..…54 Tab.9.6 Pottery material from B013 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:109) ……………………………………………………………..………55 Tab. 9.7 Pottery material from B013 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:114) …………………………………………………………………..…57 Tab. 9.8 Pottery material from B016 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:117) …………………………………………………………..…………58 Tab. 9.9 Pottery material from B032 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:158) ………………………………………………………………..……59 Tab. 9.10 Pottery material from B046 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 188) ………………………………………………….…………………60 Tab. 9.11 Cermic material from B054 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 205) …………………………………………………….………………61 Tab. 9.12 Pottery material from B056 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 209) …………………………………………………….………………62 Tab. 9.13 Ceramic material from B101 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:312) …………………………………………………….………63 Tab. 9.14 Pottery material from B114 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:339) …………………………………………………………….………64 Tab.9.15 Pottery material from B115 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:341) ……………………………………………………….……………65 Tab. 9.16 Pottery material from B120 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 352) ……………………………………………………………………67 Tab. 9.17 Pottery material from B134 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gzetter 2016: 391…………………………………………………………………..……68 Tab. 9.18 Ceramic material from B145 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:423) ……………………………………………..………………69 Tab 9.19 Pottery material from B146 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:425) …………………………………………………………….….……70 Tab. 9.20 Pottery material from C002 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 533) ………………………………………………….…………………72 Tab. 9.21 Ceramic material from C054 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:680) ……………………………………………..………………73 Tab 9.22 Ceramic material from C062 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 701) ………………………………………………………….…………74 Tab. 9.23 Site C095 Ceramic material from C95 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:792) …………………………………….…………………76 Tab. 9.24 Pottery material from C96 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:795) ……………………………………………………………………..77 Tab. 10.1 Variations of ceramic material among analysed sites…………………….………79 Tab. 10.2 Amount of collected Halaf sherds from sites in Zone B: The Eastern Tigris plateau………………………………………………………………………………………...82 Tab. 10.3 Shapes of Halaf ceramic on site B032………………………………………….…83 Tab. 10.4. Decoration of Fine ware on site B032………………………………………….…86 Tab. 10.5 Colour of exterior decoration of Fine ware on site B032……………………….…86 Tab. 10.6 Colour of interior decoration of Fine ware on site B032…………………….……87 Tab. 10.7 Amount of collected Halaf sherds from sites in Zone C: The lower Zagros chains with the Khabur basin……………………………………………………………..……….…89 Tab. 10.8 Shapes of Halaf ceramic on site C002…………………….………………………90 Tab. 10.9 Decoration of Halaf Fine ware on site C002………………………………………92 Tab. 10.10 Colour of exterior decoration of Halaf Fine ware on site C002…………….……92 Tab. 10.11 Colour of interior decoration of Halaf Fine ware on site C002………………….93 Tab. A.1 Description of site A006 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:12) ……………….….97 Tab. A.2 Description of site B003 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:74) ………………..….98 Tab. A.3 Description of site B010 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:95) …………….…….98 Tab. A.4 Description of site B011 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:98) ……………..…….99 Tab. A.5 Description of site B012 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:103) …………….……99 Tab. A.6 Description of site B013 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:106) …………...……100 Tab. A.7 Description of site B015 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer:113) ………………………100 Tab. A.8 Description of site B016 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:116) ……………..…101 Tab. A.9 Description of site B032 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:157) ……………...…101 Tab. A.10 Description of site B046 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:187) ………….……102 Tab. A.11 Description of site B054 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:204) ……………….102 Tab. A.12 Description of site B056 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:208) ………….……103 Tab. A.13 Description of site B101 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:311) …………….…103 Tab. A.14 Description of site B014 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:338) ………….……104 Tab. A.15 Description of site B015 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:340) ……………….104 Tab. A.16 Description of site B120 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:351) …………….…105 Tab. A.17 Description of site B134 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:389) ……………….105 Tab. A.18 Description of site B145 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:422) …………….…106 Tab. A.19 Description of site B146 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:424) …………….…106 Tab. A.20 Description of site C002 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:32) ……………..….107 Tab. A.21 Description of site C054 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:678) ……………….107 Tab. A.22 Description of site C062 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:699) …………….…108 Tab. A.23 Description of site C095 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:791) …………….…108 Tab. A.24 Description of site C096 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:794) …………….…109
1 Introduction
The Halaf tradition is identified as culture, which is dated to the Late Neolithic period, specifically from 5 900 to 5 300 BC (Akkermans and Schwartz 2003: 115; Nieuwenhuyse 2013: 113). Periodization of the Late Neolithic is extremely complex, and it is not certain, what belonged to it and what not, especially in Iraqi Kurdistan due to lack of information. To the Late Neolithic in northern Syria is categorized Pre-Halaf, Proto-Halaf(Transitional), Early Halaf, Middle Halaf, Late Halaf and Halaf-Ubaid Transitional. In northern Iraq are classified Proto-Hassuna, Archaic Hassuna, Standard Hassuna, northern Samarra, Early Halaf, Middle Halaf, Late Halaf and Halaf-Ubaid Transitional so far (Lloyd et al 1945:257; Mallowan and Rose 1935: 43; Davidson 1977, 27; Nieuwenhuyse 2006). Periodization of the Halaf culture will be presented more precisely in the chapter Background of Halaf pottery, where I would like to summarize knowledge from the Iraq as well as Syria region.
The Late Neolithic period is without any written sources, therefore, it is decisive to pay attention to the physical remains (e. g pottery, lithic industry etc.) and subsequently to the comparison of these remains between sites (Frankel 1979:1). Furthermore, it is crucial to take into the consideration the regional variability. The understanding of the Halaf culture depends on the ability to fix the culture in spatial and chronological framework (Watkins and Campbell 1987:427). The Neolithic society was developing and trying to improve their daily life according to the set conditions. I would like to point a cooling ‘event between 8.25 and 8.14 kyr BP’ (Rohling and Pälike 2005:975), which reached a peak around 6 225 BC. This might have been “a trigger”, which led to consequently changes. In archaeological record might be seen some transformations in assemblages e.g. new architectural forms and construction techniques, internal settlement’s organization, material culture and social changes, which were reflected in stamp-seals, pottery production, variety of beads, amulets and figurines and an evidence of using metal (Akkermans and Le Mière 1992:1; Campbell 1992:182; Nieuwenhuyse 2000:151; Cruells and Nieuwenhuyse 2004:47; van der Plicht et al. 2011:231, 237).
I would like to highlight that pottery represents only one of the components of the Late Neolithic living, of human life, which could help us reconstruct life during this time. This reconstruction is possible owing to the large quantity and quality of found ceramic material (Frankel 1979: 2). Pottery was utilized in economic, social and ritual sphere of life (Nieuwenhuyse 2006), so consequently could reflect changes in development of earliest
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society. Anyway, it is important to focus not only on one subject, e.g. ceramic material, but to see the subject as a part of a complex, which was influenced by diverse changes caused by human action.
Now we know, when Halaf culture started to appear, but what we do not know is the origin of Halaf culture, which still needs to be studied more precisely. More conducted examinations might provide more precise results and fill up gaps in knowledge. Studying of precede cultures in regions, where Halaf was identified, might help to identify origin of this transition (Davidson and McKerrell, 1976:52; Davidson 1997:97; Akkermans and Le Mière 1992:1, 21; Campbell 1992:182; Le Mière and Picon 2008:1). On the other hand, if we do not establish proper terminology to explain what exactly Halaf tradition is/is not, it might remain questionable, how well we might understand the preceding cultures.
This study is a preliminary effort to present ceramic material, which was categorized to Halaf period, from the Eastern Ḫabur Archaeological Survey. The Project started in 2013 and was conducting by University of Tuebingen in Autonomous Region Kurdistan in the Republic of Iraq. The field work of EHAS is conducted under leading Peter Pfälzner and Paola Sconzo (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015:92; 2016:92). In this study will be analysed and described ceramic material from three sites among the surveyed regions with aim to compare material with well stratified sites and to present the Halaf ceramic material in the surveyed area.
The thesis is organized as follows:
Chapter 2 Research questions/additional aims introduces the main aims of this thesis and what the author of this study would like to prove. In this chapter will be mentioned also some additional questions, which investigating might be possible with regard on the long-term continuation of EHAS project that might bring more material for further analyses.
How knowledge was gained and how the author finds out about things crucial for this study is enlightened in chapter 3 Methodology. This chapter references to the process of obtaining information and explain using certain methods essential for this study.
Analysed material was collected during the archaeological survey. In chapter 4 Criticism of the sources and the ceramic material will be mentioned, criticism of the sources, from where the ceramic material come, which means archaeological survey as well as criticism of ceramic material itself.
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Briefly introduction to the Halaf culture will provide the chapter 5 Background of Halaf pottery. In first section will be acknowledged the beginnings of the examination of so called Halaf culture. The history of research and short introduction of crucial sites will be followed by next section, which deal with established periodization. The author of this thesis will divide material on the basis of technological attributes to the ware categories. Therefore, final section of this chapter will be focused on the characteristics and definitions of different types of ware and their definitions used on the Tell Arpachiyah and Yarim Tepe in Iraq and Tell Sabi Abyad, Chagar Bazar, Tell Halula and Tell Arbid Abyad, which are situated in the Syria.
The Late Neolithic period for an area of Iraqi Kurdistan might be considered as terra ignota. The history and current state of archaeological research in Iraqi Kurdistan will be introduced in chapter 6 State of research on Halaf pottery in Iraqi Kurdistan. Here will be mentioned survey as well as excavations projects.
Analysed material was collected during the EHAS in Iraqi Kurdistan, which is part of bigger project Resource Cultures. Sociocultural Dynamics and the Use of Resources, conducted by the Tuebingen University (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015:92). In chapter 7 The Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS) will be shortly introduce survey, what the task of this project is and which methodology it is using. The area where this project is conducted will then be described.
For better understanding of the location of the Halaf sites in Iraqi Kurdistan it is important to look at environment, where were identified settlement’s pattern dated to this period. Chapter 8 Physical Environment of surveyed area will briefly introduce geomorphology, climate, hydrology, flora and fauna within the studied field. This chapter will deal with contemporary physical environment, which will be followed by conditions established during the Late Neolithic period within surveyed area.
Sites from the EHAS project, where were identified settlement’s pattern dated to the Halaf period, will be discuss in chapter 9 Sites with Halaf pottery in EHAS. In this description not only the survey site number will be included but also the site name, if it was possible to find out a Kurdish and/or an Arabic toponymal and ancient name. The location and access to each site will be described, its coordinates, means of discovery, type of site, its dimensions, such as shape, estimate measure, length, height, height above sea level, relation to environment and suggested period of occupation. Each site will in chart show the amount of
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collected ceramic material, which was dated to the various period. It will be demonstrated a photographical documentation of each site, as well as its spatial location within the Iraqi Kurdistan on the map.
Chapter 10 Description of ceramic material from EHAS will provide the description of the obtained ceramic material, which will be presented according to pre-defined characteristics. It will be mentioned a state of preservation, general characteristics, technology, decoration, types of rims and bases, types of vessels and discussion to each type of ware, where will be presented correspondence to the categories from literature. Pottery that was analysed came from three different sites, each one is in diverse zone. These zones were established on the base of geomorphological characteristics. Analysed sherds will be compared with material from excavations with an aim to define the possible Halaf occupation more precisely at particular site.
The final chapter 11 Conclusion will summarize results from analyses of a ceramic material. In this chapter will be made a comparison of type of ware that was reported in each zone. Furthermore, on the basis of analyses might be/might be not possible to assume in which sequence of the Halaf period these sites were occupied.
2 Research questions/ additional aims
This study is a preliminary effort to present the ceramic material from the EHAS project. Pottery, which is analysed, originates from a surface collection organized in Autonomous Region of Kurdistan in the Republic of Iraq. In a frame of this project is surveyed region divided into the zones according to geographical and morphological attributes. Thesis is focused on the ceramic material from three sites among three different zones with aim to present and to compare the Halaf ceramic material within the surveyed area. These sites, with the most representative material, are selected to show, what kind of material could be subsequently expected in particular zone. Each one could reflect regional variability, therefore one of the goals also in the future study is identifying the local material culture from the Late Neolithic and to compare it with different regions of Iraqi Kurdistan.
One of purposes of this study is to distinguish more precisely the Halaf pottery in the chronological order from Pre-Halaf/Proto-Hassuna, Proto-Halaf, Early Halaf, Middle Halaf, Late Halaf and Halaf-Ubaid Transitional.
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The other additional aim, but not less important, is working toward a local chronology for the Halaf period, based on local material.
The Halaf pottery is divided on ware bases according to the technological and morphological characteristics. Terms applied in this study are all derived outside the Iraqi Kurdistan, therefore other objective is to investigate, whether these terms might be/might be not used in the studied region.
3 Methodology
I consider this chapter as an important part of the study because of clarification the process, which I was going through. The organisation of the database played a significant role when approaching methodology. The database, which I used, was partly based on the database from Tell Arbid Abyad and the pottery coding system used in EHAS project. Excavations on Tell Arbid Abyad, a site situated in the north-eastern Syria, were conducted under supervision of Inna Mateiciucová from Masaryk University, and they were using adapted classification and description system from Olivier Nieuwenhuyse (Vostrovská et al 2011:1, 5).
With the aim to build up a ware catalogue I am forced to be confronted with a lack of information about Halaf period in surveyed region. I am bound to do it in the surveyed area from nearly a scratch, using few knowledges about local material from literature and insights from neighbouring and closest region. For division to the categories, such as Standard Ware, Fine Painted Ware etc. serves primarily criteria and technological attributes according to Olivier Nieuwenhuyse (2006). It is crucial to remember that these terms originate from outside the Iraqi Kurdistan and therefore in this area might be reported not only slightly different but completely new types of ware.
For relevant information of ceramic material I considered site, sherd number, shape, rim shape and orientation, lip, handles, carination, base, base transition, rim, body and total height, thickness min./max., rim, shoulder, body and base diameter, the main and the minor inclusions as well the quantity of them, exterior and interior slip, surface treatment and condition, firing and firing hardness, traces of usage, matrix core, exterior and interior colour, decoration, paint lustre and design of decoration. The acquired information should allow me to construct a workable ware classification on the base of the local material.
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After creating a database and studying literature, I attended campaigns of the Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS) in autonomous region Iraqi Kurdistan. Peter Pfälzner and Paola Sconzo gave me an opportunity to study the Late Neolithic pottery from a survey and allowed me to analyse ceramic material. As a member of project, I had the possibility to get to know and to interact with material from this area.
First of all, I went through a relational database in Microsoft Access, which is used for the documentation of EHAS. In this database, by querying, I searched for sites, where potential Halaf occupation have been detected. I made a list of these sites with aim to present them in this study and show location of Halaf settlements reported in this region.
In this thesis I make a description of Halaf ceramics from three different sites, each site belonging to a different zone according to the geomorphological attributes. Zones, where the Halaf pottery was found, are described in the chapter Sites with Halaf pottery in EHAS. The analysed ceramic material was divided according to the technological attributes to ware. In each type of ware is mentioned general characteristics, technology, decoration, types of rims and bases, types of vessels and discussion to each type of ware according to the aforementioned categories. The gaining of drawings and photos of analysed material was also crucial.
This thesis goes towards a preliminary effort to present obtained material from EHAS, which have been dated to Halaf period, and compare it also with material, which is known from stratigraphic sequences of continuously occupied sites in the Iraq and well documented sites in Syria. Comparison of obtained material from survey was made according to the publications and results from the excavations at Tell Arpachiyah and Yarim Tepe in Iraq and Tell Sabi Abyad, Chagar Bazar, Tell Halula and Tell Arbid Abyad, which are located in Syria. The reason for choosing these sites is that they are mostly continuously occupied sites with a good stratigraphical sequence. Sites in Iraq were chosen because they are situated near the studied region and it might be possible to get similar material. Furthermore, cultures in the past were spreading also beyond the borders of current states, therefore for comparison were selected also sites in Syria. Additional reason for selecting Syrian sites is that there have been conducted long-term research on the Halaf period, which enable to bring more precise results suitable for comparison (Mallowan 1936; Hijara 1980; Akkermans 1989, Akkermans and Le Miére 1992; Akkermans 1993; Le Miére and Nieuwenhuyse 1996, Nieuwenhuyse 2006; Vostrovská et al 2011; Cruells et al 2013).
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4 Criticism of the sources and the ceramic material
In this chapter I would like to focus on weaknesses both of the ceramic material and of where this ceramic material comes from, an archaeological survey.
Firstly, I would like to concentrate on archaeological survey and give examples, what might be seen as problematic also during the nowadays conducted surveys and their results. It might happen, that some archaeologists are conducted, what they consider as archaeological survey, meanwhile another ones might recognize their action just like sketchy inspection (King 1978:8). Survey should be accurate, the question remains, how accurate? For survey is crucial well recording and description, which might lead later to satisfying interpretation (Howard 2007:7-8).
Finding a new locality is determined by its visibility, which might be maintain through satellite images, different atlases or right in field. The Late Neolithic sites are usually small and this stand also for Halaf period (Davidson 1977:17), although during the late Halaf settlements became greater (Nieuwenhuyse and Wilkinson 2008:270). It might happen that these small sites might be also merged into the surrounding landscape due to the erosion and/or agricultural activities (Mateiciucová 2010:411). For a detection of prehistoric settlements in survey might be sufficient to separate a team into two groups, the first one would focus on the geoarchaeology, landscape and would conduct a small site survey, the second group would inspect tells and its surroundings (Nieuwenhuyse and Wilkinson 2008:271-272). Detection of Halaf occupation might be on tells harder, because their settlements might be buried beneath the layers of later occupations. Even if on tells was found a presence, it might be possible, that Neolithic occupation might precede tell and/or might have been subsumed within it (Nieuwenhuyse and Wilkinson 2008:285). Neolithic society might have preferred mobile way of life, so their occupation assemblages might not have had such a great impact on environment (Nieuwenhuyse and Wilkinson 2013:293). Furthermore, the Neolithic sites are dating to an early Holocene stage, which make their identification harder, because they might be buried by considerable amount of sediments (Altaweel et al. 2012:6).
Location of new sites in EHAS was based mostly on beforehand knowledge on their position (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015:102, 108). Due to this and the fact that Halaf sites are
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mostly small size and require most precise off-site survey, I might assume that this might be a reason for a lack of Halaf sites in EHAS. Other reason might be that Halaf culture was not widespread in greater extent among studied region.
Collecting ceramic material in survey might lead to following questions: How many sherds is needed to create a representative sample from a surface site? How the interpretation might be based on the collected sherds? How we might know that the number of sherds represents casual visit, temporary use or the number of collected sherds, which are dated to the particular period are not significant? Does it make a critical difference using survey methods onsite such as gridding plan or discrete sampling, with further interpretation? (Bintliff 2011: XVII, XVIII).
In EHAS was each site mapped and described, then divided into collection units on the bases of topographic features (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015:102, 108). If we conducted survey and set it into grid of fields, we might miss some periods in grid unit as well as the majority of those collections from one unit might be largely undiagnostic. On the other hand, survey with discrete sampling could provide scope of periods even though number of diagnostic sherds might belong to less well-known periods (Bintliff, 2013:198).
There are surveys which consider the Late Neolithic as a single period and they do not take into consideration changes within this period (Nieuwenhuyse and Wilkinson 2008:69). In EHAS has been the Late Neolithic period divided into Pre-Proto Hassuna, Proto-Hassuna, Hassuna and Halaf with no further division. In practice, the prehistoric ceramic material from surveys is less chronologic precise. For Halaf period is chronological division based mostly on decorative style and majority of sherds from surface collection might be too fragmented and/or eroded due to depositional processes and/or ploughing the land, to show the original motifs and design. The vessel shape typology of Halaf pottery should refer to complete shapes, what might not be obtained from surface collections. Furthermore, as a major complication might be seen number of samples, which are often too small (Nieuwenhuyse 2000:155; Nieuwenhuyse and Wilkinson 2008:273).
The main disadvantage of survey is, that it could not be directly followed stratigraphically sequences. Although if surveys are systematically done, they might give a reliable overview of material culture thought time in surveyed region. Furthermore, definitions and classifications of collected ceramic material could be made only on the bases of comparison. This gives an indication, that pottery should have followed exactly the same or
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similar path of development, what does not have to be necessarily truth. Therefore the local variability of ceramics assemblages in the region, which has not been examined well yet, has to be taken in to consideration.
For defining and comparison of a ceramic material I considered problematic disparate ceramic material from excavations in Iraqi Kurdistan and therefore also limited published publications, lack of quantitative data, radiocarbon sampling, which it partly caused by lack of continuity in occupation at most of Halaf sites (Bernbeck and Nieuwenhuyse 2013, 1). Also division inside the Halaf periods is still poorly understand, even if it is getting better.
Furthermore, I consider as a questionable the Halaf itself, its definition and terminology, e.g. distinction between Middle and Late Halaf (Campbell 1992: 72; Nieuwenhuyse 2000:156). For more exact information it is necessarily to work out terminology, which could suit also the new reveal material with possibility to compare it with already obtained material. This point might be solved progressively by commencement of new excavation and by re-examination of material from previous conducted excavations and surveys with the aim to fit it to pre-defined characteristics, regarding local variability. However, it is not always clear, what might be consider as local variability and what as completely new culture. And additionally, new excavations could reveal and bring new materials with a need to define new terminology. Nevertheless, it should be taken into consideration, that if there will be new terminology created it must be generally accepted firstly (Campbell 2007:106).
5 Background of Halaf pottery
5.1 Introduction
In this chapter I would like to shortly introduce Halaf culture horizon. At first, I would like to mention a site, where for the first time this type of ceramic material was found. This will be followed with subsequent excavations projects, which were purposely focused on Halaf occupation or Halaf layers were revealed during the examination process. More information about archaeological projects conducted only in region of Iraqi Kurdistan will be presented in chapter State of research on Halaf pottery in Iraqi Kurdistan. Additionally, there are already lists of sites, where were conducted examination of Halaf tradition (e.g. Hijara 1977:61-67), therefore in this chapter I would like to point out those, which I consider as
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crucial. This will be followed by the process of establishment of chronology in the Syria and in the Iraq. Background of Halaf pottery will end by pointing out types of wares. In this subchapter will be displayed short characteristic of each ware e.g. Standard Ware etc., from sites, specifically Tell Halula, Chagar Bazar, Tell Sabi Abyad, Tell Arpachiyah and Yarim Tepe, if possible. For each ware will be mentioned a site, where for the first time was identified, by whom, which phase is typical for, further technological features such as temper, firing circumstances, surface treatment and conditions, decoration motifs, colour of paintings, if possible. In subsection of this ware category will be assort those, which have not been identified in an area of Iraqi Kurdistan so far, but their are consider as a part of Halaf culture.
Halaf type of pottery was for the first time detected by John Garstang at site Sakçe Gözü, which is situated in the Turkey. Report from this excavation was short, due to lack of material for comparison (Frankel 1979:2). The higher attention on the ceramic material was paid after the excavation at eponymous site Tell Halaf, the ancient site of Guzana, conducted by Max Freiherr von Oppenheim during 1899, 1911 to 1913, and later in 1929 (Frankel 1979: 2; Becker 2012:25; Grellert and Schmid 2015:2). More information about Halaf period brought excavations in Yunus led by Charles Leonard Woolley in 1913 (Wooley 1934: 146; Campbell 1992: 1; Becker 2015,6). In 1927 was conducted an examination and later until 1938 also excavation of Tepe Gawra by Ephraim Speiser, later by Charles Bach. Precise report about examination was written by Arthur J. Tobler (Tobler 1950:1; Rothman 2002: 20, 24, 26). These examinations of Tepe Gawra revealed late Halaf period, which continued into the Ubaid period (Davidson 1977: 72). Material detected during these excavations was mainly re-deposited and was without any well-preserved stratigraphical sequence (Bernbeck 2006: 714; Spataro and Fletcher 2010, 92). More precise results brought subsequent excavations, which were conducted in Syria and in the northern Iraq (Davidson 1977, 8).
During the excavation of a site Nineveh directed by Max Mallowan has been identified a layer Ninevite 2 phase, which revealed ceramic material like those from Tell Halaf (Frankel 1979, 3). Max Mallowan then in 1932 concentrated at site Tell Arpachiyah (Mallowan and Rose 1935, 1, 3). He divided ceramic material into painted and unpainted ware, incised pottery, incised and burnished ware, incised and painted ware and monochrome burnished ware (Mallowan and Rose 1935: 172-175). On behave of analyses of ceramic material, Max Mallowan identified stylistic differences, which might have served as indication for development, and he divided the Halaf period to the Early, Middle and Late
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Halaf (Mallowan and Rose 1935: 43; Davidson 1977, 27). This was the first attempt to work towards the Halaf chronology. Later was this site re-excavated by Ismail H. Hijara, whose divided ceramic assemblages further to the new types of ware (Hijara 1976, 131).
In Khabur region was conducted an archaeological survey during 1934. Subsequently in 1935 was a site Chagar Bazar choose for excavation (Mallowan 1936: 5; Davidson 1977: 90; Cruells 2006, 5) to present occupation during the main periods among this region. This examination was led by Max Mallowan. The importance of tell might be seen in its position. During the Late Neolithic lay on a frequented route, which connected other Halaf sites in this region with Jabal Sinjar and areas close to the Tigris River (Mallowan 1936, 1-2, 5, 7; Davidson 1977, 90). Since 1999 by Universitat Autònoma of Barcelona under leading of Walter Cruells, University of Liège, under coordination of Önhan Tunca and the General Direction of Antiquities and Museums of Syria with representation by Abd el-Masih Baghdo from the Antiquities Department of Hasseke, was conducted a project with aim for systematic investigation of prehistoric layers (Cruells 2006, 5; Cruells et al. 2013, 467). At Chagar Bazar have been detected Samarra as the early stages of Halaf culture. This shows the paths of first occurrence of Halaf tradition in the Khabur region, with its predecessor. Results from excavation enable establishing a chronology, which consists from Halaf A – Formative Stage and Halaf B or Developed Stage. These phases are then further subdivided (Cruells 2013: 467).
Another site, which is quite important also for studying Halaf period is Tell Hassuna. In 1942 was detected site Tell Hassuna by Fuad Safar. The site is located 30 km south of present site Mosul. In the following years 1943-1944 started an excavation under the supervision of Seton Lloyd, Fuad Safar and Robert John Braidwood. This examination provided knowledge about the earliest layers of a village from an Iraqi sequence (Braidwood and Howe 1960, 5) At Tell Hassuna were found remains not only of Halaf pottery, but also preceding Samarra and Hassuna cultures and following Ubaid culture. These excavations provided stratigraphical sequence from Proto-Hassuna to Ubaid culture (Lloyd et al. 1945: 290).
Another crucial site for better understanding of Halaf culture is Tell Sabi Abyad. Excavations started in 1986 under leading of Peter Akkermans with aim to clarified chronology of Halaf period in the Balikh valley (Akkermans 1987:23). This project continued for longer time-period and enable in great amount with Halaf terminology (Le Miere and Nieuwenhuyse 1996; Nieuwenhuyse 2006). The revealed layers were dated from PPNB to 14
Early Halaf. The following ware categories, which are applied in this study were classified according to the examination of this site.
In Tell Halula were conducted excavations from 1989 by a team from the Autonomous University of Barcelona, directed by Miquel Molist. On this site have been identified continuous stratigraphical sequence layers from PPNB to PN , further subdivide into 7 main phases (Pre-Halaf-Late Halaf) (Gómez et al. 2012:31;Molist et al. 2013:446; Gómez et al. 2014:1)
Another important site for establishing the Late Neolithic terminology is Tell Seker el Aheimar. This site was revealed during 1990-1991 survey, which was organized by French- Japanesse mission, under leading of Yoshihiro Nishiaki. Later from 2000 to 2005 was on this site conducted excavations, which brought results about the earliest pottery (Pre-Proto- Hassuna) in the northern Mesopotamia (Nishiaki 1992:97; Nishiaki and Le Miere 2005:54).
Through the history there are other sites, which were examined and brought information about the Late Neolithic period. To summarize information from these sites is not an aim of this thesis, although it might be one of the goals for the next study.
According to results from excavation we might assume that Halaf tradition was extend in area of northern Iraq, eastern Turkey, northern and coastal Syria and eastern Lebanon, Cilicia (Davidson 1977:ABSTRAKT, Campbell 1992:182; Bernbeck 2006:714). Despite information about extension of Halaf tradition, its origin remains unknown. As the origin area has been considered the northern Iraq, where Halaf culture was spreading from the Zagros Mountains further to the east to the Border of Anatolia (Hijara 1980: 259-264; Akkermans and Le Mière 1992, 1). On the other hand, clay analyses from the Tell Halaf and Chagar Bazar, which are situated in the Khabur region, suggest their production in close vicinity of these sites (Davidson and McKerrell, 1976, 52). Furthermore, the analyses of ceramic material from Syrian Jezirah resulted, that it was also made locally in this region (Akkermans and Le Mière 1992, 21). As the cause for spreading the Halaf pottery (influence) was suggested population movements, migration, emergence of ranked society or trade (Davidson 1977, 344-347, 371; Nieuwenhuyse 2000:153). It is feasible to state that the origin of Halaf culture might be locally in the preceding period (Nieuwenhuyse 2000:153; Le Mière and Picon 2008, 1).
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5.2 Periodization
Although establishing of chronology depends on present sense of history, time and material similarity (Bernbeck 2008:712), it is crucial for work of archaeologists, because serves as framework within social changes (Campbell 2007, 103). Chronology of Halaf period is extremely complex (Cruells and Nieuwenhuyse 2004:49) and still is in process of establishment. On the base of studied literature I would like to remark difficulties, which rise in the Halaf chronology and might be caused by
1) Focusing on the chronology suited only on one site 2) Local subdivisions 3) Misleading terminology 4) Less data for analyses (e.g. lack of sites with continuous stratigraphical sequence)
Towards the first attempt of establishment of chronology for Halaf period worked Max Mallowan during the examination of site Tell Arpachiyah. He proposed a division to the Early, Middle and Late Halaf. As I mentioned before Max Mallowan formed this periodization on the bases of stylistic differences (Mallowan and Rose 1935: 43; Davidson 1977, 27). To this chronology was on the base of the analyses of ceramic material from Tell Aqab, which was processed by Thomas E. Davidson, added the Transitional phase, between the Halaf and Ubaid culture (Davidson 1977:3, 149). On the basis of ceramic material from re-excavated site Tell Arpachiyah Ismail Hijara divide Halaf into new division to four phases (I-IV) (Hijara 1980: 286). This subdivision was later applied to the another sites., but some weakness of this division was pointed out, such as small sample, basis in quantity of various vessels forms and its suitability only on one site (Campbell 1992: 64-66). Number of sites, which established their own chronology started to increase (e.g. Tell Damishliyya, Tell Sabi Abyad, Chagar Bazar, Tell Halula, etc.) (Akkermans 1988: 19). It might make sense that at the beginning of research, scholars tried to establish chronology and due to the lack of examined site, they attempted to do it systematically at least on them examined localities. But this should have been avoided as more information have been obtained. Subsequently there were more studied sites and some researchers started to work towards not only on local, but also on transregional chronologies. A completely new proposal to bipartite division of the Halaf was introduced by Thomas Wilkinson and Stuart Campbell and further was enlarged to: Halaf Ia (earlier than original Early Halaf), Halaf Ib (the old Early Halaf), Halaf IIa (old
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Middle Halaf) and Halaf IIb (old Late Halaf) (Watkins and Campbell 1987: 430; Campbell 1992: 68-75). Excavations on Tell Sabi Abyad identified a new earlier phase of Halaf, called Transitional (Akkermans and Le Miére 1992, 3; Akkermans 1996:26), for which was subsequently proposed term Proto-Halaf (Cruells and Nieuwenhuyse 2004:48). This period was attested also on another sites such as Tell Halula, Chagar Bazar etc (e.g.Cruells 2017:19). Additionally, Walter Cruells suggested division of the Halaf period into Formative phase/Halaf A and Developed phase/Halaf B with further subdivisions. Formative phase/Halaf A, which is preceed by Pre-Halaf/Hassuna, is further subdivided into Proto- Halaf and very Early Halaf. Developed phase/Halaf B includes Early, Middle and Late Halaf and is followed by Post Halaf/Ubaid (Cruells 2017:25) .
In the central and northern part of Iraq the preceders of Halaf culture are two major groups: Standard Hassuna and Samarra. Furthermore, there were identified distinctions between classic Samarra in central Iraq and northern Samarra in northern Iraq, which appeared during the later Standard Hassuna. In northern Iraq the predecessor of Standard Hassuna is Archaic Hassuna (Lloyd et al 1945:257). Before the whole Hassuna period (Archaic Hassuna, Standard Hassuna) was identified in north-east Syria and in Iraq Proto- Hassuna period, for which have been in Syria applied term Pre-Halaf (Akkermans 1993:4, 68; Nieuwenhuyse 2006; Nieuwenhuyse 2013:120). Hassuna ceramic material was subdivided into three parts: Hassuna I, which is defined by Archaic Hassuna (painted pottery) and it is ascertain only in the north Iraq, Hassuna II, characterized by incised Standard Hassuna and Hassuna III, for which is typical painted decoration (Campbell 1992b: 28-52). Further examinations, by Yoshihiro Nishiaki and Marie Le Miere revealed the oldest Pottery Neolithic phase Pre-Proto-Hassuna period, which was further developed into already aforementioned Proto-Hassuna (Nishiaki and Le Miere 2013:58).
But which periodization suit and should be applied in the studied region? Even thought in Iraq might be suggested slightly different terminology for periodization (Campbell 1992b: 28- 52), each chronological framework try to describe the Late Neolithic period. This is a reason, why among these terms might be found analogies, even though they were used in other geographical area. Here I would like to emphasise that it is crucial to work toward the terminology, which might be applied and generally accepted by researchers and it should not be constantly created another one. In Tab 5.1 is shown, how among various chronological frameworks might be found these parallels. For studied region I used periodization Pre-Halaf (Proto-Hassuna, Hassuna I-II), Proto-Halaf/Transitional (Hassuna III, Halaf Ia), Early
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Halaf(Halaf Ib), Middle Halaf (Halaf IIa), Late Halaf(Halaf IIb) and Halaf-Ubaid Transitional (Post-Halaf).(Campbell 1992; Akkermans 1993:4, 68; Nieuwenhuyse 2000:154- 155, 157; Nieuwenhuyse 2006; Nieuwenhuyse 2013:120; Cruells 2017:25)
I would like to emphasise that terms such as Pre-Halaf, Proto-Halaf etc. are establish on the basis of pottery style, whereas in the assemblages might be seen continuity (Nieuwenhuyse 2006)
Tab. 5.1 Relative chronology and cultural phase for Halaf period of the Near Eastern areas and specific sites (after Cruells 2017, 25)
5.2 Division of ware
5.2.1 Introduction
For better understanding of ceramic material should be considered as a relevant establishing of proper terminology. This terminology should characterise pottery remains in more precise way to enable description and comparison of material on completely different sites. As I already mention in chapter Methodology pottery acquired during EHAS project is divided on the base of ware. According to Rice ware is “ceramic material in the raw or fired state; a class of pottery whose members share similar technology, fabric and surface treatment” (Rice 1987:484)
In this subchapter I would like to present ware terminology of Halaf culture, which is based on ceramic-technological attributes. For each term will be mentioned by whom and
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where was this type of ware defined, for which Halaf phase is typical and the technological attributes such production process, temper, firing circumstances, surface treatment, decoration motifs, colour of paintings and type of vessels. This will be presented with aim to apply these definitions for analysed ceramic material from EHAS project. As a basis served definitions by Olivier Nieuwenhuyse (2006).
Most of definitions were precise described on behave of the examination of site Tell Sabi Abyad. (Nieuwenhuyse 2006). This site has been examined since 1986, and revealed at least 11 architectural levels from Neolithic occupation, which were divided into 3 main phases of occupation. Level 11 to level 8 were identified as Pre-Halaf phase, level 7 to level 4 as Transitional period (Proto-Halaf) and level 3 to level 1 as Early Halaf phase (Akkermans 1989, 6, 11; Nieuwenhuyse 2006). On Tell Sabi Abyad were identified layers only from Pre- Halaf, Proto-Halaf and Early Halaf, therefore for knowledge of Middle and Late Halaf must serve other sites with well-preserved stratigraphical sequence. The sequence of Proto-Halaf up to Late Halaf phase was detected in Chagar Bazar. (Cruells, et al 2013, 467, 469; Cruells and Nieuwenhuyse 2004, 53, 54; Cruells 2006, 677). Tell Halula is a site, which as well revealed sequence from Pre-Halaf to the Late Halaf, therefore some information from this site will be also applied in this thesis (Molist et al. 2013, 446; Gallet et al. 2015, 91).
The following lines will present definition of ceramic ware from the Syria to show what characteristic of each ware have been in Syria attested. This do not suggest that the same type of ware has to be documented also in Iraqi Kurdistan or even that particular type of ware has the same attributes. It serves as basis for a research question: whether these terms might be/might be not used in the studied region, to what degree is the well documented northern Syrian classification applicable to Iraqi Kurdistan, even if are in Iraqi Kurdistan in surveyed region find the same wares, which look the same as in northern Syria.
5.2.2 Standard Ware (SW)/Coarse Ware (CO)/Proto-Hassuna/the Bulk
The Standard Ware and the Coarse Ware are two different names for one type of ware, which has the same attributes. Term Coarse Ware was already used in pioneering work in Tell Hassuna by Seton Lloyd, Fuad Safar and Robert John Braidwood (Lloyd et al. 1945:276-278; Braidwood et al. 1983:651-665). This term was applied also in Tell Arpachiyah, Yarim Tepe, Tell Halula, Chagar Bazar as well as at the beginning of
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examination in Tell Sabi Abyad. (Hijara 1980: 186; Merpert and Munchaev 1987:10,29; Akkermans 1989:81;86 1993: 37; Cruells et al. 2013:473; Molist et al. 2013:447-448).
Term Standard ware was established later during the examination of ceramic material from Tell Sabi Abyad and defined as “not a homogenous ware, but rather variety of ceramics groups, which cannot be identified with certainty” (Le Miére and Nieuwenhuyse 1996: 129).
For sites Arpachiyah and Yarim Tepe was made a brief definition. In Tell Arpachiyah was this ware characterised by chaff, grain and gypsum temper. Its surface was rough with self-slipped and colour orange buff and/or reddish buff. Prevalent amount of this ware were identified as bowl fragments. It was used during I, II a III phase (Hijara 1980:186). In Yarim Tepe was this ware with a great amount of vegetable temper, usually dark brown colour. In this site were prevalent vessels thick-walled and flat based jars and bowls (Merpert, Munchaev 1987, 10, 29).
Coarse ware from Tell Halula shows mineral and vegetal inclusions. It was fired in an incompletely reduced atmosphere. Surface was mostly slipped and/or smoothed, burnished and/or brushed (Molist et al.2013:448). For Chagar Bazar was used similar definition, in addition was mentioned measurement of these inclusions, which were larger than 1 mm in diameter. This type was identified in Proto-Halaf and in Early Halaf layers. Among this group have been reported Red Slip wares, which were either plain, decorated or burnished, Simple Coarse wares and Burnished Coarse wares .In the Early Halaf came to decrease of this type of ware( Cruells et al. 2013:473).
More detailed description is known from Tell Sabi Abyad (Nieuwenhuyse 2006) Standard Ware/Coarse Ware was characterised by the use mainly of plant tempered clay fabric, which varies in amount and size, but also mineral inclusions might occur in temper and thus calcite, siltstone and iron-oxide siltstone. Analyses of material from Tell Sabi Abyad showed that this pottery might have been fired during a short interval. This have been suggested due to frequent dark grey to black cores, which is a result of incomplete burning out of plant inclusions. It seems that there is a relation between presence/absence of plant inclusions and wall thickness and rim diameter. Thickness of sherds, which do not have plant inclusions, is lower than those with them. Furthermore there is a link between presence and size of plant inclusions and surface treatment e.g. slipped pottery contain small size plant inclusions, burnished ceramic consist of height amount of small-plant inclusions etc. Smoothing and burnishing are more common in material without plant inclusions. (Le Mière,
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Nieuwenhuyse 1996, 131-132, Nieuwenhuyse 2006) Surface colour range from pink, reddish yellow, light red, pinkish grey, reddish brown, to light brown grey (Nieuwenhuyse 2006). Decoration techniques and surface treatment might be associated also with temper. Incision, impression, appliqué decoration and bitumen painting and roughtly smoothed surface, traces of scraping appeared on those sherds with coarse-plant temper, whereas red-slip, red-painting, red painting and impression bands decoration and carefully finished surfaces, well-smoothing and/or burnishing occurred on sherds with fine plant temper (dung) (Nieuwenhuyse 2006). Standard Ware might be divided into categories according to ceramic technology, vessel shape and decorative style. According to the decorative style it is possible to determine various groups among Standard ware. They furthermore differ in ceramic technology and in shape and size of vessels. It is possible to identify Painted Standard Ware, Red-slipped Standard Ware, White-slipped Standard Ware, Red-painted Standard Ware, Incised Standard Ware, Impressed Standard Ware, Appliqué Standard Ware and Bitumen-painted Standard Ware. These techniques contained in name of these subgroups might be used also in combination and could give a name to further subgroups (Nieuwenhuyse 2006).
Standard ware vessels varied in height, rim and base diameter, wall thickness and orientation of the rim, which suggest their different functions. In Tell Sabi Abyad were identified (bowls with open shapes), jars (closed shapes, with neck),pots (closed shapes without neck), trays (low, with oval shapes), goblets (small shapes) (Nieuwenhuyse 2006)
There have been slightly differences among ware in various stages of Halaf period: In Tell Sabi Abyad was typical during Pre-Halaf smoothing of surface, pottery was lightly coloured and it occurred self-slip. Shapes of ceramic were simple and monotonous (Le Mière, Nieuwenhuyse 1996:135; Nieuwenhuyse 2006). For decoration were typical painting, appliqué, impression and incision. Colour of painting was red and design consists of triangles, organized in horizontal zones and sometimes lined by chevrons. Appliqué was limited only to blobs and crescents, which were horizontally fixed. Impressions are commonly used with painting and used for dotted lines, vertical or oblique bands of parallel, straight lines, horizontal wavy bands. Paintings and appliqué are found from level 11 forward, incision from level 10 forward and pattern-burnishing from level 8 onwards. (Le Mière and Nieuwenhuyse 1996, 138; Nieuwenhuyse 2006). During the later stages occurred Red-slipped Standard ware.
Transitional period/Proto Halaf at Tell Sabi Abyad showed increase of material with large plant inclusions and with large mineral inclusion. It has been detected decline of application of slip, red-slip, self-slip and burnishing, whereas amount of smoothened pottery 21
increased in level 6, decrease in level 5 and again increase in level 4. It appeared pottery, which is mainly buff, pinkish-red and additionally cream and orange-red in colour. During this period have been reported also reduction in size of vessel. Generally pottery was less carefully finished. On the other hand, in earliest level of Transitional phase/Proto Halaf has been identified black pigment, which was ascertain in laboratory (Nieuwenhuyse 2006)
Techniques of decoration were painting, appliqué, incision, impression, pattern- burnishing and occasionally combination of them. The paint was mainly red and burnished, sometimes black and in the earliest level occur bitumen Design consist of triangles either plain, or crosshatched, parallel lines, chevrons and herringbones. Impressions have been made with comb to produce dotted lines, straight wavy bands and shallow lines. Incisions consist of chevrons, zigzags, lines, crosshatched triangles, group of linear incisions in zones. Plastic decorations contain blobs and horizontal crescents and was restricted only to level 6. (Le Mière, Nieuwenhuyse 1996, 144, 150, 156; Nieuwenhuyse 2006)
During the Early Halaf Period began reduction in morphological variability. The ceramic material were plain, coarsely made with roughly smoothed surface, sometimes appeared traces of finger-pressing and scraping. It have been reported stopping of using slip and Standard ware pottery was no longer decorated (Nieuwenhuyse 2006)
5.2.3 Standard Fine Ware/Standard Hassuna/Samarra Fine Ware/Samarra Standard Ware
Although scholars are using as well this terminology, there are more problems with its applying. The first problem rise from term Samarra pottery. It is still uncertain, whether it represents cultural tradition or separate technological tradition or only a style of pottery decoration. For a better understanding of this type of ware is important to examine pottery according technological criteria such as choice and preparation of raw material, shaping methods and firing techniques (Nieuwenhuyse et al 2001, 148, 149).
In Arpachiyah and Yarim Tepe has not been characterized type of ware with exactly this name, but in Yarim Tepe I were found kilns, which indicate that there might be produced this ware. Maybe re-examination of ceramic material from Yarim Tepe might show appearance of Standard Fine ware. These kilns enabled to control oxidation-reduction cycles, which was crucial during the production process to create dark paint on a light surface of this ware. This dark colour of decoration on a light-coloured background is one of crucial feature
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of Standard Fine ware feature (Merpert and Munchaev 1973:102; Streily 2000:71-72; Nieuwenhuyse 2006; Nieuwenhuyse 2009:85). Although most common colours were black, dark-grey or dark brown, there appeared also dark red, brown or orange paint colour with mat thickly applied paint (Nieuwenhuyse 2006)
In Tell Halula appeared Standard Fine ware in Proto-Halaf phase. The appearance of pottery suggests using kilns, where the oxidation process could be controlled. Potters used fine clay, well levigated clay with non-plastic and sometimes with small mineral inclusions. For surface treatment was applied smoothing, burnishing, and brushing and/or light slip on external surface. Decoration motifs were mostly geometric, in some cases occurred also dancing ladies motifs (Molist et al. 2013:447; Gómez et al. 2014:5)
Analyses of pottery from Tell Sabi Abyad showed that ceramic material, which is classified Standard Fine ware, was reported from the earliest so called Proto- Halaf/Transitional levels. Pottery was made of finely textured clay, which contained mainly mineral inclusions or even any inclusions were visible. Through this period appeared trend of using finer clay. In the earlier stages of Transitional was typical sandy clay, whereas during the later Transitional period appeared small lime particles. Ceramic remains were usually completely oxidized, or slightly reduced with the dark grey or black section, which appeared only with combination of plant inclusion. The colour has been reported buff, cream greenish, grey, red, brown or orange. Its surface has been in most cases carefully smoothed, burnished washed or self-slipped, but also scraping traces were found, predominantly in the interior side. Most of sherds were painted with black or brown colour in matt lustrous. The painting decoration might appear also with a combination of impression and incisions. In the early Transitional occurred interrupted pattern of decoration such as diagonal lines, vertical zigzags or chevrons. For this phase was typical free-floating manner, undulating lines, horizontal chevrons and/or wavy strikes, with one or two decorations zones. Later decorative style was created from continuously horizontal patterns and multiple zones, which is seen as crucial feature of ‘classic’ Samarra Fine ware. Crosshatched designs (vertical, horizontal, vertical- diagonal) appeared during the later Transitional.
Decoration slowly began appear not only in the exterior, but also in the interior, although much more simplifier and attached to the rim, or in floating manner. which was created boundaries between zones (Le Mière, Nieuwenhuyse 1996, 161-163; Nieuwenhuyse 2006).
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5.2.4 Grey Black Ware/ Grey Burnished Ware
Term Grey Burnished Ware was for the first time used by Ismail Hijara on Tell Arpachiyah. According to Hijara Grey Burnished Ware was made of pure clay and grit temper, vessels had thick walls and the section showed carbonization. On the other hand this definition made by Hijara correspond to the Mineral Coarse Ware from Tell Sabi Abyad (Nieuwenhuyse 2006). Hijara furthermore suggested utilization of the most of these vessels as cooking pots (Hijara 1978, 143). During excavation of Tell Sabi Abyad , in 1989 was established term Grey Black Ware (Akkermans 1989, 82, 93).
This ceramic ware resulted from combination of purposely reduced firing, as Dark- Faced Burnished ware, but for its better identification served other criteria that implied technological and stylistic aspects such as fabric, surface treatment, vessel size and decorative style (Nieuwenhuyse 2006).
In Tell Halula was detected this ware during the Midde and Late Pre-Halaf. During Proto-Halaf was reported in smaller amounts (Molist et al. 2013:446-447).
Report from Tell Sabi Abyad suggested that for production of Grey Black Ware was chosen fine clay, either plant inclusions of small size and small quantities or fine minerals such as dark-grey sand, calcite, limestone, siltstone, quartz or basalt. Section of this type of ware were often completely dark and due to end reduction appears so called sandwich effect. Fabric of ceramic material depend on the size and function of vessel. Sherds with coarser plant fabric had thickener walls and rim diameter, whereas small vessels with thinner walls were made of finer fabric and more often were decorated, mostly with incising and/or pattern burnishing. Generally, exterior surface was either burnished and/or smoothed, whereas in the interior side might be seen traces of smearing, scraping and finger-pressing and burnishing only bellow rim. Some bowls indicated that slipping might precede firing and during the firing process potters decided whether particular vessel will be Standard Ware or Grey-Black Ware. Surface had homogenous dark grey to black colour. Occasionally happened, that surface was even darker then core. If vessel contain larger quantities of vegetal inclusions, it might cause darker cores due to incomplete burning-out of plant composition and might appear double sandwich effect (Nieuwenhuyse 2006).
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During Pre-Halaf occurred various decoration motifs. For decoration were used different techniques such as incising, impressing, appliqué and pattern-burnishing. Incising and impressing were most used techniques for decoration. Impressed motifs have been made during dying by sharply pointed tool. For impressing were used either sharply pointed tools to create short stabs or shell or comb, which were used for making rows of chevrons, diagonal lines and zigzags. Pattern-burnishing motifs constituted of diagonal cross-hatching. Amount of decorated pottery have been changing through time, during the Transitional period quantity of decorated pottery decreased and in Early Halaf disappeared completely and vessels were left plain. (Nieuwenhuyse 2006).
5.2.5 Mineral Coarse Ware
Mineral Coarse Ware was introduced at Tell Sabi Abyad in 1996 report. (Le Mière, Nieuwenhuyse 1996, 128)
Mineral Coarse Ware represents small group during the Pre-Halaf and Proto- Halaf/Transitional period in site Tell Sabi Abyad. For this type of ware is typical coarse, granular fabric with large amount of crushed minerals and intentionally added crystalline calcite. Deliberately might have been added also shell, grog and basalt (Nieuwenhuyse 2006). On the base of analyses and their results have been demonstrated, according to inclusion and functional attributes might be this type of ware also divided into subgroups. One of them could be suitable and defined as ‘cooking ware’ (Nieuwenhuyse 2006). This ware is frequently burnished exterior as well as interior and furthermore also lugs, what might effect porosity of the vessels and reduced it (Nieuwenhuyse 2006). Any changes have been reported during the time so far, only in quantity. Limited amount have been reported in Pre-Halaf and progressive rise at the end of the Transitional Period. In Early Halaf have been noted growing of Mineral Coarse Ware and on the other hand decreasing of Dark Faced Burnished Ware (Nieuwenhuyse 2006). Colour of Mineral Coarse Ware varies from buff to grey and dark (Le Mière and Nieuwenhuyse 1996: 128).
5.2.6 Halaf Fine Ware
At Tell Sabi Abyad have been Halaf Fine Ware slowly evolved during the Proto- Halaf/Transitional from the Standard Fine Ware. As its name suggested, it had relatively soft
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fabric. In this type of ware the potter tried to remove any impurities and they tried to avoid plant and mineral inlcusions. This resulted in that during the Early Halaf might not be seen microscopically any inclusions and/or only small white particles. In terms of decoration have been during the Proto-Halaf/Transitional identified not only painting but also impressing and incising, which started to be disappearing and in Early Halaf was decoration restricted only to painting. Decoration became through time more complex, what is reflected in increasing amount of decoration zones. Early Halaf paint colour was predominantly black, dark grey or dark, but also dark red, brown and orange occurred. Furthermore, these painting decorations started to be glossy. Dark, slightly glossy paint applied on a whitish surface was consider as the very best, what during the Early Halaf might be produced (Nieuwenhuyse 2006; 2009:86). In Tell Sab Abyad was detected that larger vessels were less decorated in comparison with smaller one during the Early Halaf. As decoration motifs appeared mostly geometric, non- representational designs, although small amount of representational such as plants, trees, animals, which were surrounded by dots and mostly in ‘unbounded’ way were also reported. Beside external decoration, it began to emerge more frequently also decoration of interior though in simpler way. On the base of decoration of Halaf Fine ware has been suggested using this type of ware for displaying in public, during serving and consumption of liquids (Nieuwenhuyse 2006).
At site Tell Arpachiyah Max Mallowan distinguish ceramic material on the bases of stylistic differences. Later Ismail Hijara tried to distinguish slightly more precisely Halaf pottery. He divided Halaf pottery to Halaf Fine Ware, Halaf Medium Ware and Halaf Soft Ware (Hijara 1976, 141). Halaf Fine Ware defined as a ceramic material, where some sherds are burnished and have chalky-white slip (Hijara 1997, 24, 67). Examination of ceramic material from Tell Arpachiyah by Thomas Davidson inform in more detail about characteristics of each phase of Halaf period. Analyses showed that ceramic material from these phases (Early, Middle and Late Halaf) displayed various chemical compositions, what means that pottery categorized to each one of them cannot be mixed up with another one (Davidson 1977:27). For Early Halaf was typical monochrome dark brown paint on buff colour surface, which might be/might not be slipped. Except buff colour of surface, it occurred also pink. The matrix showed that the prevalent firing was conducting in an oxidising atmosphere. The clay of pottery was fine, with an occurrence of calcite grains. The decorations were painted in colours from red to black, but predominantly in dark brown colour and sometimes it appeared ‘polytone’ effect. As a reason for this effect was not
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suggested intentional using of various paint colours, but poorly regulation of an atmosphere in kilns (Davidson 1977:27, 28). Decoration appeared in broad bands along the exterior rim and the base. Motifs were geometric, vertically oriented bucrania, dots, cross-hatched lozenges, wavy lines, vertical lines, horizontal and vertical undulating lines. These motifs were applied on bowls in panels, separated by one or more bands of paint as continuous horizontal and vertical running motifs, whereas on the jars they occurred on the shoulders, what was sometimes expanded below the greatest diameter, then on exterior of the neck and the interior rim. (Davidson 1977:30, 34, 36). The following Middle Halaf showed with comparison of Early Halaf some technological improvements. The colour of paint and the fabric of ceramic material suggested that the firing circumstances were controlled, even though large white mineral inclusions still occurred in some cases. This improved fabric might be caused either by using another type of clay and/or by refining of clay, before it was used by potters. During the Middle Halaf sometimes appeared white slip, which was applied also in preceding Early Halaf. As an important technological innovation of Middle Halaf was seen development of polychrome decoration, which might have been enabled by change of ceramic technology, including kiln design. Colours of decoration varied from red to brown to black. The typical way of decoration during the Early Halaf, the covering of the whole external surface, was not in use during the Middle Halaf in Tell Arpachiyah anymore. The typical new motifs, which were not observed in previous Early Halaf were e.g. concentric swags, cable motifs, chequeboards designs, concentric swags egg and dot, horizontal bucrania, which were arranged in continuous horizontal band. The decoration of exterior surface in comparison with previous phase was less covered with paint, although it continued to the rim and the main decorative zones were divided by painted vertical lines. The distinction between the Middle Halaf and Late Halaf was not precisely described, although the new technological feature was identified and thus occurrence of white paint on vessels, resp. an introduction of polychrome pottery with white stipple decoration Polychrome decoration was already known but more frequent became during the Late Halaf. There have been identified no other changes in decorative techniques (Davidson 1977:37-55). Late Halaf was identified also by variation of vessel shapes and presence of bichrome and polychrome decoration and ‘surface manipulation’ such as finger and fingernails impressions (Campbell 1992:63, 73). I would like to emphasise that the distinction between the Middle and Late Halaf was identified in introduction of polychrome painted pottery and Red ware.(Nieuwenhuyse 2000:156).
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In Tell Halula the Halaf pottery was divided into 4 categories: fine Halaf unpained wares, fine Halaf painted wares, mineral and vegetal-tempered coarse ware. The Pottery displayed homogeneity with predominance of fine wares with mineral inclusions, which showed that their firing was conducted mostly in oxidizing atmosphere, whereas coarse wares in reduced atmosphere. On surface was applied sometimes slip, and/or was brushed, or burnished. Colour of monochrome painted vessels were black brown and red, whereas polychrome vessels showed combination of black and red, sometimes also white. The decorative motifs, such as geometric, floral, zoomorphic, horizontal bucrania were located in the upper part of vessel, furthermore in the exterior and interior of the lip (Molist et al. 2013:448).
By this type of ware I would like to point out results from The Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project, which marks the southern boundaries of EHAS project. Among collected materials are prevalent those with fine and uniform fabric, and with no visible inclusions. Colours of sherds vary from yellow to orange to buff. For painted motifs are typical geometric, which are represent mostly by dots, chain, grids, herringbones, bands, concentric circles and lozenges. whereas figurative appears sporadically and from naturalistic appears flowers and birds.. The decorations occur on exterior and/or on interior of vessels. The paint is red-brown, black or purple. For most of the pottery dted to the Halaf period was applied term Painted ware and it was not provide further subdivision (Gavagnin et al. 2016: 122-124)
5.2.7 Other wares
In this subsection I would like to point out, that there have been identified and established other types of ware, Orange Fine ware and Dark-Faced Burnished ware, which I would like shortly introduce here.
Dark-Faced Burnished ware express group, which was exchanged over large areas, but its origin remains still unknown. It was identified during the examination of Amuq plain by Robert Braidwood. Theory of exchange is based on its inclusions and particularly amphibole mineral, which do not occur in northern Syria, but its source might have been in north-western Syria or Cilicia. Its presence has not been detected in the Iraqi Kurdistan so far. It might be caused either by not trading of this ware to the region or by lack of examination in
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studied area. But it should be taken in consideration that amphibole occurs also in the Zagros and Taurus mountains (Nieuwenhuyse 2006).
Orange Fine ware is known from numerous Late Neolithic sites in Syria, but for the first time has been defined at a site Tell Sabi Abyad (La Mière, Nieuwenhuyse 1996: 160). It seems to be restricted to the Balikh valley, northeaster-Syria, area along the Khabur River and south Syria along the Euphrates River. These sites have been dated to the Transitional period in the Balikh Valley, about 6 100- 5 900 BC, whereas in the north-eastern Syria sites have been dated to the Proto-Hassuna period. So far have not been identified in Iraqi Jezirah (Nieuwenhuyse 2006) .
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6 State of research on Halaf pottery in Iraqi Kurdistan
In this chapter I would like to highlight important projects, which have been conducted in the area of Iraqi Kurdistan (Fig.6.1). At first, I would like to mention those, which might be labelled as pioneering work, but brought essential information. For these projects I will mention number of detected sites dated to the Halaf period. This will be followed by nowadays conducted projects, which are subdivided to the survey projects and excavation projects.
Fig.6.1 The Autonomous Region of Kurdistan1
The autonomous region of Kurdistan in Republic of Iraq has attracted archaeologists from all over the world due to increase of political stability and maybe also as a result of the civil war in Syria, where these days is not possible to conduct research. Until then, the
1 1 After https://www.veteranstoday.com/2017/08/22/referendum-puts-iraqi-kurdistan-region-stability-at-risk/ accesed in November 2017
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attention to this region has not been paid in such as great depth and archaeological examination have been conducted only occasionally and was incoherent. This may be the reason why there is a gap in the literature and therefore also the Directorate of Antiquities of Kurdistan supports the foreign researches to explore Kurdish heritage (Kopanias et al 2015:1; Bonacossi and Iamoni 2015:9).
Furthermore, we might assume that most researchers were focused on larger sites, such as Nineveh or Khorsabad (Bonacossi and Iamoni 2015:10), where stratigraphical sequences might reveal “more spectacular assemblages” such as temples and/or palaces. In this point I would like to highlight that EHAS is considered as the first systematic archaeological project, which is conducted in studied region, except the Atlas of the Archaeological Sites in Iraq, which recorded sites. Closed to this region have been conducted projects Iraqi Jarmo Project, Saddam Dam Salvage Project and North Jazirah Project (Tab. 6.1) (Braidwood and Howe 1960: 33;Watson 1983:545; Wilkinson and Tucker 1995: 1; Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015:98-99).
Project Surveyed Excavated sites Director sites The Iraqi Jarmo Gird Banahilk Patty Jo Watson Project (1948, 1950, 1951, 1954 – 1955, 1959) Qalat Jarmo The Saddam Dam Abu Dhahir Warwick Ball Salvage Project (1984-1985) Tell Karrana Kharabeh Shattani Tell Der Hall Tell Jigan Tell Kutan Tell Shelgiyya The North Jezira Tell Rashied Mark Altaweel Project (1986-1990) Tony Wilkinson
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Stuart Campbell Khirbet Baguda NJS 153
Khirbet Garsour NJP 72
Tab. 6.1 The Iraqi Jarmo Project, the Saddam Dam Salvage Project and North Jazirah Project with examined sites (Braidwood and Howe 1960: 33;Watson 1983:545; Ball et al. 2003: 22; Altaweel 2006: 156)
Nowadays surveys, which are conducted in the region, play a crucial role to find not only potential excavations site, but also to record systematically the region with outlands roads, water sources, canals, standing architecture and rock reliefs. Projects, which are conducted, include survey’s projects as well as excavation’s project. Most of excavations projects are carried out as a part of survey project. Nowadays are in the Iraqi Kurdistan conducted at least 13 surveys, which in a frame of its examination revealed also sites, with Halaf ceramic material It goes about The Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey, The Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project, The Upper Greater Zab Archaeological Reconnaissance, The Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey, The Italian Archaeological Expedition in Erbil Plain, The Upper Greater Zab Archaeological Reconnaissance, The Rowanduz Archaeological Program, The Central Zagros Archaeological Project, The North-western Sulaimaniyah Survey, The Rania Plain Survey, The Shahrizor Survey Project, The Upper Tanjaro Archaeological Survey and Sirwan (Upper Diyala) Regional Project (Kopanias et al. 2015, 1). (Tab. 6.2)
Governorate Directorate of Project (since) Director Antiquities
Governorate of Dohuk The Eastern Khabur Archaeological Peter Pfälzner Dohuk Survey (2013) Paola Sconzo The Land of Nineveh Daniele Morandi Archaeological Project (2012) Bonacossi The Upper Greater Zab Rafal Kolinski Archaeological Reconnaissance (2012)
Governorate of Erbil The Erbil Plain Archaeological Jason Ur Erbil Survey (2012) The Italian Archaeological Luca Peyronel Expedition in Erbil Plain (2013) The Upper Greater Zab Rafal Kolinski
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Archaeological Reconnaissance (2012) Soran The Rowanduz Archaeological Michael D. Danti Program (2013)
Governorate of Sulaimaniyah The Central Zagros Archaeological Roger Matthews Sulaimaniyah Project(2012) Wendy Matthews Kamal Rasheed Raheem The North-western Sulaimaniyah Margarete van Ess Survey (2011) Marta Luciani The Rania Plain Survey (2012) Jesper Eidem Tim B.B. Skuldøl The Shahrizor Survey Project Mark Altaweel (2009) Simone Mühl Olivier Nieuwenhuyse Karen The Upper Tanjaro Archaeological Christine Kepinski Survey (2011) Aline Tenu Rasheed Rahim Garmiyan Sirwan (Upper Diyala) Regional Tevfik Emre Şerifoğlu Project (2012) Claudia Glatz Jesse Casana
Tab. 6.2 List of surveys in the Iraqi Kurdistan with reported the Late Neolithic material (after Kopanias et al. 2015:13, 15, 16, 27, 29, 33 38, 39, 41, 43, 46, 51, 52)
During, or even as a results of previous conducted surveys projects, there have been organized also excavations projects on some sites, such as in Erbil citadel, Tell Lashkry, Helawa, Tell Nader, Banahilk/ Gird-I Banahilk, Tell Begum, Gurga Chiya, Tepe Marani, Jarmo, Qalat Said Ahmadan (Tab. 6.3)
Governorate Directorate Project (since) Site Director of Antiquities Governorate Erbil Erbil Citadel Archaeological Erbil citadel Dara Al-Yaqoobi of Erbil Investigation (2013) Abdullah Khorsheed Tell Lashkry: Late Tell Lashkry Miguel Molist Prehistory in the Erbil Montaña Region (2014) The Italian Archaeological Helawa Luca Peyronel Expedition in the Erbil Plain (MAIPE) (2013) Tell Nader Project (2011) Tell Nader Konstantinos Kopanias Soran Banahilk/ Gird-I
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Banahilk
Governorate Sulaimaniyah Shahrizor Survey Project Tell Begum Olivier of (2013) Nieuwenhuyse Sulaimaniyah Takahiro Odaka Akemi Kaneda Simone Mühl The Shahrizor Prehistory Gura Chiya David Wengrow Project (2013) Robert Carter Tepe Marani David Wengrow Robert Carter Jarmo Dorian Q Fuller Qalat Said Ahmadan: A Qalat Said Akira Tsuneki Study of Neolithization and Ahmadan Social Complexity in Prehistoric Kurdistan
Tab. 6.3 Excavations projects in Iraqi Kurdistan
7 The Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS)
Analysed ceramic material in this study have been detected during the survey by the University of Tuebingen. Although survey is a part of bigger project (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015, 91-92), in this section will be shortly introduce only archaeological survey, its main aims, surveyed area, as well as applied methodology.
The commencement of The Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS) was in 2013 (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015, 91). I would like to remind, that survey is led by Peter Pfälzner and Paola Sconzo.
EHAS has four major aims:
1) To determine the potential of the region to provide resources of cultural value 2) To identify changes in the settlement system of the region over time as result of external political impacts 3) To assess the role of the region in inter-regional exchange and communication 4) To study the social and cultural dynamics in the region as a consequence of external relations with lowland Mesopotamia (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015, 93)
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The surveyed region lies in the northeast part of the Dohuk Province in the autonomous region Kurdistan in Republic of Iraq. The core area is the valley of the Eastern Khabur, which belongs to the main tributaries of the Tigris River. Khabur River flows into the Tigris River ca. 25 km from crossing of Hezil Su and near to the village Feş Khabur. The west border of survey constitutes by these rivers and created triangle and political boundaries of three countries Syria, Turkey and Iraq. Bounders of examined area in the northern part are created by Taurus/ Zagros chain. These mountains make also political boundaries between the Iraq Republic (Autonomous Region of Kurdistan) and the Turkey. The east part is limited by the valley of Great Zab. South boundaries are defined by another survey project Land of Nineveh Regional Project (LoNAP). (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015, 93, 94, 98).
The studied area was divided into five zones, trying to follow geographical and morphological characteristics of area. It concerns: (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015: 94-95, 98-99). Zone A: The Tigris valley Zone B: The Eastern Tigris Plateau Zone C: The Lower Zagros chain with the Khabur basin Zone D: The high Zagros chain Zone E: The Amadīya corridor (Fig.7.1) The precise description of zones A, B, C, where were found remains dated to the Late Neolithic period, will be mentioned in chapter Sites with Halaf pottery in EHAS.
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Fig.7.1 Zones of EHAS project (after Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015:95)
Proceeding the first field campaign was set up a geo-database of settlement sites. This was created with making use of existing data from remote images sensing project such as CORONA, GeoEye, DigitalGlobe and cartography (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015:106).
Archaeological survey is organized with vehicle and it is conducted on-site investigation as well as interweaving of local people. Site boundaries and elevation are marked with the help of a hand-held GPS (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015: 107). From the 2014 for recording procedure started to be used an unmanned aerial vehicle (a drone), what improved and speed up the process of mapping and site documentation (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2016: 96).
On sites are collecting diagnostic sherds and other significant small artefacts. Heavy items such mortars, column bases are always recorded and sometimes left in situ. In an expedition house are collections from each site cleaned, sorted and afterwards processed. Individual pottery sherd is recorded, labelled, coded, drawn, photographed and entered in an Access database. For a determination of a settlement size and its chronology is calculated a surface ratio of diagnostic per hectare (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015:108).
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8 Physical Environment of surveyed area
8.1 Introduction
In this chapter will be paid an attention to the environment. in the surveyed region. This will be followed by description and available reconstruction of physical environment during the Late Neolithic period. I consider properly to mention nowadays conditions, because it might serve as basis for comparison with those established during the Late Neolithic period. Culture is linked with physical situation (Button 2009:15), accordingly the studying of natural environment is crucial for understanding the cultural landscape/social landscape. Therefore, for better understanding of Halaf culture is decisive to pay an attention to the environment of this tradition. Better understanding might provide in future easier identification of sites with Halaf occupation. If we would like to figure out, why culture decide to stay in particular region/ place, we should look at resources, such as water sources, plants, animals, raw materials and soils. Crucial might be seen climate (more/less precipitation), as well as landscapes features for creating of settlements (such as mountains, valleys etc). We might assume that each one might be intentionally demanded by people of Halaf tradition.
8.2 Geomorphology of the surveyed area
As title of survey indicates (Eastern Ḫabur Archaeological Survey), examined region is situated in the vicinity of the Eastern Ḫabur river as well as its wider region. Ḫabur River together with its largest tributary Hezil Su and the eastern bank of the Tigris River, create the western boundary of EHAS project. The Tigris valley extends from reaching point of the Eastern Ḫabur River and the Tigris River down to the Eski Mosul Lake. It is ca. 30 km stretch and mostly 1-3 km wide. From this valley towards the Zagros Mountains lies the Eastern Tigris plateau, which extends in 5-25 km in width. The Ğebel al-Abyad/Ğebel Biḫair/Şax-e Bixêr range raises from the Tigris plateau and creates boundaries with this plain and the lower Zagros chain. This chain led on the western side to the Zaxo/Cizre plain, which ran to the Upper Tigris valley and the basin the Sindya Plain. Through this plain, which is mostly hilly, flows Ḫabur river with tributaries Kaça and Rugerm rivers. To the north of Sindya Plain rise High Zagros mountains, which create north border of surveyed region. From Sindya Plain led to the east the Great Zab valley, which is bounded on the south side by the Qara Mountains/Zencîr-e Gara and on the northern side by Şax-e Sêr Amêdi Mountains. These
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mountains ranges create a valley, ‘Amadīya corridor’, with 5-9 km width. The eastern border is bounded by city Amēdi, which is located only few kilometres of the Great Zab River. The south boundaries are limited by the survey project Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project, which is directed by Daniele Morandi Bonacossi (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015: 94, 95, 98).
Fig. 8.1 Geographical map of the EHAS region in Dohuk province (after Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015:92)
8.3 Climate
The greater part of Iraqi country has an arid climate and areas of deserts. It belongs to the sub-tropical, continental climate area. The summer are usually dry and hot and on the other hand, winters are cooler with some rainfall and even more rainfall in the northern part of country, where is this survey conducted. In the autonomous region Kurdistan is rainfall influenced by the Zagros Mountain and therefore the amount of rainfall is variable each winter. Due to this rainfall is sufficient to support winter crops without additional irrigation (Fig. 8.2) Precipitation in northern part of surveyed region might reach 500 – 700 m. High
38
pressure is typical for winter whereas low pressure for summer. Thanks to dry climate, dust storms are quite common mainly during the early summer months, when the cold air from the north penetrates to the Syria and joins the warm, which creates an unstable mass resulted in dust storm, which could affect also the region of Kurdistan. The frost is very rare outside the autonomous region of Kurdistan in Iraq (Buringh 1960: 42; Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015:98).
Fig. 8.2 Rainfall in Greater Mesopotamia (Ur 2010)
Information about climate development at the beginning of the Holocene might be inadequate due to the low number of pollen diagrams, inappropriate knowledge from deposits of lakes. For this reason, must climate development based on the closest regions, such as Zagros mountains, Van Region, Ghab Valley in Syria and Dead Sea (Becker 2012: 3).
Between 8.25 and 8.14 kyr BP occurred an event, which might have been caused by releasing the meltwater into the North Atlantic (Rohling and Pälike 2005, 975). In Asia this cooling event is reflected in reduction of rainfall precipitation (Wiersma and. Renssen. 2006, 67), and later around 6 225 BC these conditions culminated, which might be seen also in archaeological context (Akkermans and Le Mière 1992: 1; Campbell 1992: 182; Cruells and Nieuwenhuyse 2004: 47; van der Plicht 2011 et al. 231, 237) During the presence of Halaf
39
culture in Mesopotamia, in a lot of areas of its occurrence, was enough the annual rainfall for farming without irrigation, except the driest years (Davidson 1977, 11; Campbell 1992, 184).
8.4 Hydrology
In the Iraq republic are two rivers crucial. The Tigris River, with the length of 1, 718 km and the Euphrates River with the length 2, 333km. The Tigris River rises in Aramenic Mountains in the Turkey. This region could reach the height of 4 000m and after snow melding the Rivers obtain a lot of water.
Among the surveyed area plays a fundamental role as Tigris River as the Eastern Ḫabur River. Eastern Ḫabur (Little Ḫabur) originates in Altındağlar chain in Turkey, from where flows to the south through Taurus/Zagros Mountains into Iraq. Then continues between Şax-e Kişan (in west) and the Zinar and the Haror Mountains (in east) down from Zagros Mountains with two major tributaries, Kaça River and Rugerm River. It flows further to the Zaxo/Silopi Plain, where Ḫabur River meets Hezil Su, its larger tributary, which marks the bounder lines between Iraq and Turkey. The Eastern Ḫabur River then flows further to the south and in the vicinity of a town Feş Ḫabur reaches the Tigris River (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015: 93, 98).
The east of Amêdi reaches the Great Zab River, which originates in Turkey and continues further to the east. Furthermore, in Amadīya corridor flows Amadīya River (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015:98).
Nowadays Iraq is not yet a developed industrial country, therefore it puts an emphasis on agriculture, what makes the role of the canal system very important. For the society and its development during different periods the canal system played also a crucial role. Additionally, in the Autonomous Region of Kurdistan are situated a lot of natural springs (Danecke 1958, 16), which might have existed back in time and provided local people with sufficient water surpluses.
8.5 Soils
Human actions, such as cultivation of a land for many thousands of years, shifting cultivation in the steppe region, grazing and overgrazing, using wood for fuel, charcoal
40
burning and house construction, digging sub-shrubs for fuel, irrigation with additional salinization and over-silting might cause a depravation of natural. Damage might be caused also by water and wind erosion, what eventually might be also a result of human action (Buringh 1960: 280-288; Cannon 1991:1). The nowadays conditions in the surveyed area might be caused by human action a it might started already during the Late Neolithic period.
The extension of Halaf culture relates also to the peculiar types of soils. Mostly its settlements occur on deep brown Mediterranean soils, or so called “self-renewing soils”, in the Upper Jezirah and on Tigris and Euphrates alluvial plains. This type of soils is typical for their high clay content, which enable to remedy the mineral needs for soil fertility. Due to the productivity of these soils as well as the river alluvial plains might be used for agriculture purposes for longer time. Although brown Mediterranean soils are more difficult to be worked with, in comparison with the lighter “non-self-renewing” types of soils, Halaf occupation prevalent on this type (Davidson 1977, 12-13, 15).
8.6 Flora and fauna
Due to the arid climate the vegetation in Iraq, as well as in in the surveyed area is quite scarce. The number of various species, which occur in the dessert and its margin is over 2 000. In the landscape prevalent grasses. The forest vegetation could be found only in the Kurdish mountains. Among vegetation might be found Mediterranean weeds (Danecke 1958, 32; Buringh 1960, 54, 55).
The productive land and accessible water source might enable agriculture also in this region. Among crops are prevalent wheat and barley, the other grown crops nowadays are rice, corn cotton, millet, sesame, green gram tobacco, lentils, chick peas, beans, vetch, linseed, alfalfa and potatoes. Each one might be grown either in winter or summer (Buringh 1960:68 which allows to take advantage of the land through the whole year. From fruit crops is possible to raise e.g. date palms, pomegranate, oranges, apricots, apples, sweet lemons, peaches, pears, walnuts, almonds and pistachio nuts. Among vegetable prevalent water melons, tomatoes, melons, cucumbers, egg plants. In the rivers and streams might be found over 40 different types of fish. In the mountains used to live bears, boars, hyenas, hares and ibexes (Buringh 1960: 69; Hann et al.2015:352).
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For cultivation might be seen as crucial soils moisture (Buringh 1960: 23; Sherratt 1980:313, 315). On this basis and that the late Neolithic sites preferred places near the water source, subsequently the first cultivation might begin. In the mountain valleys in Autonomous Region of Kurdistan started cultivation some 7 000 years ago (Buringh 1960:41). Archaeological excavations of site brought more information about the living species during the Late Neolithic also from paleobotanical and paleozoological material From sites have been reported emmer wheat, barley, einkorn (Mallowan 1935, 15; Hijara et al. 1976, 154; Davidson 1977, 13-14) The major wadi, rivers basins were forested with tamarisk, willow, poplar, reed beds, with fowl and molluscs (Wilkinson and Tucker 1995:40; Nieuwenhuyse 2006:). During excavation have been revealed also bone remains and thus of sheep, goat, pig and cattle in domestic area. Furthermore, there have been detected bones of gazelle, large canids, ass or onager (Davidson 1977, 14; Hijara et al. 1976, 152; Campbell, 1992, 184)
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9 Sites with Halaf pottery in EHAS
9.1 Introduction
In this section I would like to give an overview of sites from EHAS, where potential Halaf occupation have been detected. Firstly, will be mentioned the number of sites from survey dated to Halaf in total. Then will be ascertain how many sites have been found in each zone. In this short introduction will be mentioned way of discovery and type of sites. This foreword will be followed by demonstration of each zone and description of sites within the particular regions. For each zone will be presented spatial location of sites. Description of sites will include the location of each site, shortly description of its dimensions, amount of found ceramic material with periods to which was dated, which will be additionally displayed in chart. If it was carried out, then will be shown, some photographical documentations of each site. Further information such as coordinates, means of discovery, geomorphology, type of site, site measurement such as estimated size, length, height and height a. s. l. will be listed in Appendix A.
Since the commencement of the EHAS in the 2013, the Halaf sites have been identified in the Zone A: the Tigris Valley, the Zone B: the eastern Tigris valley plateau and the Zone C: the lower Zagros chains with the Khabur basin. In these zones have been detected 24 sites with Halaf occupation in all. (Fig.9.1)
Fig. 9.1 Sites with Halaf occupation in EHAS (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 12, 74, 95, 98, 103,106, 113, 116, 157, 187, 204, 208, 311, 338, 340, 351, 389, 422, 424, 532, 678, 699, 791, 794) via: Google Earth
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In the Zone D: The high Zagros chain and the Zone E: The Amadīya corridor has not been any ceramic material from Halaf period collected so far. This might be caused by absence of Halaf occupation, but most likely by unsuitable conditions in these regions, which prevent conducting survey in greater depth.
The majority of these sites have been recognized by remote sensing (18), then by off- site/chance (3), by interviews (1) as well as via Atlas of archaeological sites in Iraq (1). There has been also an example, where the location of site was displayed in remote sensing images as well as in Atlas of archaeological sites in Iraq (1). These detected sites vary also in its type. Halaf occupation have been detected on tell, hilltop site, blufftop site, artefact scatter and flat site so far (Tab.9.1) (EHAS Gazetteer 2016: 12, 74, 95, 98, 103,106, 113, 116, 157, 187, 204, 208, 311, 338, 340, 351, 389, 422, 424, 532, 678, 699, 791, 794).
TYPES OF SITES
Tell Hilltop site Blufftop site Artefact scatter Flat site
2
2 2 2
4 1
2
8
1
Z O N E A Z O N E B Z O N E C
Tab. 9.1 Types of sites with Halaf occupation (after EHAS Gazetteer 2016: 12, 74, 95, 98, 103,106, 113, 116, 157, 187, 204, 208, 311, 338, 340, 351, 389, 422, 424, 532, 678, 699, 791, 794)
9.2 Zone A: The Tigris valley
Zone A is located along the Tigris river. Survey work is restricted only on the eastern bank of the river, which belongs to the Kurdistan Autonomous Region. The western bank
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belongs to the Iraq province Ninawa and it has been surveyed in the frame of the ‘Saddam Dam Salvage Project’ (Wilkinson and Tucker 1995:1).
During the campagna conducted in 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 were discovered and ascertained 23 sites in this zone. So far only on a site A006 was found Halaf pottery (Fig. 9.2) (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 1-61).
Fig. 9.2 Halaf sites in Zone A, The Tigris Valley (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 12) made by Google Earth
9.2.1 A006
The site with a survey abbreviation A006 is called Gire Tusana. It is a truncated conical tell, which is oval in plan (130 m x 90 m) with flattened top. (Fig.9.3) Steep flanks of tell are to the north and the eastern whereas softer flanks are to the south and west of tell. On the top and on the northern edge is found a modern cemetery (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.1).
This site is located on a branch of the River Tigris, precisely on its left bank. In the northern direction of tell is situated wadi, which name is not known. Nowadays, at the base of tell, predominantly on the eastern side is situated a modern village (Fig. 9.4).
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Fig. 9.3 Gire Tusana. Photo by Paola Sconzo (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 14)
Fig. 9.4 Gire Tusana, view on the easatern side of tell. Photo by Paola Sconzo (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 14)
From Gire Tusana was collected 139 sherds. Ceramic material is dated to the following periods: Halaf, Late Chalcolithic 1-2, Uruk, Mid-Late III. Millennium, Middle Bronze Age, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:13) (Tab.9.1).
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LC 1-2 LC 3-5 A006 1 3 Halaf 2 Mid-Late III Mill. Halaf 5 LC 1-2
LC 3-5
Mid-Late III Mill. MBA Unclear 34 MBA 66 M. Assyrian M. Assyrian 7 Neo-Assyrian
Seleucid/Hellenistic Neo-Assyrian 6 Parthian/Roman Islamic 7 Seleucid/Hellenistic Islamic 7 Parthian/Roman Unclear 1
Tab. 9.1 Pottery material from A006 divided according to documented period (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 14)
9.3 Zone B: The Eastern Tigris plateau
Zone B is the Eastern Tigris plateau, a plain with soft hills, which extends between the Tigris valley and the foot of the Zagros Mountains (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015:95).
In the zone B have been detected 187 sites so far, among those on 19 sites was found ceramic material from Halaf period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:62-529).
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Fig. 9.5 Halaf sites in Zone B - The eastern Tigris Valley Plateau (source EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:74, 95, 98, 103, 106, 113, 116, 157, 187, 204, 208, 311, 338, 340, 351, 389, 422, 424) made by Google Earth
9.3.1 B003
The site with a survey number B003 is called Bassetki 3. It is a small mound of conical shape (280 m x 150 m), raising of about 11 m on the surrounding plain. On the eastern side of a mound is situated Wadi Bawaka. The northern, southern and western slopes are soft, on the other hand the eastern slope, on the wadi side, is steep. The top of tell is free of vegetation, sides are cultivated and covered with thick layer of straw (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.2).
Bassetki 3 is situated 500 m to the north-east of the Tell Bassetki and approximately 100 m from its lower town. To the north, approximately in 300 m of this mound, run new Dohuk-Zaxo highway and to the east in ca. 170m is located the old Dohuk-Zaxo highway. This site lies on halfway between the villages of Balqus and Bassetki (Fig.9.6).
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Fig. 9.6 Tell Basetki 3. Photo by Peter Pfälzner (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 77)
From collected 1304 sherds were suggested dating to Halaf, Ubaid, LC 1-2, Nineveh 5, Mid-Late III. Millennium, Middle Bronze Age and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 74-76) (Tab.9.2).
Islamic 73 B003 MB Unclear 38 Halaf Halaf 207 295 N.-Ubaid Mid-Late III. Mill. LC 1-2 5 Ninive 5 N.-Ubaid Mid-Late III. Mill. LC 1-2 333 Ninive 5 352 1 MB Islamic Unclear
Tab.9.2 Pottery material from B003 divided according to documented period (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 76)
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9.3.2 B010
Name of the site with a survey number B010 remain Unknown. It is a small conical tell with a modest elevation (5 m) (Fig. 9.7). The rounded top measures ca. 1 ha and nowadays is completely covered by dry grass. Each side of this tell is soft. At the base of the mound, on the eastern and northern sides are hips of stones. On the western side is situated Wadi with unknown name (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.3).
Fig. 9.7 Site B010. Photo by Paola Sconzo (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 97)
This tell is located in a rolling plain to the south direction of Jebel Bihair, between the old and the new Zaxo road. Tell is located approximately 2, 4 km south-west from the village of ‘Asi.
On this site was collected 323 sherds (Tab. 9.3), which were dated to Halaf, Ubaid, LC1-2, LC 3-5, S-Uruk, Mid-Late III millennium, Middle Bronze Age, Neo Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic, Parthians, Romanian and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 95-97).
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N.-Ubaid 8 B010 Halaf 12 LC 1-2 21 Halaf LC 3-5 6 N.-Ubaid LC 1-2 Mid-Late III. Mill 25 LC 3-5 Mid-Late III. Mill Unclear 123 MB 10 MB Mittani Mittani 4 M. Assyrian Neo Assyrian M. Assyrian 1 Seleucid / Hellenistic Islamic 31 Neo Assyrian 34 Parthian / Roman Seleucid / Islamic Parthian / Roman Hellenistic 21 19 Unclear
Tab. 9.3 Pottery material from B010 divided according to documented period (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 96)
9.3.3 B011
The site with survey abbreviation B011 is called Muqable 1/ Gire Gozel. It occupies the top and the slopes of a free-standing natural hill. Sides are step, especially on the western side in the direction to the main Wadi. Tell is situated in an oasis-like area rich of ground- water and natural springs. (For further details see Appendix A Tab.A.4)
Muqable 1/ Gire Gozel is a part of a cluster of seven sites, namely Muqable 1-7. B011 lies in the northern part of a cluster, at the confluence of two Wadi (Fig. 9.8). The cluster of sites is situated 5 km to the south-east of Bassetki.
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Fig. 9.8 Site Muqable 1/ Gire Gozel. Photo:Paola Sconzo(afer EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:99)
The ceramic material, which was found, more precisely 308 pottery fragments (Tab.9.4), suggested dating of the site to Halaf, Ubaid, LC1-2, Nineveh 5 Mid-Late III. Millennium and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 98,99).
Unclear Halaf Islamic 31 2 6 N.-Ubaid B011 4 Mid-Late III. Mill. 2 Halaf N.-Ubaid LC 1-2 Ninive 5 3 Ninive 5 Mid-Late III. Mill. LC 1-2 Islamic 260 Unclear
Tab. 9.4 Pottery material from B011 divided according to documented period (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:99)
9.3.4. B012
The site with survey number B012 is called Muqable 2. It was possible to find out the Kurdish toponymal, which sounds Muqable. B012 is a natural hill of irregular shape with
52
flattened top (Fig. 9.9). On the southern and western sides are soft flanks and on the northern and eastern sides are flanks steeper. It is situated in an oasis-like area, rich of ground-water and natural springs. To the north is located the spring of Ain Garra Kras Shin. (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.5).
Fig. 9.9 Site Muqable 2. Photo: Paola Sconzo (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:105)
Muqable 2 is a part of a cluster of seven sites, namely Muqable 1-7. It is situated approximately 5 km to the south-east of Bassetki. The locality lies at the confluence of two Wadi.
On the basis of 458 collected sherds (Tab. 9.5) were identified: Halaf, LC 3-5, Uruk, Nineveh 5, Mid-Late III millennium, Middle Bronze Age, Middle Assyrian, Neo Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Roman, Early Islamic – Abbasid and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 103, 104).
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Ninive 5 2 Mid-Late III. Mill. S.-Uruk 1 8 MB 20 B012 LC 3-5 1
Halaf 7 M. Assyrian 8 Halaf LC 3-5 S.-Uruk Neo Assyrian 24 Ninive 5 Unclear 170 Mid-Late III. Mill. Sasanian 74 Seleucid / Hellenistic 2 MB M. Assyrian
Islamic 140 Middle Islamic 1 Neo Assyrian Seleucid / Hellenistic
Tab. 9.5 Pottery material from B012 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:104)
9.3.5. B013
The site B013 is named Muqable 3/Kharabe. The Kurdish toponymal is Kharabe. It is a tell, which has truncated conical form, oval in plan, ca 200 m x 150 m at its base, rises of about 20 m on the surroundings plain. Atop of this tell is flattened. Western and northern flanks are steep, whereas southern and eastern flanks are softer (Fig. 9.10). At the northern foot is located the spring of Ain el-Rajal. Muqable 3/Kharabe is located on the eastern side of the Wadi Saru Kani, south of Muqable 2 (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.6).
Muqable 3/Kharabe is also a part of a cluster of seven sites, namely Muqable 1-7. It is situated 5 km to the south-east of Bassetki, at the confluence of two Wadi.
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Fig. 9.10 Site Muqable 3/Kharabe. Photo: Paola Sconzo (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:109) The suggested dating of 787 collected ceramic fragments is Proto-Hassuna, Halaf, LC 1-2, LC 3-5, Uruk, Nineveh 5, Mid Late III millennium, Middle Bronze Age, Mitanni, Middle Assyrian, Neo Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Roman, Sasanian and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 106-109).
LC 1-2 46 B013 Halaf 4
Proto-Hassuna LC 3-5 10 Proto-Hassuna 9 Halaf S.-Uruk 4 LC 1-2
LC 3-5
S.-Uruk Ninive 5 94 Unclear 245 Ninive 5 Mid-Late III. Mill. Mid-Late III. Mill. 82 MB
Mittani Islamic 98 MB 130 M. Assyrian
Neo Assyrian Parthian / Roman 6 Seleucid / Hellenistic
Mittani 5 Parthian / Roman Seleucid / Hellenistic Islamic 17 M. Assyrian 31 Neo Assyrian 6 Unclear
Tab.9.6 Pottery material from B013 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:109)
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9.3.6 B015
The locality with survey number B015 is called Gire Salu. Its Kurdish toponymal is Gire Salu, the Arabic toponymal sounds Tell Salu. It was found high bulk ca 15m long on the flank along which are visible stone walls and floors and was destroyed from the villagers, so it remains stands as a small cone (Fig. 9.11). Surface is covered with a thick layer of dry grass (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.7).
This site is located on the eastern side of the Wadi Kuri Batil, in front of the Kurdish village of Batel (B77), on the other side of the modern homonymous town and to the right side of the highway leading to Zaxo.
Fig. 9.11 Gire Salu. Photo: Paola Sconzo (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:114)
119 collected sherds (Tab. 9.7) were dated to Halaf, Mid-Late III millennium, Middle Bronze Age, Mitanni, Neo Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic, Parthian and Romanian period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 113, 114).
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Halaf 3 B015
Parthian / Roman Halaf 3 Unclear Mid-Late III. Mill. 27 Mid-Late III. MB Mill. Seleucid / 38 Mittani Hellenistic Neo Assyrian 4 MB Seleucid / Hellenistic 32 Neo Assyrian Parthian / Roman 7 Mittani Unclear 5
Tab. 9.7 Pottery material from B013 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:114)
9.3.7 B016
Name of the site B016 is Bamir 1. It is a flat site on a high terrace, which is naturally protected on the western and southern sides, where the flanks are very steep (Fig. 9.12). In the valley ground is found plenty of water with several natural springs (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.8).
Fig. 9.12 Site Bamir 1. Photo: Paola Sconzo (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:117)
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It is situated above deeply incised valley, on the eastern side of the Wadi Bastikah, at confluence with a second Wadi. Ca. 800 m north-east is located the Kurdish village Bamir. This locality lies only few hundred metres southern of other site with survey abbreviation B026.
The periods of occupation are suggested on the bases of 582 collected sherds (Tab. 9.8) to Halaf, Ubaid, Nineveh 5, Mid Late III millennium, Middle Bronze Age, Mitanni, Neo Assyrian, Post Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic, Parthian Roman, Sasanian to Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 116-117).
N.-Ubaid Ninive 5 B016 1 2 Halaf Halaf 13 N.-Ubaid Mid-Late III. Mill. Ninive 5 27 Mid-Late III. Mill.
Unclear MB MB 144 238 Mittani Mittani Neo Assyrian 7 Post Assyrian Neo Assyrian Seleucid / Hellenistic Islamic 60 2 Parthian / Roman Sasanian Post Assyrian Sasanian 2 Seleucid / 1 Parthian / Hellenistic Islamic Roman 42 Unclear 43
Tab. 9.8 Pottery material from B016 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:117)
9.3.8. B032
The name of a site with survey number B032 remains Unknown. It is a natural hill, which is located at the confluence of Wadi Tatok and second Wadi with Unknown name. The settlement extends for about 220 m x 120 m, mainly on the eastern side of the hill and look forward the Wadi Tatok (Fig. 9.13). The soil is very dry and clumpy, and the hill is free of vegetation apart from small bushes scattered around. (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.9)
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Fig. 9.13 Site B032. Photo:Paola Sconzo. (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:158)
Site B032 lies about 400 m south of the Dohuk-Zaxo highway. This locality is accessible through a trackway running parallel to the main Dohuk – Zaxo highway.
It was collected altogether 109 sherds (Tab.9.9), from which the majority was dated to Halaf period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 157, 158).
B032
Unclear 16
Halaf Unclear Halaf 93
Tab. 9.9 Pottery material from B032 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:158)
9.3.9 B046
The locality with a survey number B046 is named Kardis 1. It is a flat site on a terrace, which is raising of about 13 m on the Wadi. Kardis 1 extends on terrace and along the eastern flank, which is quite soft. The northern flank is step and irregular. It is crossed north-south by a track-way. (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.10)
It is located on a flat terrace overlooking the western bank of the Wadi Muqable and opposite to the site with an abbreviation B045. It is situated north of the abandoned village of
59
Kardis. The site belongs to a long chain sites on the both sites of Wadi Saru Kani/Muqable/Kardis. Kardis 1 lies south of Muqable cluster. It is accessible through a trackway running south along the west bank of the Wadi, directly from the airport main road. Photographic documentation for this site has not been provided.
Suggested dating, on the basis of 207 sherds (Tab.9.10) are Halaf, Middle Bronze Age, Middle Assyrian, Neo Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic, Parthian and Roman period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 187, 188).
Halaf MB 1 14 M. Assyrian 1 B046
Neo Assyrian Halaf 27 MB Unclear 95 M. Assyrian Neo Assyrian Seleucid / Hellenistic Seleucid / Hellenistic Parthian / Roman 50 Unclear Parthian / Roman 19
Tab. 9.10 Pottery material from B046 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 188)
9.3.10 B054
This site is named Balqus 4. It was an artefact scatter on a slightly sloping field, which is not cultivated (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.11).
It is located on the eastern bank of the Wadi Bawaka, 6 km north-east from a locality Bassetki and 0, 8 km from the Dohuk-Zaxo highway. It is accessible by foot from the new village of Bassetki. For this site was not carried out any photographical documentation in EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016.
From 20 (Tab. 9.11) collected sherds were some dated to Halaf, Middle Bronze Age and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 204, 205).
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Halaf 1 MB B054 1
Halaf Unclear MB 5 Islamic
Unclear Islamic 13
Tab. 9.11 Cermic material from B054 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 205)
9.3.11 B056
The survey number B056 is a site with a name Kardis 6. It is a large site on a terrace, which consists of a central mound. Flanks are very soft with a lower terrace on the Wadi side, field are dry, cultivated. It is an area rich of natural springs. (For further details see Appendix A Tab.A.12)
It is located to the south of a site with abbreviation B055, on the same flat terrace, overlooking the western bank of Wadi Kardis. The site is situated south of the Muqable cluster, accessible through a track-way running south along the eastern bank of the Wadi, directly from the airport main road. For this site was not provided any photographical documentation.
Suggested periods, on the basis of 191 collected sherds (Tab. 9.12), are Halaf, Ubaid, LC 1-2, Middle Assyrian, Neo Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Romanian, Sasanian and Islamic (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 208, 209).
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B056 N.-Ubaid LC 1-2 Halaf 1 2 M. Assyrian 1 5 Halaf N.-Ubaid LC 1-2 Neo Assyrian 42 Seleucid / M. Assyrian Unclear Hellenistic Neo Assyrian 106 18 Seleucid / Hellenistic Parthian / Roman Sasanian
Parthian / Roman Islamic Sasanian 12 Unclear Islamic 3 1
Tab. 9.12 Pottery material from B056 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 209)
9.3.12 B101
The name of a site with survey abbreviation B101 remains Unknown. This site is slightly sloping northeast-southwest toward the Wadi side. The terrace raises of about 30 m above the main Wadi level. It is situated in a hilly area rich of springs and vegetation. (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.13).
The site B101 is located at confluence of two Wadi, in front of a site with survey number B099. It lies about 900 m south of the village Kashkan. For this site was not made any photographical documentation in EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016.
The material (n=109) (Tab. 9.13) from this site was dated to Hassuna, Samarra, Halaf, Ubaid (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 311, 312).
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B101
Unclear Hassuna Hassuna 31 40 Halaf N.-Ubaid N.-Ubaid Unclear 10 Halaf 28
Tab. 9.13 Ceramic material from B101 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:312)
9.3.13 B114
The name of a site with a survey abbreviation B114 remains Unknown. It is tell with rounded top and soft flanks (Fig.9.14). On the top are traces of stone foundation of hut-like structure made up with large pebbles and stones. (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.14)
The site is situated at a confluence of the Wadi with Unknown name, in a rolling plain to the south of the Jebel Bihair chain about 5 km from the mountains. It is located about 2, 5 km from the Dohuk-Zaxo highway and 2, 3 km from the villages of Bassetki and Gre Resh. Opposite this site is a locality with a survey number the B115.
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Fig. 9.14 Site B114. Photo:Paola Sconzo (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:339) The material, more accurate 389 sherds (Tab.9.14), which was collected, was dated to Proto-Hassuna, Hassuna, Halaf, Middle Assyrian, Neo Assyrian, Parthian, Roman and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 338, 339).
Proto-Hassuna B114 4 Islamic Parthian / Roman 10 5 Proto-Hassuna
Unclear Hassuna Neo Assyrian 63 4 Halaf M. Assyrian
M. Assyrian Neo Assyrian 2 Hassuna Parthian / Roman Halaf 280 21 Islamic Unclear
Tab. 9.14 Pottery material from B114 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:339)
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9.3.14 B115
The name of a site with a survey number B115 remains Unknown. It is tell, low mound, which is rising of ca 12 m of the surrounding plain, with very soft flanks. Top is flattened, almost circular, covered by dry grass. Traces of a stone foundation of hut-like structure are found on this site (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.15).
It lies between two Wadi with Unknown name, in a rolling plains to the south of the Jebel Bihair chain. It is situated about 5 km from the mountains, 2, 5 km from the Dohuk- Zaxo highway and 2, 3 km from the villages of Bassetki and Gre Resh. B115 lies opposite the locality with a survey abbreviation B114. For this site was not made any photographical documentation.
The suggested periods of occupation, on the bases of 115 collected sherds (Tab. 9.15), are Hassuna, Halaf and Islamic period. (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 340, 341).
B115
Islamic 32 Hassuna
Halaf Halaf Hassuna 3 Islamic 80
Tab.9.15 Pottery material from B115 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:341)
9.3.15 B120
Gire Fil/Grfil is a name of a site with survey number B120. Its Kurdish toponymal is Grfil. The Arabic toponym is Tell Karfyl. The site is truncated conical tell with flat top, raising of about 7 m on the surrounding plain. The western and northern flanks are steep, while the southern and eastern flanks slope gently toward the plain (Fig. 9.15). The surface on southern side littered with stones belonging to the destroyed houses. In the vicinity are presence of small springs (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.16).
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Fig. 9.15 Site Grfil. Photo:Paola Sconzo. (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:353) The locality is situated on the western side of a deep Wadi with Unknown name. It is located about 4 km of the Jebel Bihair. At the base of tell were remains of destroyed villages of Gir Fil.
The material (n=584) collected in this locality (Tab.9.16) was dated to Halaf, Nineveh 5, mid-late III millennium, Middle Bronze Age, Seleucid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Roman, Late Sasanian/Early Islamic, Abbasid and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:351,352).
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B120 Halaf Ninive 5 8 6 Mid-Late III. Mill. 25 Halaf MB Ninive 5 51 Unclear Mid-Late III. Mill. 208 Seleucid / MB Hellenistic Seleucid / Hellenistic 107 Parthian / Roman Parthian / Islamic Roman Late Sasanian / Early Islamic 85 74 Early Islamic / Abassid Islamic Early Islamic / Late Sasanian / Abassid Early Islamic Unclear 8 20
Tab. 9.16 Pottery material from B120 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 352)
9.3.16 B134
B134 is tell with a name Gire Garmawa. The Kurdish toponym is also Gire Garmawa, It was not possible to find out the Arabic and ancient name. It is a small conical tell with height about 14 m. On the western part is line of stones of uncertain dating (Fig. 9.15). On the top of tell and on its northern flank lies a modern cemetery. (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.17).
Gire Garmawa is situated between two wadi northern of Semel and about 1, 4 km southern of the Ğebel Biḫair. At the western side of its food is located destroyed village Garmawa. It lies on the left site of the road, which leads to the compound of Xalifka.
Collection of 152 pottery fragments (Tab. 9.17) suggests occupation during Hassuna, Halaf, LC 1-2, Nineveh 5, Mid-Late III Mill., Middle Bronze Age, Mittani, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian, Parthian, Roman, Late Sasanian, Early Islamic and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016,389-391).
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Fig.9.16 Site B134. Photo:Paola Sconzo (after EHAS SIte Gazetteer 2016: 392)
Hassuna B134 LC 1-2 9 1 Ninive 5 Hassuna 5 Halaf Halaf LC 1-2 27 Ninive 5 Mid-Late III. Mill. Unclear 2 Mid-Late III. Mill. 79 MB Mittani MB 11 3 M. Assyrian Mittani 1 M. Assyrian Neo Assyrian Neo Assyrian Islamic Parthian / Roman 8 1 Late Sasanian / Early Islamic Late Sasanian / Parthian / Early Islamic Roman Islamic 1 4 Unclear
Tab. 9.17 Pottery material from B134 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gzetter 2016: 391
9.3.17 B145
The name of a site with survey abbreviation B145 has not been detected. It is a flat artefact scatter, which lies in nowadays melon field, not far from the mountains. (For further details see Appendix Tab. A.18)
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B145 is located in a plain, which slopes towards two wadi, approximately 1 km northern-eastern of Balqus. For this site was made any photographical documentations.
From scares amount (n=13) of pottery (Tab.9.18) sherds was suggested occupation during the Halaf period and Middle Bronze Age (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:422, 423).
B145
Unclear 2 MB Halaf 1 MB
Halaf Unclear 10
Tab. 9.18 Ceramic material from B145 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:423)
9.3.18 B146
Site name not been found out. B146 is a flat site, which lies on a terrace rising about 5 m above the wadi. This site is disturbed by bulldozing, which makes its detection difficult (Fig. 9.17). Due to these activities it has an irregular shape and its extension was hard to identify (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.19).
B146 lies on a terrace on the eastern bank of Wadi Sawa, north of Muqable. It is situated approximately 2,5 km northeast from the village of Sarshawur and 400 m in southern direction of an industrial area of Kwasha.
94 collected sherds (Tab.9.19) suggested occupation during Hassuna and Halaf cultures (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:424, 425).
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Fig. 9.17 Site B146. Photo:Paola Sconzo.(after EHAS SIte Gazetteer 2016:425)
Halaf Hassuna 2 3 B146
Proto-Hassuna
Hassuna Proto-Hassuna 89 Halaf
Tab 9.19 Pottery material from B146 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:425)
9.4 Zone C: The lower Zagros chains with the Khabur basin
Zone C is the lower Zagros chain with the Khabur basin. From the Eastern Tigris plateau is separated by the Ğebel Biḫair/Șax-e Bixêr (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015:95, 98).
In this zone have been identified 101 sites so far, among those have been identified 5 sites, which indicate Halaf occupation (Fig.9.18). (sites C095 and C096 are close to each other).
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Fig. 9.18 Halaf sites in Zone C, The lower Zagros chain with the Khabur basin (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:532, 678,699, 791, 794) made by Google Earth
9.4.1 C002
The site with a survey number C002 is called Harina 1. It is a flat site, partially extends to the north, partially covered by the ruins of village of Harina. The surrounded environment is hilly (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.20).
It is located on northern side of the Jebel chain, on a terrace, which is about 100 m to the west side of the Wadi Harina. Harina 1 lies ca 400 m north-east from Harina 2. It is situated on the left side of the road leading to Khabur. For this site have not been made any photographic documentation.
162 collected sherds suggest dating to Hassuna, Halaf, Ubaid, Sasanian and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 532, 533).
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Hassuna C002 8
Hassuna Halaf Islamic 32 N.-Ubaid Sasanian Halaf 51… Islamic Sasanian 1
N.-Ubaid 2
Tab. 9.20 Pottery material from C002 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 533)
9.4.2 C054
The name of a site with a survey abbreviation C054 is Kerpet Ali 2. It is a flat site on a terrace, which is slopping towards the Khabur for about 10 m. (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.21)
The locality is a part of a cluster of two sites, located at a distance of about 100 m on the two sides of a tiny Wadi with Unknown name and at the northern edge of the homonymous village. This site is located at the edge of a low terrace on the northern bank of Khabur River, in distance ca 300 m from river. On the eastern side is found Wadi Malo (Fig. 9.19).
Fig. 9.19 Site Kerpet Ali 2. Photo:Paola Sconzo.(after EHAS SIte Gazetteer 2016:681)
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The collected material (n=141) (Tab.9.21) was dated to Proto-Hassuna, Halaf and Ubaid period. (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:678-680).
C054
Unclear 36 Proto-Hassuna Proto-Hassuna 43 Halaf
N.-Ubaid N.-Ubaid 14 Halaf Unclear 48
Tab. 9.21 Ceramic material from C054 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:680)
9.4.3 C062
The site with a survey abbreviation C062 is called Milham Bani Jora. The Kurdish toponymal is Milham Bani Jora. The Arabic toponymal of this site is Ras al Ain al Ulya (Upper). It is tell, a mound, with a flat top raising of about 15 m above the surrounding plain (Fig. 9.20). On the eastern side the flank was cut to allocate the water tower, southern of this bulk is a modern construction. The western flank is steeper and at the base bordered by a modern channel, watered by the spring. (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.22)
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Fig. 9.20 Site Milham Bani Jora Photo:Paola Sconzo. (after EHAS SIte Gazetteer 2016: 702) The site is located on the southern edge of the modern village of Milham Bani Jora, about 5 km southern of Khabur River.
62 collected sherds (Tab. 9.22) suggests occupation during Halaf, Mid-late III millennium, Middle Bronze Age, Mitanni, Neo Assyrian, Parthian, Roman and Islamic period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:699-701).
Ninive 5 1 Halaf MB Mittani C062 2 4 2 Neo Assyrian 2 Halaf Ninive 5
Islamic MB 1 Mittani Unclear Neo Assyrian 50 Islamic Unclear
Tab 9.22 Ceramic material from C062 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 701)
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9.4.4 C095
The Name of this site remains Unknown. C095 extends in a triangular shape at the edge of the terrace (Fig.9.21) (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.23).
C095 is situated on the Hezil Su alluvial plain, on the eastern bank of a wadi and in front of site C96.
Collections (n=140) suggest occupations (Tab. 9.23) during Halaf, LC 1-2, Middle Bronze Age, Neo-Assyrian, Seleucid, Hellenistic and Sasanian period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:791, 792).
Fig. 9.21 Site C095 Photo: Paola Sconzo.(after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:792)
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Halaf 9 LC 1-2 C095 22
MB Halaf 1 Unclear LC 1-2 54 MB Neo Assyrian 11 Neo Assyrian Sasanian Seleucid / Hellenistic 31 Seleucid / Sasanian Hellenistic Unclear 12
Tab. 9.23 Site C095 Ceramic material from C95 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:792)
9.4.5. C096
For site with a survey abbreviation C096 has not been found out any name. It is a small mounding on a terrace (Fig.9.22) with unknown exact measurement due to appearance of military station. (For further details see Appendix A Tab. A.24). C095 lies on a terrace on the Hezil Su river, in front of site C095.
Dating based on 20 pottery fragments (Tab.9.24) indicates occupation during Halaf, LC1-2 and Uruk period (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:794, 795).
Fig. 9.22 Site C096.Photo:Paola Scono (afer EHAS SIte Gazetteere 2016:795)
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Halaf 1 C096 LC 1-2 3
Halaf LC 1-2 Unclear 11 S.-Uruk Unclear S.-Uruk 5
Tab. 9.24 Pottery material from C96 divided according to documented periods (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:795)
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10 Description of a ceramic material from EHAS
In this chapter I would like to present a description of ceramic material collected during EHAS project from 2013 to 2016, including. Analysed sherds were found on three different sites, each one is located in a different zone. The environmental conditions and surroundings of particular zone were already mentioned in chapters Physical environment of surveyed area and Sites with Halaf pottery. In this point I would like to highlight that material came from a survey, thus a state of preservation of most of collected sherds is poor, they are often fragmented, and their motifs are eroded (see Chapter 4 Criticism of the sources and the ceramic material).
The methodology of survey has been already described in a chapter The Eastern Khabur Archaeological Survey (EHAS), but the processing of ceramic material I would like emphasis in this chapter.
On examined sites were collected diagnostic sherds such as rims, bases, lids, handles and decorated body sherds. In an expedition house were collections from each site cleaned, sorted and processed. For chronological classification of each item served as basis “Working Ceramic Typology”. Collected sherds were distinguished to the following periods: Proto- Hassuna, Hassuna, Halaf, N.-Ubaid, LC 1-2, LC 3-5, S-Uruk, Ninive 5, Mid-Late III Mill., Middle Bronze Age, Mittani, Middle Assyrian, Neo Assyrian, Post Assyrian, Seleucid/Hellenistic, Parthian/Roman, Sasanian, Late Sasanian/Early Islamic, Early Islamic/Abassid, Middle Islamic, Middle-Late Islamic, Late Islamic, Undifferentiated Islamic and Recent. Furthermore, there was a category labelled Unclear, where were sorted sherds, which were not categorized to any of these periods. Individual pottery sherd was recorded, labelled, coded, drawn, photographed and entered in an Access database by people responsible of particular action. For a definition of colours was used in advance defined colour system, which was derived from Munsell colour system and simplified (see Appendix B) (Pfälzner and Sconzo 2015:108).
In this point I would like to highlight that Pre-Halaf correlate to Proto-Hassuna and Proto-Halaf/Transitional to Hassuna category in EHAS project. Therefore, if according to the analyses will be demonstrate ware, which might belong to Pre-Halaf and/or Proto- Halaf/Transitional, it should be consider re-categorization of these sherds in EHAS from Halaf to aforementioned period categories.
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When we approach collected sherds, which were dated to the Halaf period, according to the documentation we found out that there have not been found any remains of completely preserved vessel, profile, lug, handle, lid or a strainer. So far have been recorded rims, bases and body sherds (Fig.10.1) In a frame of examination of sherds was studied technology and morphology, decoration technique and its motifs.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 A006 B032 C002
Rims Body sherds Bases
Tab. 10.1 Variations of ceramic material among analysed sites
For analyses and definitions was used comparison method with material, which was obtained from excavations. Division to the different type of ceramic ware was made on the base of classification evolved in Tell Sabi Abyad. It must be taken into consideration that this site is situated in Syria and furthermore it might appear also regional variability.
This chapter is divided to the three main sections, according to the zones, where were situated sites, from where the analysed material was collected: Zone A: The Tigris valley, Zone B: The Eastern Tigris plateau, Zone C: The lower Zagros chain with the Khabur basin. In each section will be presented suggestions to ware typology of analysed sherds. These descriptions will be simultaneously compared with knowledge obtained from at least one of sites, specifically Tell Sabi Abyad, Tell Halula, Tell Arpachiyah and/or Yarim Tepe. Analysed sherds will be displayed with more detail description in Appendix C. There will be presented also photographical and drawing documentation of analysed sherds, if it was carried out.
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10.1 Zone A: The Tigris valley
In the Zone A, the Tigris valley was discovered so far only one site, where the Halaf pottery was detected. It is a site A006 with a Kurdish toponymal Gire Tusana (Fig. 10.2), where were found 139 sherds in total. According to the collected and documented material this site might be occupied from the Late Neolithic until Islamic time with hiatus during the N. Ubaid, S. Uruk, Ninive 5, Mittani and Post Assyrian periods (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:13).
I would like to point out the fact that at the site A006 were found only two Halaf body sherds. On this basis is not feasible to came to relevant conclusion about Halaf occupation neither on this site or in this zone. Nevertheless, material from this site is contained in this study in order to demonstrate, what might be expected during the subsequent examination.
Fig.10.1 Gire Tusana in Zone A, The Tigris valley (after EHAS site Gazetteer 2016, 12) made by Google Earth
10.1.1 Halaf Fine ware
None of vertically oriented body sherds recorded on this site present any visible plant inclusions and/or large amount of crushed minerals, therefore they might not be considered as
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Standard ware and/or Mineral Coarse ware according to the classification from Tell Sabi Abyad. Their temper shows small black and white mineral inclusions and matrix displayed firing under oxidizing circumstances. Exterior surface is carefully smoothed, with slip, whereas in the interior are detected traces of scraping. Exterior sides have orange red and green brown colours and are decorated with dark brown paint. Decoration motifs are crosshatching and horizontal line with short diagonal strokes in dark brown paint. Examination of Tell Sabi Abyad (Nieuwenhuyse 2006) showed that crosshatching began already during the Proto-Halaf/Transitional (see 5.2.8). and continued forward. Similar decoration motifs as horizontal line with diagonal strikes was reported e.g. from survey conducted in Khabur region (Nieuwenhuyse 2000:221). One sherd shows lustrous paint decoration (see Appendix C: A006-q1-1). This glossy painting distinguishes Halaf pottery from Ubaid and Samarra. (Nieuwenhuyse 2000:163) Halaf ware in Tell Sabi Abyad displayed predominantly buff, cream, or lightly colour of surface and decoration was mostly dark with glossy paint. The same refer to pottery remains from Yarim Tepe and Tell Arpachiyah (Davidson 1977: Le Mière and Nieuwenhuyse 1996:178; Nieuwenhuyse 2009:84). Halaf Fine ware in Tell Sabi Abyad displayed almost any microscopically visible inclusions and/or small white particles. On the base of their temper and colour I would prefer to categorize them as Halaf Fine ware. It has to be taken in consideration that ceramic material from this site is in small sample, which might prevent to came to relevant conclusions with further division in Halaf Fine ware.
10.2 Zone B: The Eastern Tigris plateau
From a commencement of a survey there have been identified 18 sites with Halaf occupation in the Zone B: the Tigris plateau. The site with main amount of Halaf pottery in this region was a site with survey abbreviation B03 called Basetki 3, whereas the lowest number of sherds were found on the sites B046, B054 and B056 (Tab.10.2)
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B146 Amount of collected Halaf sherds B145
B134
B120
B115
B114
B101
B056
B054
B046
B032 Amount of collected sherds
B016
B015
B013
B012
B011
B010
B003
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Tab. 10.2 Amount of collected Halaf sherds from sites in Zone B: The Eastern Tigris plateau
For aims of this thesis I choose a site with survey abbreviation B032 (Fig. 10.2). On this site were collected 109 sherds altogether, among those 93 were dated to the Halaf occupation and 16 remains Unknown. (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:157). Some sherds (n=4) dated to Halaf were excluded on the basis of consultation with Inna Mateiciucová as an insufficient material quality. The prevalent number of preserved sherds were bodies, rims and bases (Tab 10.3).
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Fig. 10.2 Site B32 in Zone B, The Eastern Tigris plateau (after EHAS site Gazetteer 2016, 157) made by Google Earth
Shapes of ceramic material 60
50
40
30 Shapes of ceramic material 20
10
0 Rim Body Base
Tab. 10.3 Shapes of Halaf ceramic on site B032
10.2.1 Standard Ware
To Standard Ware were categorized 2 rim fragments from collection. Their temper shows large and small plant inclusions with white and dark inclusions. They were fired in reduced atmosphere, similar as e.g. in Chagar Bazar and Tell Sabi Abyad (Molist et al. 2013:448; Nieuwenhuyse 2006). According to the analyses of Tell Sabi Abyad there is a
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connection between temper and thickness of sherd (Le Mière and Nieuwenhuyse 1996;131- 132; Nieuwenhuyse 2006). In this case B32-q1-37, which contain large amount of small plant inclusions and black inclusions, has thickness 5 mm, whereas B32-q1-46 with large amount of large plant and small white inclusion has thickness 6-9 mm. According to this we might state that sherds, which contain plant inclusions might have larger thickness with white inclusions and large plant inclusions, whereas those with small plant and black inclusions might be thinner. However, for this statement is necessary to acquire more material and it is not appropriate to claim that on the bases of two sherds. The colour of surface varies from red beige to yellowish beige to buff colour, similar as e.g. in Tell Arpachiyah (Hijara 1980:186). Surfaces show traces of scraping and/or roughly scraping. Neither of sherds was decorated. On the bases of inclusions, indication of firing conditions is suggested to categorize these fragments as Standard ware.
10.2.3 Fine Ware
In the survey conducting in neighbouring area was in a frame of Halaf ceramic material, which indicated fine clay and decoration, applied term Painted ware (Gavagnin et al. 2016:124). On a site Tell Arbid Abyad, where was carried out an archaeological project by Masaryk University was used general term Fine ware (Vostrovská et al. 2011). For analysed material from a site B0032 I decided to use term Fine ware. To this category are classified 55 sherds, (rim=26; body=25; base= 4), which are with and/or without decoration, and displayed fine clay. Their temper shows any plant inclusions, only mineral inclusions, more accurate white and black inclusions either in large or small amount.
Among these is detected ceramic material (n=12), which indicate influence of Proto- Halaf/Transitional phase, which is reflected in lighter surface colour, with dark decoration of simple geometric motifs (see Appendix C B32-q1-14; B32-q1-16, B32-q1-18, B32-q1-19, B32-q1-22, B32-q1-25, B32-q1-27, B32-q1-33, B32-q1-36, B32-q1-47, B32-q1-83, B32-q1- 102). From Tell Sabi Abyad was reported, that Halaf Fine ware was evolved during the Proto-Halaf/Transitional (Nieuwenhuyse 2006), which might demonstrate they might belong to Proto-Halaf/Transitional period. Here I would like to point out examination of ceramic material from Tell Shimshara, a site situated on the Rania Plain in Iraqi Kurdistan, which analyses shows that painted Standard Hassuna/Samarra Fine ware might continue longer in Iraqi Kurdistan, beside the appearance of the Early Halaf in northern Syria. The colour of
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paint of analysed sherds from Tell Shimshara was dark and sometimes appeared also ‘polytone’ effect on the light surface, which might be caused by firing conditions and/or by thickness of the paint (Gessner 2008:96, 106; Davidson 1977:28, 92). Temper of these sherds from Tell Shimshara showed firing in various atmosphere (Nieuwenhuyse and Robert 2017:12). Aforementioned information might serve as an indication that these ceramic fragments (n=12) might actually belong to Proto-Halaf/Transitional and therefore for their categorization might be more accurate Standard Fine Ware. However, I would suggest to categorize them Fine ware, because further examination, an archaeometric study and comparison with material from EHAS, which was identified as Hassuna might be suitable. In one case (B32-q1-56) appeared also ‘polytone’ decoration, with red to red brown. The question remain, effect on this sherd was made on purpose, or by an accidence.
The rest of ceramic material (n=43) shows not so light colour surface, which varies from very pale brown to pale brown to buff to red beige to yellowish beige. The matrix shows, that firing was carried out in oxidizing atmosphere. Decoration are applied mostly on exterior surfaces, but it appears also combination of decoration on exterior-interior and those which are restricted only on the interior side. The colour of decorations varies from red to dark brown (Tab. 10.5, Tab. 10.6). Decoration motifs of analysed sherd are mostly geometric, non-representational designs, horizontal lines, wavy strokes (B32-q1-12), undulating lines B32-q1-45), ovoid cable (B32-q1-60), crosshatching (B32-q1-75).
In Tell Arpachiyah was during the Middle Halaf exterior less covered by paint, although it continued to the rim and decorative zones were divided by lines (Davidson 1977:51). These analysed sherds are mostly decorated by horizontal lines, resp. they are less covered by paint, although in one case occurred also paintings with undulating lines on the whole surfaces (B32-q1-45).
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Decoration of Fine ware
Undecorated Exterior decoration without interiour decoration Exterior decoration with interior decoration Interior decoration without exterior decoration
Tab. 10.4. Decoration of Fine ware on site B032
Colour of exterior decoration
Dark brown mat paint Grey brown mat Brown mat paint Dark red mat paint Red brown mat paint Red to brown paint
Tab. 10.5 Colour of exterior decoration of Fine ware on site B032
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Colour of interior decoration
Dark brown mat paint Grey brown mat paint Brown mat paint Brown lustrous paint Dark red mat paint
Tab. 10.6 Colour of interior decoration of Fine ware on site B032
10.2.4 Red ware
To this category are categorized 15 sherds, which show red-slip. This slip varies from dark brown to brown to dark red to red brown to red colours. Their surface is mostly carefully smoothed, one is roughly smoothed and in some cases, are observed traces of scraping. Temper shows large/small amount of small white inclusions and small amount of black inclusions.
This type of ware was defined on the transition between the Halaf and Ubaid period. It was characterized by red-slipped surface, sporadically with black decorations of simple motifs. Red ware category was defined as heterogenous group. It showed fine clay, sometimes with small amount of mineral inclusions. Their surface was smoothed, sometimes also burnished. The wash, slip, or paint, which covered the whole area of the exterior and partially or also the whole surface of the interior, was in bright red to dark brown colour (Davidson 1977:154. 183, 295-296; Nieuwenhuyse 2000:160; Becker 2012:438).
Ceramic material from EHAS survey shows variation in colour of this paint from dark brown to brown to red brown to dark red. Two fragments (B32-q1-40, B32-q1-109) show also remains of two various colour resp. remainder of possible decoration. On the basis of aforementioned information, I would suggest categorizing these sherds to Red ware.
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Furthermore, in one sherd was detected in fabric large amount of small plant inclusions with small amount of black inclusions. Here I would like to point out occurrence of red-slipped pottery in Pre-Halaf/Proto-Hassuna, which continued to early stages of Proto- Halaf/Transitional and was attested also in Tell Sabi Abyad (Le Mière and Nieuwenhuyse 1996: Nieuwenhuyse 2013:126). This red ware of Pre-Halaf/Proto-Hassuna, Proto- Halaf/Transitional had finer fabric as the typical plant-tempered pottery of those phases, often was this slip glossy, which might have been caused by burnishing. This ware was attested also in Yarim Tepe I, alongside Archaic Hassuna (Nieuwenhuyse 2013:125-126).
On the basis of small plant inclusions, I would not immediately suggest that this one ceramic fragment has to be categorized to one of these phases. I wanted to point out the occurrence of red-slipped pottery also in previous stages (Pre-Halaf/Proto-Hassuna, Proto- Halaf/Transitional), as noted above. As I mentioned before, the Red ware is not a homogenous group, which might indicate that also small plant inclusions might occur during Halaf, although for Halaf period is typical fine clay, this fragment might show stronger influence of subsequent period.
10.3 Zone C: The lower Zagros chains with the Khabur basin
Since the beginning of the survey in 2013 there have been identified only 5 sites with possible Halaf occupation in Zone C so far (Tab.10.8).
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Amount of collected Halaf sherds
C096
C095
C062
C054
C002
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Amount of sherds
Tab.10.7 Amount of collected Halaf sherds from sites in Zone C: The lower Zagros chains with the Khabur basin
For purposes of this thesis was chosen a site C0002, called Harina 1 (Fig. 10.3) where were found 51 sherds dated to Halaf period. The prevalent number of preserved sherds were bodies, rims and bases (Tab.10.8) C002/Harina 1 is a site with higher number of reported Halaf sherds in Zone C. The total amount of collected sherds was 162, which were dated to Hassuna, Ubaid, Sasanian and Islamic period. Even though on this site were found sherds, which were dated to Hassuna period, their examination is not included in this study, because it was advised to the author of thesis to focus only on ceramic material, which was dated to Halaf period. Furthermore, from analyses were excluded 14 ceramic fragments, similar as in a site B032, as an insufficient material quality.
89
Fig. 10.3 Site C002 in Zone C, The lower Zagros chains with the Khabur basin (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016: 532) made by Google Earth
Shapes of ceramic material 30
25
20
15
10
5
0 Rim Body Base
Shapes
Tab. 10.8 Shapes of Halaf ceramic material on site C002
10.3.1 Halaf Fine Ware
To this category are included 37 pottery fragments, among which are identified 10 rims, 2 bases and 25 body sherds, which temper shows fine clay. Their temper shows
90
large/small amount of mineral inclusions, more precisely white and black inclusions. Matrix displays firing mostly in oxidizing atmosphere. The surface displays very carefully/roughly smoothing, sometimes are observed also traces of scraping. The colour of surface varies from dark brown to brown to very pale brown buff to light red to orange red to orange to yellowish beige. Among analysed ceramic material is decoration mostly restricted to exterior surfaces, but it appears also combination of decoration on exterior-interior and those which are decorated only on the interior side. The colour of decorations varies from dark brown to brown to red brown to dark red to orange red. As decorations motifs are identified mostly geometric motifs, horizontal lines, vertical undulating lines (C002-q140-5, C002-q140-10), elongate undulating lines (C002-q140-1), free floating wavy strokes (C002-q140-23), crosshatching (C002-q140-19).
Ceramic fragment (particularly C002-q140-19) might represent the very best of the Early Halaf, similarly as e.g. on Tell Sabi Abyad or Arpachiyah (Davidson 1997:27; Nieuwenhuyse 2006). This is based on the dark decoration on the whitish surface, which suggests its dating to this phase as well as wavy lines and undulating lines of some ceramic material (see above) would suggest also their dating to the Early Halaf, as it was attested on Arpachiyah (Davidson 1977:30-36). On the other hand, not covering the whole external surface of pottery fragments (C002-q140-6, C002-q140-7, C002-q140-17, C002-q140-29, C002-q140-55, C002-q140-69, C002-q141-3, C002-q141-2) by paint, in comparison with material from Arpachiyah, might suggest their dating to the Middle Halaf. I would like to emphasise, that for these classification within the Halaf period might be feasible to look at more site to secure reliable results.
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Decoration of Halaf Fine Ware
Undecorated Exterior decoration without interior decoration Exterior decoration with interior decoration Interior decoration without exterior decoration
Tab. 10.9 Decoration of Halaf Fine ware on site C002
Colour of exterior decoration
Dark brown mat paint Red brown mat paint Brown mat paint Orange red mat paint
Tab. 10.10 Colour of exterior decoration of Halaf Fine ware on site C002
92
Colour of interior decoration
Dark brown mat paint Red brown mat paint Brown mat paint
Tab. 10.11 Colour of interior decoration of Fine ware on site C002
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11 Conclusion
The main aim of this study was to process ceramic material, which was collected within EHAS Project in the Iraqi Kurdistan, and was dated to Halaf period. The region, where this survey is conducted has not been examined yet, therefore author met with problems of classification of ceramic material. Furthermore, this material was collected during the survey, what means, that most of sherds were fragmented and they might have been affected by post- depositional processes, as well as human’s and animal’s action.
Material, which was analysed, was collected on three sites, each one is located in different zone (Fig.11.1). These zones were established according to geomorphological attributes in studied region: Zone A - The Tigris Valley, Zone B - The Eastern Tigris Plateau and Zone C - the Lower Zagros chains with the Khabur Basin. Any material has been documented from Zone D and Zone E so far, which might be caused either by absence of Halaf occupation in particular regions or likely by unfavourable conditions in particular zones, which obstructed examination of these regions.
Fig. 11.1 Sites in EHAS with analysed material (EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016:12, 157, 532) made by Google Earth
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On of aim was also to investigate, whether terms, which were establish outside Iraqi Kurdistan and which served as basis for analysed material might be used in studied region. Although some terms were applied I consider that for this statement should be more archaeometric work and precise site/regions comparison done.
In the Zone A has been reported Halaf occupation only from one site, which has survey abbreviation A006 and Kurdish toponymal Gire Tusana. At this site were found only two fragmented remains of Halaf ceramic, for which was according to the temper, surface treatment, surface and decoration colour suggested category Halaf Fine Ware. Here I would like to point out, that on the bases of two sherds I do not dare to come to conclusions, during which phase of the Halaf period (Early Halaf, Middle Halaf, Late Halaf) was this site occupied. It should be also taken into consideration that only two sherds might have on this site occurred by accidence and it does not necessarily attest Halaf occupation on this site, although it might give an indication what kind of ceramic material might be expected during the further investigation of surveyed area.
In the Zone B have been identified Halaf occupation on 18 sites. For purposes of this thesis was chosen a site with survey abbreviation B032. On this site have been detected Standard Ware, Fine Ware and Red Ware. Standard ware was identified on excavated sites (e.g. Tell Sabi Abyad, Tell Halula) from Pre-Halaf/Proto-Hassuna and it appeared also during the Early Halaf. Among Fine ware on this site were found fragments, which on the bases of surface and decoration colour, as well as its temper, might suggest occupation during the Proto-Halaf/Transitional period. In an area of Iraqi Kurdistan was suggested longer continuation of Hassuna/Samarra, whereas in the Syria already started Early Halaf (Nieuwenhuyse and Robert 2017:12). I would like to point out that during the EHAS project was found material, which dating was suggested Hassuna resp. Proto-Halaf/Transitional (e.g. on sites B114, B115, B134, B146, C002) and material from these sites might be used for comparison with this from a site B032. This was also a reason for applying general term Fine Ware. The Red ware category was applied on the bases of covering of the whole surface of preserved fragments with red-slip/paint, which as attested during the Late Halaf. These types of ware might serve as an indication that site B032 might have been occupied at least from Proto-Halaf/Transitional period towards the Late Halaf. I would like to point out category Unclear (n=18), which closest examination might bring also more precise results.
In the Zone C have been documented 5 sites with possible Halaf occupation. On the site Harina 1, which were chosen for further analyses of author of this thesis, were prevalent 95
amount of Halaf Fine Ware. Even though in chapter Description of ceramic material from EHAS were some suggestion for phase of occupation I would rather suggest further examination and comparison of material.
Analysed material express, that in surveyed region might be expected also Hassuna/Samarra occupation as well as Halaf occupation. Further analyses might come with more precise results. Furthermore, I would suggest for the area, where the survey is conducted also excavation project, which might reveal stratigraphical sequence with Halaf material and enlighten Neolithic occupation in this region. Additionally, for analysed material I would suggest also to carry out an archaeometry work.
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Appendix A Description of Neolithic sites
Description of sites from Zone A: The Tigris valley
Survey number/Abbreviation A006 Site Name Gire Tusana Kurdish toponymal Gire Tusana Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 269884, 17 /4098670, 59 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA Geomorphology Type of site Tell Shape Conical Dimension Estimated size (ha) 0, 46 Length (m) 79,077 Length (m) 73,361 Height (m) 5 Height a. s. l. (m) 335
Tab. A.1 Description of site A006 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 12)
97
Description of sites from Zone B: The Eastern Tigris plateau
Survey number/Abbreviation B003 Site Name Bassetki 3 Kurdish toponymal Unknown Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 297455, 61/ 4093189, 87 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA Geomorphology Type of site Tell Shape Conical Dimension Estimated size (ha) 2, 84 Length (m) 226, 137 Length (m) 156, 613 Height (m) 11 Height a. s. l. (m) 533 Tab. A.2 Description of site B003 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 74)
Survey number/Abbreviation B010 Site Name Unknown Kurdish toponymal Unknown Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 294011, 79/4097589, 04 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA Geomorphology Type of site Tell Shape Conical Dimension Estimated size (ha) 1, 18 Length (m) 136, 755 Length (m) 108, 648 Height (m) 5 Height a. s. l. (m) 567 Tab. A.3 Description of site B010 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 95)
98
Survey number/Abbreviation B011 Site Name Muqable_1/Gire Gozel Kurdish toponymal Gire Gozel Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 299026, 34/4088020, 47 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA Geomorphology Type of site Hilltop site Shape Conical Dimension Estimated size (ha) 1, 01 Length (m) 134, 275 Length (m) 97, 797 Height (m) 5 Height a. s. l. (m) 467
Tab. A.4 Description of site B011 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 98)
Survey number/Abbreviation B012 Site Name Muqable 2 Kurdish toponymal Muqable Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 298772, 88/4087882, 95 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA Geomorphology Type of site Hilltop site Shape Irregular Dimension
Estimated size (ha) 3, 71 Length (m) 262, 419 Length (m) 194, 247 Height (m) 10 Height a. s. l. (m) 469
Tab. A.5 Description of site B012 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 103)
99
Survey number/Abbreviation B013 Site Name Muqable 3/Kharabe Kurdish toponymal Kharabe Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 298928, 74/4087720, 26 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA Geomorphology Type of site Tell Shape Truncated Conical Dimension Estimated size (ha) 2, 34 Length (m) 205, 311 Length (m) 149, 067 Height (m) 9 Height a. s. l. (m) 463
Tab. A.6 Description of site B013 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 106)
Survey number/Abbreviation B015 Site Name Gire Salu Kurdish toponymal Gire Salu Arabic toponymal Tell Salu Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 293130, 93/4093678, 33 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA Geomorphology Type of site Tell Shape Conical Dimension Estimated size (ha) 0, 57 Length (m) 85, 087 Length (m) 84, 179 Height (m) 2 Height a. s. l. (m) 505
Tab. A.7 Description of site B015 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer, 113)
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Survey number/Abbreviation B016 Site Name Bamir 1 Kurdish toponymal Unknown Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 294229, 21/4089078, 11 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery by interviews Geomorphology Type of site Blufftop site Shape Irregular Dimension Estimated size (ha) 2, 15 Length (m) 259, 752 Length (m) 110, 108 Height (m) 19 Height a. s. l. (m) 463
Tab. A.8 Description of site B016 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 116)
Survey number/Abbreviation B032 Site Name Unknown Kurdish toponymal Unknown Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 299626,22/4089205,82 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery by remote sensing Geomorphology Type of site Hilltop site Shape Irregular Dimension Estimated size (ha) 2, 15 Length (m) 201, 421 Length (m) 142, 575 Height (m) 16 Height a. s. l. (m) 493
Tab. A.9 Description of site B032 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 157)
101
Survey number/Abbreviation B046 Site Name Kardis 1 Kurdish toponymal Unknown Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 299072, 99/4083203, 22 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA Geomorphology Type of site Hilltop site Shape Irregular Dimension Estimated size (ha) 8, 14 Length (m) 414, 85 Length (m) 356, 188 Height (m) 13 Height a. s. l. (m) 420
Tab. A.10 Description of site B046 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 187)
Survey number/Abbreviation B054 Site Name Balqus 4 Kurdish toponymal Unknown Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 297732, 61/4093260, 44 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery Off-site/chance Geomorphology Type of site Artefact scatter Shape Oval Dimension Estimated size (ha) 0, 16 Length (m) 58, 91 Length (m) 33, 7 Height (m) 1 Height a. s. l. (m) 527
Tab. A.11 Description of site B054 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 204)
102
Survey number/Abbreviation B056 Site Name Kardis 6 Kurdish toponymal Unknown Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 298622,27/4082457,6 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery Remote sensing Geomorphology Type of site Flat site Shape Irregular square Dimension Estimated size (ha) 4,143828 Length (m) 224,76 Length (m) 205,44 Height (m) 1 Height a. s. l. (m) 18
Tab. A.12 Description of site B056 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 208)
Survey number/Abbreviation B101 Site Name Unknown Kurdish toponymal Unknown Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 284960, 45/4098795, 36 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery Off-site/chance Geomorphology Type of site Bluff top site Shape Triangular Dimension Estimated size (ha) 1, 79 Length (m) 188, 741 Length (m) 145, 427 Height (m) 28 Height a. s. l. (m) 472
Tab. A.13 Description of site B101 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 311)
103
Survey number/Abbreviation B114 Site Name Unknown Kurdish toponymal Unknown Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 299574, 68/4093625, 62 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery by remote sensing Geomorphology Type of site Tell Shape hemispherical Dimension Estimated size (ha) 5, 02 Length (m) 296, 956 Length (m) 213, 115 Height (m) 14 Height a. s. l. (m) 558
Tab. A.14 Description of site B014 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 338)
Survey number/Abbreviation B115 Site Name Unknown Kurdish toponymal Unknown Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 299629, 79/4093381, 34 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery by remote sensing Geomorphology Type of site Tell Shape Oval Dimension Estimated size (ha) 2, 77 Length (m) 221, 372 Length (m) 156, 319 Height (m) 13 Height a. s. l. (m) 555
Tab. A.15 Description of site B015 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 340)
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Survey number/Abbreviation B120 Site Name Gire Fil/Grfil Kurdish toponymal Grfil Arabic toponymal Tell Karfyl Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 304559, 21/4090301, 41 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery Atlas of archaeological sites in Iraq by remote sensing CORONA Geomorphology Type of site Tell Shape Conical Dimension Estimated size (ha) 0, 95 Length (m) 118, 367 Length (m) 118, 367 Height (m) 7 Height a. s. l. (m) 551 Tab. A.16 Description of site B120 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 351)
Survey number/Abbreviation B134 Site Name Gire Garmawa Kurdish toponymal Gire Garmawa Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 308496,55/4089071,2 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery Atlas of archaeological sites in Iraq Geomorphology Type of site Tell Shape Ovoid, conical Dimension Estimated size (ha) 1,3 Length (m) 165,21 Length (m) 95,62 Height (m) 14 Height a. s. l. (m) 607
Tab. A.17 Description of site B134 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 389)
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Survey number/Abbreviation B145 Site Name Unknown Kurdish toponymal Unknown Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 297172,29/4095514,1 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery Remote sensing Geomorphology Type of site Artefact scatter Shape ovoid Dimension Estimated size (ha) 1 Length (m) 165,23 Length (m) 82 Height (m) 6 Height a. s. l. (m) 564
Tab. A.18 Description of site B145 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 422)
Survey number/Abbreviation B146 Site Name Unknown Kurdish toponymal Unknown Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 302377,74/4090226,8 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery By remote sensing Geomorphology Type of site Flat site Shape Irregular Dimension Estimated size (ha) 0,81 Length (m) 100 Length (m) 98 Height (m) 6 Height a. s. l. (m) 526
Tab. A.19 Description of site B146 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 424)
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Description of sites from Zone C: The lower Zagros chains with Khabur basin
Survey number/Abbreviation C002 Site Name Harina 1 Kurdish toponymal Unknown Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 308544, 25/4101925, 89 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA Geomorphology Type of site Flat site Shape Irregular Dimension Estimated size (ha) 0, 64 Length (m) 123, 937 Length (m) 69, 102 Height (m) 8 Height a. s. l. (m) 673 Tab. A.20 Description of site C002 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 532)
Survey number/Abbreviation C054 Site Name Kerpet Ali 2 Kurdish toponymal Unknown Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates WSG84 UTM38N WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery by chance Geomorphology Type of site Flat site Shape Irregular Dimension Estimated size (ha) 2, 57 Length (m) 222, 784 Length (m) 159, 012 Height (m) 12 Height a. s. l. (m) 601 Tab. A.21 Description of site C054 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 678)
107
Survey number/Abbreviation C062 Site Name Milham Bani Jora Kurdish toponymal Milham Bani Jora Arabic toponymal Ras al Ain al Ulya (Upper) Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 326114,28/ 4103398,68 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery by remote sensing CORONA Geomorphology Type of site Tell Shape Ovoid Dimension Estimated size (ha) 1, 68 Length (m) 187, 979 Length (m) 119, 176 Height (m) 16 Height a. s. l. (m) 918
Tab. A.22 Description of site C062 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 699)
Survey number/Abbreviation C095 Site Name Unknown Kurdish toponymal Unknown Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 287401,36/4117948 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery By remote sensing Geomorphology Type of site Blufftop site Shape Triamgular shape Dimension Estimated size (ha) 1 Length (m) 166 Length (m) 95 Height (m) 15 Height a. s. l. (m) 434
Tab. A.23 Description of site C095 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 791)
108
Survey number/Abbreviation C096 Site Name Unknown Kurdish toponymal Unknown Arabic toponymal Unknown Ancient Name Unknown Coordinates 287296,11/4117845,9 WSG84 UTM38N Means of discovery By remote sensing Geomorphology Type of site Blufftop site Shape Oval shape Dimension Estimated size (ha) 0,49 Length (m) 103 Length (m) 60 Height (m) 11 Height a. s. l. (m) 427
Tab. A.24 Description of site C096 (after EHAS Site Gazetteer 2016, 794)
109
Appendix B Colour system applied in EHAS project
110
Appendix C Catalogue of analysed sherds
Zone A: Site Gire Tusana
Halaf Fine ware
Inventory No. Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior
A006-q1-1 Vertically Th. 4 mm Large amount of Completely Orange red Light red colour, oriented body small black oxidized colour, very traces of frag. without inclusions and carefully scraping, slipped carination small amount of smoothed, small white slipped and inclusions painted with dark brown lustrous paint
A006-q1-2 Vertically Th. 3-7 mm Small amount of Completely Green brown Very pale brown oriented body small white and oxidized colour, very colour, very frag. without black inclusions carefully carefully carination smoothed, smoothed, slipped and slipped painted with dark brown mat paint
Drawing Photograph documentation
111
Zone B: Site B32
Standard Ware
Inventory No. Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior
B32-q1-37 Vertical straight Th. 5 mm Large amount of Strongly reduced Buff colour, Buff colour, rim frag. with small plant core roughly roughly
slightly pinched inclusions and smoothed smoothed lip small amount of black inclusions
B32-q1-46 Vertical straight Th. 6-9 mm Large amount of Completely Red beige colour, Yellowish beige rim frag. with large plant and reduced roughly colour, not
simple lip white inclusions smoothed, visible due to erosion
B32-q1-37 B32-q1-46
112
Fine ware
Inventory No. Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior
B32-q1-1 Vertically Th. 4 mm Large amount Completely Very pale brown colour, Buff colour, oriented body of small white oxidized roughly smoothed, roughly frag. without inclusions slipped, and painted smoothed, carination with dark brown mat slipped paint
B32-q1-5 Vertically Th. 7 mm Large amount Completely Very pale brown colour, Very pale oriented body of small white oxidized very carefully brown colour, frag. without inclusion and smoothed, painted with carefully carination small amount dark brown mat paint smoothed of small black inclusions
B32-q1-6 Vertically Th. 4 mm Small amount Completely Very pale brown colour, Very pale oriented body of small white oxidized traces of scraping brown colour, frag. without inclusions and traces of carination small black scraping, inclusions painted in brown lustrous paint
B32-q1-7 Vertical straight Th. 2-3 mm Large amount Completely Very pale brown colour, Very pale rim frag.. with of small white oxidized roughly smoothed brown colour,
sharply pointed inclusion and roughly lip small amount smoothed of small black inclusions
B32-q1-9 Vertically Th. 3-4 mm Large amount Slightly Green beige colour, Green beige oriented body of a small incompletely very carefully smoothed colour, very frag. without white and oxidized core with grey brown mat carefully carination black pain smoothed with inclusions grey brown mat paint
B32-q1-12 Vertically Th. 2-4 mm Large amount Slightly Yellowish beige colour, Yellowish oriented body of black incompletely very carefully beige colour,
frag. without inclusions oxidized core smoothed, slipped, traces of carination painted with brown mat scraping paint
B32-q1-13 Vertically Th. 4-5 mm Small amount Completely Very pale brown colour, Very pale oriented body of small black oxidized very carefully brown, very
frag. without inclusions smoothed, slipped, carefully carination painted with brown mat smoothed paint
B32-q1-14 Vertically Th. 4 mm Small amount Exterior Very pale brown colour, Light beige oriented body of large white reduced, interior carefully smoothed, colour, frag. without inclusions and oxidized slipped, painted with carefully carination small amount dark brown mat paint smoothed, of small black painted with inclusions dark brown mat paint r
113
B32-q1-1 B32-q1-5
B32-q1-6
B32-q1-7 B32-q1-9
114
B32-q1-12 B32-q1-13
B32-q1-14
115
Fine ware
Inventory No. Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior
B32-q1-15 Vertically Th. 5 mm Small amount Completely Very pale brown colour, Brown colour, oriented body of small white reduced carefully smoothed, overall
frag. without and black slipped, painted with dark burnished carination inclusions brown mat colour
B32-q1-16 Open straight rim Th. 2-5 mm Small amount Completely Very pale brown colour, Very pale frag.t with of small white oxidized traces of finger pressing brown colour,
sharply pointed and black dominant, slipped, painted traces of finger lip inclusions with dark brown mat paint pressing,
painted with dark brown mat paint
B32-q1-18 Closed convex Th. 3-6 mm Large amount Completely Yellowish beige colour, Yellowish beige rim frag. with of small white oxidized traces of scraping, slipped colour, traces of
sharply pointed and black scraping lip inclusions
B32-q1-19 Closed convex Th. 2-5 mm Large amount Completely Very pale brown colour, Very pale rim frag. with of small white oxidized very carefully smoothed, brown colour,
sharply pointed and black slipped carefully lip inclusions smoothed
B32-q1-21 Vertical straight Th. 2-4 mm Large amount Completely Very pale brown colour, Very pale rim frag. with lip of small white oxidized traces of scraping, painted brown colour,
of jar inclusions decoration in dark brown roughly colour smoothed, painted decoration in dark brown colour
B32-q1-22 Rim fragment Th. 5-7 mm, Small amount Slightly Pale yellow colour, traces Pale yellow with vertical of small white incompletely of scraping, painted colour, roughly
orientation and and black oxidized core decoration in dark brown smoothed, straight shape inclusions colour painted decoration in dark brown colour
B32-q1-23 Closed straight Th. 3-6 mm, Large amount Exterior reduced, Buff colour, traces of Buff colour, rim frag. with of a small white interior scraping, painted with roughly
sharply pointed inclusions and incompletely dark brown mat paint smoothed, lip small amount of oxidized painted with small black dark brown mat inclusions paint
B32-q1-24 Vertical rim frag. Th. 3 mm Large amount Slightly Buff colour, roughly Buff colour, with sharply of a small white incompletely smoothed, painted with roughly
pointed lip inclusions and oxidized core dark red mat paint smoothed, small amount of painted in dark
small black red mat paint inclusions
116
B32-q1-15 B32-q1-18
B32-q1-16
B32-q1-19 B32-q1-21
117
B32-q1-22 B32-q1-23
B32-q1-24
118
Fine Ware
Inventory No. Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior
B32-q1-25 Closed Th. 2-4 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Yellowish beige, straight rim a small d black reduced core, colour, carefully carefully
frag. with inclusions and incompletely smoothed, smoothed, sharply small amount of oxidized painted with painted with dark
pointed lip white inclusions surfaces dark brown mat brown mat paint paint
B32-q1-26 Open concave Th. 4-6 mm, Large amont of End reduction Red beige Red beige colour, rim frag. with a small white colour, very very carefully sharply inclusions and carefully smoothed pointed lip small amount of smoothed, black inclusions painted with red brown mat paint
B32-q1-27 Open straight Th. 2-3 mm Small amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown, rim frag. small plant, oxidized colour, traces of not preserved due
white and black scraping, to erosion inclusions painted with brown mat paint
B32-q1-28 Vertically Th. 7-8 mm Large amount of Completely Yellowish beige Yellowish brown oriented body a small white oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly
sherd without inclusions and smoothed, smoothed carination small amount of painted with a black dark brown mat inclusions paint
B32-q1-29 Vertical Th. 2-3 mm Small amount of Exterior Very pale brown Very pale brown straight rim small plant and incompletely colour, traces of colour, traces of
frag. with white inclusions oxidized, scraping, scraping, painted sharply interior reduced painted with with dark brown pointed lip dark brown mat mat paint paint
B32-q1-30 Straight rim Th. 5 mm Large amount of Completely Buff colour, Very pale brown frag. with a small white oxidized very carefully colour, very
simple lip of inclusions and smoothed, carefully jar small amount of painted with smoothed black inclusions dark brown colour
B32-q1-31 Closed Th. 2-3 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown straight rim a small white oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly
frag. with inclusions and a smoothed, smoothed, rounded small amount of painted with painted with carination black inclusions brown mat paint brown mat paint
119
B32-q1-25
B32-q1-26 B32-q1-27
B32-q1-28 B32-q1-29
120
B32-q1-30
B32-q1-31
121
Fine Ware
Inventory No. Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior
B32-q1-33 Closed straight Th. 5 mm Small amount of Completely Yellowish beige Yellowish beige rim frag. with a small white and oxidized colour, very colour, very
sharply pointed dark inclusions carefully carefully lip smoothed, smoothed,
slipped, painted slipped, painted with dark brown with dark brown mat paint mat paint
B32-q1-34 Vertical straight Th. 3-7 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale Very pale brown rim frag. with a small white reduced brown colour, colour, roughly
sharply pointed inclusions and roughly smoothed lip small amount of smoothed black inclusions
B32-q1-35 Vertically Th. 5-6 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale Yellowish beige oriented body a small white reduced brown colour, colour, roughly
frag. without inclusions and roughly smoothed carination small amount of a smoothed, small black painted with inclusions dark brown mat paint
B32-q1-36 Vertical straight Th. 3-4 mm Large amount of Completely Yellowish beige Yellowish beige rim frag. with white inclusions oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly
sharply pointed and small amount smoothed, smoothed, lipt of dark inclusions slipped slipped
B32-q1-38 Closed convex Th. 3-4 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale Very pale brown rim frag. with a small plant reduced brown colour, colour, traces of
sharply pointed inclusions and roughly scraping, painted lip small amount of smoothed, decoration with
white and black painted with dark brown mat inclusions brown mat paint paint
B32-q1-45 Vertically Th. 4-6 mm Small amount of Exterior Very pale Very pale brown oriented body a small white and reduced interior brown colour, colour, roughly
frag. without black inclusion incompletely carefully smoothed carination oxidized smoothed, painted with dark brown mat paint
B32-q1-47 Vertical straight Th. 3-4 mm Large amount of Slightly Very pale Very pale brown rim frag. with a small white incompletely brown colour, colour, roughly
flat lip inclusions and oxidized core traces of smoothed small amount of scraping small black inclusions
122
B32-q1-33
B32-q1-34 B32-q1-35
B32-q1-36 B32-q1-45
123
B32-q1-38
B32-q1-47
124
Fine Ware
Inventory Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior No.
B32-q1-48 Vertical straight Th. 2-6 mm Large amount of a Completely Buff colour, Buff colour, rim frag. with flat small white oxidized roughly roughly lip inclusions and smoothed, smoothed, small amount of painted painted with small black decoration with brown mat paint inclusions dark brown mat paint
B32-q1-50 Vertical straight Th. 2-5 mm Small amount of a Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown rim frag. with flat small white and oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly lip black inclusions smoothed, smoothed painted decoration with dark brown mat paint
B32-q1-51 Body frag. with Th. 9-16 mm Large amount of a Slightly Buff colour, Buff colour, sharp shoulder small white incompletely traces of traces of carination inclusions oxidized core scraping, painted scraping with dark brown mat paint
B32-q1-52 Vertically oriented Th. 4 mm Large amount of a Completely Pale brown Pale brown body frag. without small white oxidized colour very colour, carefully carination inclusions carefully smoothed smoothed, painted with dark brown mat paint
B32-q1-56 Vertically oriented Th. 5-6 mm Large amount of a Slightly Yellowish beige Very pale brown body frag. without small white incompletely colour, traces of colour, traces of carination inclusions oxidized core scraping, painted finger pressing with red to red brown mat paint
B32-q1-58 Vertically oriented Th. 4-6 mm Small amount of a Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown body frag. without small white and oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly carination black inclusions l smoothed, smoothed painted with dark brown mat paint
B32-q1-60 Vertically oriented Th. 4-5 mm Small amount of a Completely Buff colour, Buff colour, , body frag. without small white oxidized traces of traces of carination inclusions scraping, painted scraping, painted with dark brown with dark brown mat paint mat paint
B32-q1-62 Vertically oriented Th. 5-8 mm Large amount of a Completely Yellowish beige Very pale brown body frag. with small white oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly rounded carination inclusions smoothed, smoothed painted with dark brown mat paint
125
B32-q1-48 B32-q1-51
B32-q1-50
B32-q1-52 B32-q1-56
126
B32-q1-58 B32-q1-62
B32-q1-60
127
Fine ware
Inventory No. Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior
B32-q1-63 Vertical rim frag. Th. 3-4 mm Large amount of a Slightly Very pale brown Very pale brown with rounded small white incompletely colour, carefully colour, carefully
carination and inclusions oxidized core smoothed smoothed plain lip
B32-q1-70 Vertically oriented Th. 4-5 mm Large amount of a Completely Yellowish beige Yellowish beige body frag. without small white reduced colour, roughly colour, roughly
carination inclusions smoothed, smoothed painted with dark brown mat paint
B32-q1-72 Straight rim frag. Th. 2-5 mm, Large amount of a Completely Yellowish beige Yellowish beige with sharply small white oxidized colour, roughly colour, traces of
pointed lip and inclusions smoothed, scraping, slipped rounded slipped carination.
B32-q1-75 Vertically oriented Th. 5 mm Small amount of a Completely Red beige colour, Red beige body frag. without small white and oxidized very carefully colour, very
carination black inclusions smoothed, carefully painted with dark smoothed,
brown mat paint painted with dark brown mat paint
B32-q1-77 Vertically oriented Th. 2-3 mm Large amount of a Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown body frag. without small white oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly
carination inclusions smoothed, smoothed painted with dark brown mat colourr
B32-q1-80 Vertically oriented Th. 2-3 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown body sherds small white oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly
without carination inclusions and smoothed, smoothed small amount of painted with dark small black brown mat paint inclusions
B32-q1-81 Vertically oriented Th. 5-6 mm Large amount of a Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown body sherds small white oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly
without carination inclusions smoothed, smoothed painted with dark brown mat paint
B32-q1-82 Vertically oriented Th. 4 mm Large amount of a Completely Very pale brown Light red colour, body sherds small white oxidized colour, traces of traces of
without carination inclusions scraping scraping
B32-q1-83 Open straight rim Th. 5-8 mm, Large amount of a Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown frag. with sharply small white oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly
pointed lip inclusions smoothed, smoothed painted with dark brown mat paint
128
B32-q1-63 B32-q1-70
B32-q1-72 B32-q1-83
B32-q1-75
129
B32-q1-77 B32-q1-80
B32-q1-81 B32-q1-82
130
Fine Ware
Inventory No. Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior
B32-q1-93 Vertical straight Th. 6-7 mm, Small amount of a Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown rim frag. with small white oxidized colour, very colour, carefully
simple lip. inclusions carefully smoothed smoothed, painted with dark brown mat paint
B32-q1-102 Rounded base Th. 5- 10 mm Large amount of a Completely Green beige Green beige frag. with sharp small blck oxidized colour, traces of colour, traces of base transition inclusions scraping scraping
B32-q1-103 Gently rounded Th. 5-7 mm Large amount of a Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown base frag. with a small white oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly
gradual transition inclusions smoothed smoothed
B32-q1-104 Gently rounded Th. 4-9 mm Large amount of a Completely Buff colour, Buff colour, base frag. with small white oxidized traces of scraping traces of
gradual base inclusions scraping transition
B32-q1-105 Body frag. with Th. 9 -11 mm Large amount of a Strongly Very pale brown Very pale brown rounded carination small white reduced core colour, not colour, not
inclusions visible due to visible due to erosion. erosion.
B32-q1-106 Flat shape base Th. 4-7mm Small amount of a Slightly Very pale brown Buff colour, frag. with a sharp small white and incompletely colour, traces of traces of
transition black inclusions oxidized core scraping, scraping
B32-q1-107 Vertically oriented Th. 4-6 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale body frag. without small white oxidized colour, carefully brown, colour
carination inclusions smoothed, carefully painted with smoothed brown mat paint
B32-q1.108 Closed straight Th. 7-11 mm Large amount of a Slightly Not visible due to Not visible due rim frag. with small white incompletely erosion. to erosion. flattened lip inclusions oxidized core
131
B32-q1-93 B32-q1-102
B32-q1-103 B32-q1-104
B32-q1-105 B32-q1-106
B32-q1-107 B32-q1-108
132
Red ware
Inventory No. Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior
B32-q1-4 Body frag. with Th. 4-5 mm Small amount of Slightly Very pale brown Very pale rounded carination small white and incompletely colour, roughly brown, roughly
black inclusions oxidized core smoothed and smoothed painted with dark brown mat paint
B32-q1-20 Vertically oriented Th. 4 mm Large amount of Slightly Yellowish beige Very pale brown body frag. without small white incompletely colour, very colour carefully
carination inclusions and oxidized core carefully smoothed, small amount of smoothed, painted in dark
black inclusions painted with brown mat paint brown mat paint
B32-q1-40 Vertical straight Th. 2-4 mm Large amount of a Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown rim frag. with LIP small white oxidized colour, traces of colour, traces of
inclusions and scraping, painted scraping, painted small amount of decoration with with dark red
small black dark red mat mat paint inclusions paint
B32-q1-43 Vertically oriented Th. 3-4 mm Large amount of a Completely Yellowish beige Very pale brown body frag. without small white oxidized colour, traces of colour, traces of
carination inclusions and scraping, painted scraping, painted small amount of with dark red mat with red brown
small black paint mat paint inclusions
B32-q1-44 Vertically oriented Th. 4-5 mm Large amount of Completely Very pale brown Very pale body frag. without small white oxidized colour, roughly brown, carefully
carination inclusions and smoothed, smoothed small amount of painted with dark small black red mat paintr inclusions
B32-q1-59 Vertically oriented Th. 6-8 mm Small amount of a Completely Very pale brown Very pale brown body frag. with small white oxidized colour, carefully colour, roughly
rounded carination inclusions smoothed, smoothed painted with dark brown mat paint
133
B32-q1-4 B32-q1-20
B32-q1-40
B32-q1-43
B32-q1-44 B32-q1-59
134
Red ware
Inventory No. Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior
B32-q1-61 Vertically oriented Th. 3-4 mm Large amount of a Slightly Yellowish beige Yellowish beige body frag. with small white incompletely colour, roughly colour, roughly rounded carination inclusions oxidized core smoothed, smoothed, painted with dark painted with brown mat paint dark brown mat paint
B32-q1-69 Vertically oriented Th. 3-5 mm Large amount of a Completely Dark red colour, Very pale brown body frag. without small white oxidized very carefully colour, carefully
carination inclusions smoothed, smoothed, painted with dark painted with dark
red mat paint brown mat paint
B32-q1-73 Body frag. with Th. 3-4 mm Large amount of a Exterior Red brown Red brown rounded carinatio small white reduced, colour, traces of colour, roughly inclusions interior scraping, painted smoothed, oxidized with red brown painted with red mat paint brown mat paint
B32-q1-76 Vertically oriented Th. 7 mm Large amount of a Exterior Very pale brown Buff colour, body frag. without small white oxidized, colour, carefully carefully carination inclusions and interior reduced smoothed, smoothed small amount of painted with dark small black brown mat paintr inclusions
B32-q1-79 Body frag. with Th. 2 mm Large amount of a Completely Dark brown Buff colour, rounded carination small white oxidized colour, traces of traces of inclusions and scraping, painted scraping small amount of decoration with small black dark brown mat inclusions paint
B32-q1-84 Vertically oriented Th. 2-3 mm Small amount of Completely Yellowish beige Yellowish beige body sherds small white oxidized colour, roughly colour, roughly without carination inclusions smoothed, pained smoothed with dark brown mat paint
B32-q1-92 Vertically oriented Th. 2-3 mm Large amount of a Completely Very pale brown Buff colour, body sherds small white oxidized colour, carefully carefully without carination inclusions smoothed smoothed, painted with dark brown mat paint
B32-q1-109 Vertically oriented Th. 5 – 6 mm Small amount of a Slightly Very pale brown Very pale brown body frag. without small white and incompletely colour, carefully colour, carefully carination black inclusions oxidized core smoothed, smoothed painted with dark
red to dark brown mat paint
135
B32-q1-61
B32-q1-69 B32-q1-76
B32-q1-73
136
B32-q1-79 B32-q1-84
B32-q1-92
B32-q1-109
137
Zone C: Site Harina 1
Halaf Fine Ware
Inventory No. Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior
C02-q140-3 Vertical straight Th. 2-3 mm Large amount Slightly Buff colour, Buff colour, rim frag. with of small white incompletely very carefully roughly
slightly everted inclusions oxidized core smoothed, smoothed lip painted with dark red mat paint
C02-q140-4 Open straight Th. 3-5 mm Large amount Completely Very pale Very pale rim frag. with of a small white oxidized brown colour, brown colour, simple lip inclusions carefully carefully smoothed, smoothed, painted with painted dark brown mat decoration paint with red brown mat paint
C02-q140-5 Vertical straight Th. 5 mm Large amount Slightly Yellowish Yellowish rim frag. with of small white incompletely beige colour, beige colour,
flat lip. inclusions oxidized core carefully carefully smoothed, smoothed, painted with painted with dark brown mat dark brown paint mat paint
C02-q140-6 Vertically oriented Th. 5-8 mm Small amount Slightly Yellowish Yellowish body frag. without of small black incompletely beige colour, beige colour, carination inclusions oxidized core carefully traces of smoothed, scraping painted with dark brown mat paint
C02-q140-7 Body frag. with Th. 5-6 mm Large amount Completely Very pale Buff colour, rounded of a small white oxidized brown colour, roughly
carination inclusions roughly smoothed smoothed, painted with red brown mat paint
138
C002-q140-3
C002-q140-4
C002-q140-5
139
C002-q140-6 C002-q140-7
140
Halaf Fine Ware
Inventory No. Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior
C02-q140-9 Vertically oriented Th. 5-6 mm Large amount Slightly Very pale Buff colour, body frag. without of a small white incompletely brown colour, roughly carination inclusions oxidized core carefully smoothed smoothed, painted with dark brown mat paint
C02-q140-10 Body frag. with Th. 6-7 mm Small amount Completely Orange red Very pale rounded of small white oxidized colour, very brown colour,
carination inclusions carefully carefully smoothed, smoothed painted with dark brown mat paint
C02-q140-17 Vertically oriented Th. 6 mm Large amount Slightly Buff colour, Buff colour, body frag. without of small white incompletely very carefully very carefully carination inclusions oxidized core smoothed, smoothed painted with dark brown mat paint
C02-q140-18 Vertically oriented Th. 7-10 mm Large amount Completely Orange red Orange red body frag. without of small white oxidized colour, very colour, very carination inclusions carefully carefully smoothed, smoothed painted with dark brown mat paint
C02-q140-19 Body frag. with Th. 5-6 mm Large amount Completely Yellowish Yellowish rounded of small white oxidized beige colour, beige colour, carination inclusions roughly very carefully smoothed, smoothed painted with dark brown mat paint
C02-q140-20 Vertically Th. 3 mm Small amount Completely Very pale Very pale oriented body of a small white oxidized brown colour, brown colour, frag. without inclusions roughly roughly carination smoothed smoothed, painted with dark brown mat paint
141
C002-q140-9
C002-q140-10
C002-q140-17 C002-q140-18
C002-q140-19
142
C002-q140-20
143
Halaf Fine Ware
Inventory No. Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior
C02-q140-22 Vertically oriented Th. 2-3 mm Small amount Completely Very pale Very pale body frag. without of small black oxidized brown colour, brown colour, carination inclusions traces of traces of scraping, scraping painted with brown mat paint
C02-q140-23 Vertically oriented Th. 4 mm Small amount Completely Very pale Very pale body frag. without of small white oxidized brown colour, brown colour, carination inclusions carefully traces of smoothed, scraping painted with brown mat paint
C02-q140-24 Vertically oriented Th. 8-10 mm Small amount Completely Light red Light red body frag. without of small white oxidized colour, very colour, very carination inclusions carefully carefully
smoothed, smoothed, painted with painted with dark brown mat dark brown paint mat paint
C02-q140-25 Open concave Th. 6-8 mm Small amount Completely Buff colour, Buff colour, rim frag. with of small white oxidized very carefully traces of
outwardly inclusions smoothed, scraping bevelled lip painted with dark brown mat paint
C02-q140-29 Open straight Th. 2-8 mm Small amount Completely Yellowish Yellowish rim frag. with of small white oxidized beige colour beige colour
sharply pointed inclusions traces of traces of lip scraping scraping, painted with brown mat paint
144
C002-q140-22 C002-q140-23
C002-q140-23
C002-q140-24
C002-q140-25
145
C002-q140-29
146
Halaf Fine Ware
Inventory No. Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior
C02-q140-31 Vertical convex Th. 3-5 mm Large amount Completely Very pale Very pale rim frag. with of small white oxidized brown colour, brown colour,
sharply pointed inclusions carefully traces of lip smoothed, scraping painted with dark brown mat paint
C02-q140-32 Open rim frag. Th. 1-6 mm Large amount Slightly Red beige Very pale with sharply of small white incompletely colour, roughly brown colour,
pointed lip and inclusions oxidized core smoothed, roughly rounded painted with smoothed, carination dark brown mat painted with paint dark brown mat paint
C02-q140-33 Closed straight Th. 3 mm Small amount Slightly Very pale Very pale rim frag. With of small white incompletely brown colour, brown colour,
sharply pointed inclusions oxidized core carefully carefully
lip smoothed, smoothed, painted with painted with red brown mat red brown mat paint paint
C02-q140-34 Gently rounded Th. 5-7 mm No Slightly Very pale Yellowish base frag. with macroscopically incompletely brown colour, beige colour,
gradual visible oxidized core traces of carefully transition inclusions scraping, smoothed painted with dark brown mat paint
147
C002-q140-30
C002-q140-31
C002-q140-32
C002-q140-33
148
C002-q140-34
149
Halaf Fine Ware
Inventory No. Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior
C02-q140-39 Body frag. with Th. 4-5 mm Large amount Completely Very pale Very pale rounded of white oxidized brown colour, brown colour,
carination inclusions carefully traces of smoothed, scraping painted with dark brown mat paint
C02-q140-40 Body frag. with Th. 6 mm Large amount Completely Buff colour, Buff colour, rounded of small white oxidized very carefully traces of
carination inclusions smoothed, scraping painted with dark brown mat paint
C02-q140-41 Vertically oriented Th. 7-9 mm Small amount Completely Buff colour, Buff colour, body frag. without of small white oxidized roughly roughly carination inclusions smoothed, smoothed, painted with painted with dark brown mat dark brown paint mat paint
C02-q140-42 Vertically oriented Th. 10-11 Small amount Slightly Yellowish Very pale body frag. without mm of small white incompletely beige colour, brown colour, carination inclusions oxidized core roughly roughly smoothed, smoothed painted with dark brown mat paint
C02-q140-43 Vertically oriented Th. 7-9 mm Large amount Completely Buff colour, Buff colour body frag. without of small white oxidized carefully carefully carination inclusions smoothed, smoothed, painted with painted with dark brown mat dark brown paint mat paint
C02-q140-45 Vertically oriented Th. 8-9 mm Small amount Completely Very pale Buff colour, body frag. without of small white oxidized brown colour, traces of carination inclusions carefully scraping smoothed, painted with dark brown
150
C002-q140-39 C002-q140-40
C002-q140-41
C002-q140-42 C002-q140-45
C002-q140-43
151
Halaf Fine Ware
Inventory No. Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior
C02-q140-49 Body frag. with Th. 4-5 mm Small amount Completely Very pale Very pale rounded of small black oxidized brown colour, brown colour,
carination inclusions carefully carefully smoothed, smoothed painted with dark brown mat paint
C02-q140-50 Vertically oriented Th. 6-7 mm Small amount Completely Very pale Very pale body frag. without of small black oxidized brown colour, brown colour, carination inclusions roughly carefully smoothed, smoothed painted with dark brown mat paint
C02-q140-52 Body frag. with Th. 5-6 mm Large amount Exterior Very pale Very pale rounded of small white incompletely brown colour, brown
carination inclusions oxidized , roughly colour,roughly interior smoothed, smoothed oxidized painted with dark brown mat paint
C02-q140-53 Vertically oriented Th. 6-8 mm Small amount Slightly Very pale Very pale body frag. without of small white incompletely brown colour, brown colour, carination inclusions oxidized core roughly traces of smoothed, scraping painted with
dark brown mat paint
C02-q140-55 Body frag. with Th. 4-7 mm Small amount Completely Yellowish Yellowish rounded of small white oxidized beige colour, beige colour,
carination and black trace of roughly inclusions scraping, smoothed roughly smoothed, painted with brown mat paint
152
C002-q140-49 C002-q140-50
C002.q140-52 C002-q140-53
C002-q140-55
153
Halaf Fine Ware
Inventory No. Shape Size Temper Firing Exterior Interior
C02-q140-60 Vertically Th. 7-9 mm Large amount Completely Very pale Very pale oriented body of small white oxidized brown colour, brown colour,
sherd without inclusions roughly traces of carination smoothed scraping, painted with red brown mat paint
C02-q140-69 Vertically Th. 3-5 mm Large amount Slightly Very pale Very pale oriented body of small white incompletely brown colour, brown colour,
sherd without inclusions oxidized core carefully traces of carination smoothed, scraping painted with
orange red colour
C02-q141-1 Vertical convex Th. 3-4 mm Large amount Completely Yellowish Orange red rim frag. with of small white oxidized beige colour, colour, traces
simple lip inclusions traces of of scraping, scraping, painted with painted with brown mat brown mat paint paint
C02-q141-2 Gently rounded Th. 3-5 mm Large amount Slightly Buff colour, Buff colour, base frag. with of small white incompletely traces of traces of
sharp transition inclusions oxidized core scraping scraping
C02-q141-3 Vertically Th. 4-6 mm Large amount Completely Very pale Buff colour, oriented body of small white oxidized brown colour, traces of
frag. without inclusions carefully scraping carination smoothed,
painted with brown mat paint
C02-q143-1 Closed straight Th. 4-6 mm Large amount Completely Very pale Very pale rim frag. with of small white oxidized brown colour, brown colour,
inwardly inclusions traces of traces of
bevelled lip scraping, scraping, painted with painted with dark brown mat dark brown paint mat paint
154
C002-q140-60 C002-q140-69
C002-q141-1
C002-q141-3 C002-q143-1
155
C002-q141-2
C002-q143-1
156
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