Und Der Meister Sprach ... Die Darstellung Des Konfuzius In

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Und Der Meister Sprach ... Die Darstellung Des Konfuzius In Und der Meister sprach ... DIE DARSTELLUNG DES KONFUZIUS IN TEXTEN DER ZHANGUO- UND FRÜHEN HAN-ZEIT INAUGURAL-DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DES DOKTORGRADES DER PHILOSOPHIE AN DER LUDWIG-MAXIMILIANS-UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN VORGELEGT VON CHRISTIANE HAUPT 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Hans van Ess 2. Gutachter: Prof. Robert Gassmann Prüfung: 24.07.2006 2 Danksagung Diese Studie wäre nicht zustande gekommen ohne die Hilfe vieler Menschen, die auf jeweils eigene Weise zu ihrem Gelingen beigetragen haben: Für ihre Unterstützung bei meinen Fragen danke ich Dr. Matthias Richter, Dr. Maria Khayutina und Professor David Schaberg. Mit Professor Stephen Durrant verbrachte ich einen anregenden und motivierenden Nachmittag in der Münchner Glyptothek. Professor Dr. Kai Vogelsang sowie Dr. Judith Suwald gilt mein besonderer Dank, da sie mit ihren kreativen Anmerkungen den gesamten Entstehungsprozess begleitet haben. Meinem Zweitgutachter Professor Dr. Robert Gassmann möchte ich ebenfalls Dank aussprechen, da er für diese Aufgabe spontan zur Verfügung stand. Für die gründliche Lektüre des Manuskripts danke ich Marlisa Thumm sehr herzlich. Der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung gilt mein Dank für dreijährige finanzielle Unterstützung. Doch vor allen möchte ich meinem Betreuer Professor Dr. Hans van Ess danken, der mit seinem großen Wissen, seinen innovativen Ideen und mit großer Geduld die Arbeit durch ihre Irrungen und Wirrungen führte. Abschließend möchte ich noch Jörg Müller meinen herzlichsten Dank aussprechen: Er hatte den schwierigsten Part dieser Dissertation zu tragen – nämlich mich! Die Schuld an sämtlichen Fehlern und Mängeln dieser Arbeit bleibt allerdings bei niemand anderem als mir selbst. Die Arbeit möchte ich dem Andenken an meine Freundin Sabine Grüneklee und an meinen Vater Günter Haupt widmen. Beiden war es nicht vergönnt, die Fertigstellung dieser Arbeit miterleben zu dürfen. 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Die Frage nach dem historischen Konfuzius____________________________________ 7 1.1 Das Lunyu 論語 ______________________________________________________ 10 1.1.1 Die verschiedenen Versionen des Lunyu ________________________________ 12 1.1.2 Archäologische Funde ______________________________________________ 13 1.2 Anekdotische Überlieferung neben dem Lunyu____________________________ 15 1.2.1 Konfuzius’ Schüler und die Überlieferung ______________________________ 16 1.3 Fragestellung der Arbeit_______________________________________________ 18 1.3.1 Vorüberlegungen __________________________________________________ 18 1.3.2 Vorgehensweise ___________________________________________________ 20 1.3.3 Einige Anmerkungen zu Begriffen der Gattung __________________________ 23 2 Konfuzius im Zuozhuan 左傳: ______________________________________________ 27 Zhongni und die Riten ______________________________________________________ 27 2.1 Konfuzius-Darstellung im Zuozhuan ____________________________________ 28 2.1.1 Konfuzius und seine Schüler _________________________________________ 28 2.1.2 Konfuzius und die Politik____________________________________________ 33 2.1.3 Konfuzius als Berater der Familie Jisun ________________________________ 37 2.2 Die Urteile des Konfuzius (Exemplum)___________________________________ 39 2.3 Diesseitiges und Jenseitiges in der Konfuzius-Darstellung ___________________ 42 2.3.1 Konfuzius und die Riten_____________________________________________ 42 2.3.2 Exkurs: Die Konfuzius-Darstellung im Guoyu ___________________________ 45 2.3.3 Der Fang des Einhorns ______________________________________________ 48 2.4 Das Konfuzius-Bild des Zuozhuan in der späteren Überlieferung_____________ 50 3 Konfuzius im Mengzi 孟子: ________________________________________________ 53 Wie der Meister einen Staat verlässt ... _________________________________________ 53 3.1 Die Konfuzius-Tradition des Mengzi_____________________________________ 53 3.1.1 Kannte Mengzi eine Vorform des Lunyu? _______________________________ 53 3.1.2 Zengzi als Lehrer des Mengzi? _______________________________________ 55 3. 2 Die Darstellung des Konfuzius _________________________________________ 59 3.2.1 Die Worte des Konfuzius ____________________________________________ 59 3.2.2 Konfuzius und seine Schüler _________________________________________ 64 3.2.3 Konfuzius als wandernder Gelehrter ___________________________________ 65 3.2.4 Konfuzius und das Chunqiu __________________________________________ 68 3.3 Die Darstellung des Konfuzius – Parallelen in Mengzis Biografie _____________ 69 4 Konfuzius im Xunzi 荀子 __________________________________________________ 71 Der Meister und der Staatsdienst______________________________________________ 71 4.1 Die Schulbildung nach Konfuzius _______________________________________ 74 4.1.1 Kritik an den Schülern des Konfuzius __________________________________ 74 4.1.2 Der Schüler Zigong 子弓 ____________________________________________ 75 4.1.3 Zengzi – ein Schüler des Konfuzius?___________________________________ 78 4.2 Die Darstellung des Konfuzius__________________________________________ 83 4.2.1 Anekdotisches Material _____________________________________________ 83 Schwierigkeiten zwischen Chen und Cai ____________________________________ 83 4.2.2 Konfuzius als Lehrer _______________________________________________ 90 4.2.3 Der Justizminister von Lu ___________________________________________ 91 4.2.4 Konfuzius im Gespräch mit Herzog Ai _________________________________ 94 4.3 Politische Ambitionen des Xunzi – Konfuzius als Modell? ___________________ 95 5 Konfuzius im Hanshi waizhuan 韓詩外傳 ____________________________________ 99 Erste Textbefunde für das Lunyu 論語_________________________________________ 99 5.1 Anekdotensammlungen der Frühen Han-Zeit _____________________________ 99 5.2 Quellen für das Konfuzius-Bild ________________________________________ 101 5.2.1 Das Lunyu als Quelle? _____________________________________________ 101 5.2.2 Mengzi als Quelle_________________________________________________ 107 5.3 Konfuzius und seine Schüler __________________________________________ 109 5.3.1 Bezeichnungen für Konfuzius _______________________________________ 109 5.3.2 Die Schüler des Konfuzius__________________________________________ 111 5.4 Darstellung des Konfuzius ____________________________________________ 114 5.4.1 Lehrgespräche ___________________________________________________ 114 5.4.2 Schwierigkeiten zwischen Chen und Cai_______________________________ 117 5.4.3 Geschichten vom Weinen___________________________________________ 120 5.5 Beginn der schriftlichen Fixierung? ____________________________________ 123 6. Das Lunyu in der Frühen Han-Zeit ________________________________________ 125 6.1 Thesen zur Entstehung des Lunyu _____________________________________ 125 6.2. Lunyu-Parallelen im Zuozhuan _______________________________________ 127 6.3 Lunyu-Parallelen im Mengzi __________________________________________ 129 6.4 Lunyu-Parallelen im Xunzi ___________________________________________ 134 6.5 Lunyu-Parallelen im Hanshi waizhuan__________________________________ 135 6.6 Das Lunyu in der Frühen Han-Zeit_____________________________________ 140 7. Die Konfuzius-Biografie des Sima Qian 司馬遷 ______________________________ 145 Das Lunyu 論語 als Quelle _________________________________________________ 145 7.1 Sima Qians Konfuzius-Biografie _______________________________________ 146 7.1.1 Konfuzius als Lehrer ______________________________________________ 147 7.1.2 Konfuzius als erfolgreicher Staatsmann________________________________ 150 7.1.3 Konfuzius als wandernder Gelehrter __________________________________ 156 7.1.4 Schwierigkeiten zwischen Chen und Cai_______________________________ 160 7.2 Die Lunyu-Vorlage des Sima Qian _____________________________________ 165 8 Zusammenfassung und Bewertung _________________________________________ 171 Rückschlüsse auf die Entstehung des Lunyu ___________________________________ 171 8.1 Biografische Informationen über Konfuzius _____________________________ 172 5 8.2 Die Schüler des Konfuzius ____________________________________________ 174 8.3 Der Wachstumsprozess des Lunyu _____________________________________ 175 Anhang: Textgeschichte____________________________________________________ 179 Textgeschichte des Chunqiu und des Zuozhuan _____________________________ 179 Autor und Textgeschichte des Zuozhuan ___________________________________ 183 Einige Anmerkungen zur Textgeschichte Mengzi ____________________________ 186 Einige Anmerkungen zur Textgeschichte des Xunzi __________________________ 193 Einige Anmerkungen zur Textgeschichte des Hanshi waizhuan ________________ 198 Einige Anmerkungen zur Textgeschichte des Shiji ___________________________ 201 Bibliographie ____________________________________________________________ 205 6 1 Die Frage nach dem historischen Konfuzius Konfuzius (551–479 v. Chr.) hat – so wird es in China bis auf den heutigen Tag gerne darge- stellt – wie niemand sonst die chinesische Geistesgeschichte geprägt. Mehr als 2000 Jahre war seine Lehre das Fundament der chinesischen Ethik und des sozialen Lebens, seine Weisheit und Weitsicht prägten das Kaiserreich. Konfuzius lebte in einer Zeit des politischen Zerfalls. China bestand in dieser Periode aus Einzelstaaten, die unter einander um die Vorherrschaft kämpften. Konfuzius’ Lehren waren zu seinen Lebzeiten vermutlich deshalb so populär, da er scheinbar in den chaotischen Zeiten des in Einzelstaaten zerfallenen chinesischen Reiches fähig war, Wege aufzuzeigen, wie man inmitten komplizierter
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