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Tank Closure and Waste Management Environmental Impact Statement for the Hanford Site, Richland, Washington (TC & WM EIS)

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Tank Closure and Waste Management Environmental Impact Statement for the Hanford Site, Richland, Washington (TC & WM EIS) CHAPTER 3 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT In Chapter 3, the affected environment descriptions of the Hanford Site and Idaho National Laboratory are presented to provide the context for understanding the environmental consequences described in Chapter 4. As such, they serve as a baseline from which any environmental changes that may be brought about by implementing the proposed actions and alternatives can be identified and evaluated; the baseline conditions are the existing conditions. The affected environment is described for the following impact areas: land resources, infrastructure, noise and vibration, air quality, geology and soils, water resources, ecological resources, cultural and paleontological resources, socioeconomics, existing human health risk, environmental justice, waste management, and spent nuclear fuel. 3.1 APPROACH TO DEFINING THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT This chapter describes the environment at both the Hanford Site (Hanford) and Idaho National Laboratory (INL) that could be affected through actions evaluated in this Tank Closure and Waste Management Environmental Impact Statement for the Hanford Site, Richland, Washington (TC & WM EIS). For each resource area, this environmental impact statement (EIS) describes first the existing environment of each site as a whole and then that of each site’s areas within which the proposed actions would take place. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) evaluated the environmental impacts of the proposed actions within defined regions of influence (ROIs). These ROIs are specific to the resource area evaluated; encompass geographic areas within which any meaningful impact is expected to occur; and can include the areas within which the proposed actions would take place, the sites as a whole, or nearby or distant offsite areas. For example, impacts on historic resources were evaluated at specific facility locations within each site, whereas human health risks to the general public from exposure to airborne radioactive contaminant emissions were assessed for an area within an 80-kilometer (50-mile) radius of the facility locations. Economic effects such as job and income changes were evaluated within a socioeconomic ROI that includes the counties in which each site is located and nearby counties in which a substantial portion of the site’s workforce resides. Brief descriptions of the ROIs for each resource area are given in Table 3–1. Baseline conditions for each environmental resource area were determined from information provided in previous EISs and environmental studies, other government reports and databases, and relevant laws and regulations. The Hanford Site National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Characterization (Hanford NEPA Characterization Report) (Duncan 2007); Hanford Site Environmental Report for Calendar Year 2010 (Including Some Early 2011 Information) (Hanford Site Environmental Report) (Poston, Duncan, and Dirkes 2011); Idaho High-Level Waste and Facilities Disposition Final Environmental Impact Statement (DOE 2002a); and Idaho National Laboratory Site Environmental Report, Calendar Year 2008 (DOE 2009a) were important sources of information on the affected environment at Hanford and INL. 3.2 HANFORD SITE American Indians used the area along the Columbia River in eastern Washington, including the area occupied by Hanford, for thousands of years for fishing, hunting, and gathering. Following the expedition of Lewis and Clark, which reached the Hanford area in 1805, use of the land began to change as fur traders and settlers populated the area. By the beginning of the twentieth century, much of the area was used for farming and grazing (DOE 1999a:4-1, 4-3). The Hanford Engineer Works was established in 1943 as one of the three original Manhattan Project sites. Hanford occupies approximately 151,775 hectares (375,040 acres) in Washington State, just north of Richland (Duncan 2007:4.1). 3–1 Tank Closure and Waste Management Environmental Impact Statement for the Hanford Site, Richland, Washington Table 3–1. General Regions of Influence for the Affected Environment Environmental Resource Area Region of Influence Land resources The proposed-action areas,a the site, and areas immediately adjacent to the site Infrastructure The proposed-action areas, the site, and local areas supporting the site Noise and vibration The proposed-action areas, the site, nearby offsite areas, and access routes to the site Air quality The proposed-action areas, the site, and nearby offsite areas within local air quality control regions Geology and soils The proposed-action areas, the site, and nearby offsite areas Water resources The proposed-action areas, the site, and adjacent surface-water bodies and groundwater Ecological resources The proposed-action areas, the site, and nearby offsite areas Cultural and paleontological resources The proposed-action areas and the site Socioeconomics The counties where at least 90 percent of site employees reside Existing human health risk The proposed-action areas, the site, offsite areas within 80 kilometers of the site, and the transportation corridors Environmental justice Offsite areas within 80 kilometers of the site and along the transportation corridors between the sites Waste management Site waste management facilities a Proposed-action areas are the 200 Areas, 400 Area, and Borrow Area C for the Hanford Site and the Materials and Fuel Complex and Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center for Idaho National Laboratory. Note: To convert kilometers to miles, multiply by 0.6214. The site extends over parts of Adams, Benton, Franklin, and Grant Counties (see Figure 3–1). In the past, Hanford was a U.S. Government defense materials production site that included nuclear reactor operation; uranium and plutonium processing; the storage and processing of spent nuclear fuel (SNF); and the management of radioactive, hazardous, and dangerous wastes. The current mission at Hanford includes managing waste products, cleaning up the site, researching new ideas and technologies for waste disposal and cleanup, and reducing the size of the site (Poston, Duncan, and Dirkes 2011:v, E-3). Present Hanford programs are diversified and include the management of radioactive waste; cleanup of waste sites, soil, and groundwater related to past releases; stabilization and storage of SNF; research into renewable energy and waste disposal technologies; cleanup of contamination; and stabilization and storage of plutonium. Hanford is owned and used primarily by DOE, but portions of it are owned, leased, or administered by other Government agencies. Public access to the site is limited to travel on the Route 4 and Route 10 access roads as far as the Wye Barricade, State Routes 24 and 240, and the Columbia River. By restriction of access, the public is shielded from portions of the site formerly used for the production of nuclear materials and currently used for waste storage and disposal. Only about 6 percent of the land area has been disturbed and is actively used, leaving mostly vacant land with widely scattered facilities (Neitzel 2005:4.144). Figure 3–1 shows the generalized land use at Hanford as developed in the Final Hanford Comprehensive Land-Use Plan Environmental Impact Statement (Hanford Comprehensive Land-Use Plan EIS) (DOE 1999a) and modified by the designation of the Hanford Reach National Monument (65 FR 37253). 3–2 Chapter 3 ▪ Affected Environment Figure 3–1. Generalized Land Use at the Hanford Site and Vicinity 3–3 Tank Closure and Waste Management Environmental Impact Statement for the Hanford Site, Richland, Washington Hanford includes extensive production, service, and research and development (R&D) areas. Onsite programmatic and general purpose facilities, many of which are inactive, occupy approximately 800,000 square meters (8.6 million square feet) of space. Fifty-one percent (409,000 square meters [4.4 million square feet]) is general purpose space, accommodating offices, laboratories, shops, warehouses, and other support facilities. The remaining 392,000 square meters (4.2 million square feet) of space are committed to programmatic facilities, including processing; evaporation; filtration; and waste recovery, treatment, and storage facilities, as well as R&D laboratories. While more than half of the general purpose and programmatic facilities are more than 30 years old, several new facilities, including the Waste Treatment Plant (WTP) and the privately owned Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), are being or have been constructed. Facilities designed to perform previous missions are being evaluated for reuse in the cleanup mission. The existing facilities are grouped into the numbered operational areas discussed in the following paragraphs (DOE 1996a:3-20, 3-21; Duncan 2007:4.1, 4.3). The 100 Areas, which cover about 1,100 hectares (2,720 acres), are in the northern part of the site on the southern shore of the Columbia River. Within these areas are eight retired plutonium production reactors and the dual-purpose N Reactor, all of which have been permanently shut down since 1991. Waste sites throughout the 100 Areas are currently undergoing remediation, consisting of the excavation of contaminated soils and structural materials. Additionally, SNF currently stored in indoor basins in the 100 Areas is being moved to the 200 Areas. Contaminated groundwater in the 100 Areas is being treated via both ex situ and in situ methods. The 200 Areas, which include the 200-East and 200-West Areas, are in the center of Hanford. Together,
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