DOCSLIB.ORG

The Hessian Fly in California

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Hessian Fly in California ". ~. .: "" ~ .- - - " .... ,' ~ .-,. '-' .. :'.~'~' ;::-" - ~ '"' - "'= -, ..... ~~~ ~-~ ',' I~ 111112.~ 2 5 I~ 2 5 W 1= 11111 . 1I11~ 11111 . 1.0 3 2 w W 1 . W ~3.2 .2 II ~ ~ t.:.: Ii.£ t.:.: w w I~ I:: I:: '" ~ ... I~ 1.1 '"..;a~~ " 1.1 I..a.:.""0.::. " - 111111.25 111111.4 111111.6 111111.25 111111.4 111111.6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST \Alh~T NATIONAL BUREAU Of STANOARDS-1963-A NATIONAL BUREAU Of STANDARDS-1963-A . )"' :~);. UNiTED'ST{1TESi)E~~~~ 9F;AG~CUL~' . WASHINGTON, D. C. ' .... ~THE HESsiAN FLY I~ ·CALIFQR.NIA!), .;~4 ,." e ~ ~ 7~,' ; ~ " } uy C. M. PACJtAJili; 'Seni6r'iiintomQlogist, D£",iiWn of Om-eta and-Forage 1ft86'*s,. 1 <.;:t"" ' ,Bureau of EntOfniJpJw " ; ." . coNTENTs ' Page' PIige Ee6nomfe fmportSnce..,.. .._,..,._.; _____ '-, t Met~~!oglcal"Summer mortalitY' control~Contbiued. __________ _ History________---"-"-..:-------..:..--- 3 Artificial 16 Seasonal lilstory________________.. 4 controL____ .:_.;·________ _ -l7 Character of Injury______________ 7 Burning. stubble _______-' ____ _ 17 Development _____________________ 10 Burying stubble by plowlug ___ _ 17 Summer' cultivation 'of stubble":_ 18 " ~~: l:~k:::::=::=:::::::::::::::::::::::: J~ Spraying stubble to.kill pUI!tlrlll- 19 Early plantlng_______________ _ 20 . ~~: f~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=:::: ' . ~ Rotation of crops ____________ _ 20 SummaryPlanting._____________________ resistant. varletles_____ . 20 ~~~sft~~n~~_~_~'_~:r..<>~~~::::::::::=:::::: U Literature cited _____.. _____ .:.____ _ 24 Meteorological controL____________ 15 2:; . Early spring mortality_______ 15 c ':J .' ECONOl\IIC IMPORTANCE In Californin, the H~~ian fly (PhytopMga' dest'MtCtor Say) is of economic' importance O)~Y in wheat.,growing regions near ti,.e coast, where the influence oi' :the ocean is .sufficient to prevent eXtremely high" summer temperatu~es. (Fig. 1.) Although the quantity Qf wheat grown in the valley portions of this region is being graduarly reduced year by year, the many hilly sections now devoted to wheat, will doubtless continue.so :i:rldefinitely, because they are not well If adapted for other Cl;OpS loequi,ring intensive cultivation and whiCh oi4er.wise might prove more profitable~ Wheat is one of the most dependable and suitable 01 the few crops which the hill farmers can grow~. .,'. .. .' . .... According to statistics for 1921, the last year for wh,ich figures are available by counties (1)','1. the annual value of wheat grown in the coastal counties where the fly. occurs, or is likely to occur, is in .~l1e neighborhood of $3,500,000. To this must be added the v~lJle of the wheat cut, green for h.aY',because the fly can red1,1ce h,ay yiel~ as .',' , '", , '7,2 '1-Tbo author deSire!!. to acknowledge his Indebtedness to T., D. Urbahns. Margaret. Har­ lhall. B. G•.Thompson, Percy .Bartiam" ,and.. C. :c. Wllson tor much valued aSlllstance ln' the counle of the work reported, In this 1!ulletin. Helpful criticism of the maliUBCript hall" been' received . from W •. B. Herms: and W. R. Wnlton. and the material assistance of d. B. Hoyt and tamilY on whose mnch many, of the <lbservations and experlmeIltl5 'Were 'cOn· ducted; Is especlai ly appreciated. .' , • Numbel"!l:.ln italic in parentheses refer to .. Literature· .cited," p. 25. ~~!~~~2~1 1 GIFT O[C 11 1929 ,. - "", -, . >"'"-""'!'I~.o7l~-" 'X~ 2~!r~mdo~ B~~~l' n. &~: OP AGRlOUL~\~.:·"1 G we,lI as grain ')'1.'• eld. IS"() sepa~at!~:~iistics are ava.ila~le for. wh\~t,~:yf: ha~r $pedh.e-"ollJy-,figu~s" gtl';ell, 'OOlJ.lg. fOl""".total.'gramscut-green ­ ,jor. lt~at; purpos~~ Sin~ wheat. j§.-A,~he. fav:orite grain:-hay ..crop:!it ';,,', seems faIr to estimate the a¢lualv~\lue of wheat hay produced m • :"'~:"" .:" the coastal counties ~s one-h~lf of the.Jotal, or$5,&OQ,OOO. An esti-. f: r; mated tota1;>01:$9,OOO;OOO is,ther~fo~e; set as 'the value of the cyop !' :which the Hessian fly may a1feet. .. ;), ,..,. ,;',r. : .. <'1-'"'-;-."'1:1<,,1' C,AHFORI(IA 'f !. 1rAtl~.-a .•. "'~LV A8UNLJANT IDl1llI aFJ..Y PI2E5'ENT~I!l: NEY~R A"BVNtwN7 FIG. 1.-KnaWD dlstrlbuti<.ln ot .the Hessian . , • f",' " . ~ , -Just how much this insect does, reduceth~ yield is ;ery difficvJ~"~. to·'d~tmi~en.eCf.liSe of the v~riability'hiA.ts ab~dancei in di1fe1nt \ locabtIes, m- di1.l'erentfields, and even m di1ferent parts of the 138~!L field. Other factors also are' if:vQlv,~d,~ch as moisture~d other" me~orological conditions at 'critical timesiin the life histories. o~ tb:~' insect an(l its bostpl~t,together -With variations.m soil and cultural.. methods. _It is aoundant during practically every season in' ~om~: localities within its ran~e, and. where it does occur in abundance it can nf,!·t fail to cause inJury, the character and degree of which will THE HESSIAN FLY IN CALIFORNIA ::::/ bedisc.ussed later, though the injury to the total crop liable to in­ ~.. festation is small. All things cOllSldered, a reduction of the crop by one-half of 1fer cent seems a conservative average estimate. A reduction 0 one-half of 1 per cent on the basis of a $9,000,000 crop would amount to $45,000. A loss no greater than this is negli­ gible, unless some cultural method of control can be. found :which would add nothing to the expense of QTowing the crop, and which in itself might increase the yield. On the other hand, a greater loss in the wheat crop appears to result during occasional years, as indi­ cated by a study of the few California records published since 1879, by infol'mation obtained in talks with farmers, and by actual obser­ vation in the field. It th~refore is desirable that a practical method of control b!} developed which the wheat groweJ,: may have at his command, even though this be needed only occllSionally. Further­ !llore, when the study of the Hessian fly in Ca,.lifornia is considered as a phase of a national prohlem rather than. a.s a purely local one, it assumes greater interest and potential value. May there not be some factor, such as parasitism, which keeps the fly under control in California, and which might be utilized to advantage in the Easte:m States ~ May not a knowledge of the effects of the California climate on the life habits and distribution of the fly help to solve the problem of its control in regions where it is of greater economic importance ~ Such questions, at least, should be answered, in order to complete our knowledge and increase our ability to cope with the Hessian fly as a national entomological problem. HISTORY The Hessian fly has been present in California for many years, though, as in the ~ase of its introduction into the eastern part of the United States, the means by which it first arrived probably nev~r will be definitely known. Wheat has been grown in California \' since the first settlement, at San Diego in 1769, by the Franciscan missionaries, and it is possible that the fly may have been introduced from Spain by the original Spanish settlers, in wheat straw used fOJ.· packing. It is fairly well established that the insect was present in Spain and in the island of Minorca early in the nineteenth cen­ tury and had been there for many years prev,ious to that time (~, p.318). A study of the history of the Spanish occupation, however, has revealed no clues which wOl:tl<l indicate the presence of the Hes­ sian fly in California during that period. It m!ty not have been introduced until after the ",':lflux of Americ!tn settlers began in 1826. or even until tiie t'l'anscontinental railroad commenced operation 'in 1869. The earliest authentic date of observation seems to have been 1879. Wickson (11) mentions this date in an interesting press article on the fly. Woodworth (1~, p. 3113) reported it so abundant in 1885 I in experimental wheat plots in Berkeley "as to vitiate the culture and fertilizer experiments then under way." He also published ob­ servations extending from 1885 to 1889 on its abundance and on the relative susceptibility to fly injury of different varieties of Viheat under test in plots during that time. Agitation in wheat-growing and trading circles over the discovery of the Hessian fly in a field near Salinas Oity in 1899 moved Pro­ 4 TECHNICAL BULIJETIN 81, U.S. DE:PT:OF AGRICULTtn~FJ fessor Wickson to write the article already referred to, in which he states that the Hessian fly was definitely known to have been Ijresent in California since 1879. In those days wheat was one of tht} m'ost importaI,'lt export pr~ducts of the .State,an:danything aifectinl1' this crop affected a consIderable portIon of the populatIOn, ruraf. 'and urban; from the farmers to the crews of the clipP(lr ships which carried it abroad. Professor Wickson's brief cbrit excellent article apparently was designed to allay the fears, in the minds of mltny, that, the Hessian fiy was newly established in the region and was threatening one of the main sources of income. .. A note on the Hessian fly bt; Riley (9.) p. 131), in·the first'volume of Insect Life (1888) reads, 'For a long tinW. it was unknown ()b.' the Pacific coast, but during the fast three yilRrn it has been qui\~e injurious in parts of California.' Koebele ~U) contributed a note to Insect Life in 1890, in whi<:ih he says, ' '.rhis insect has ,beeil l'eported as being very .abundant during spring (1889') in the: central part of the State, destroying most of the wheat around Mount Eden."\ Then he continues with some interesting field and rearing notes, lDenti~ning- parasites_.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Calyptratae: Diptera)
    BUILDING THE TREE OF LIFE: RECONSTRUCTING THE EVOLUTION OF A RECENT AND MEGADIVERSE BRANCH (CALYPTRATAE: DIPTERA) SUJATHA NARAYANAN KUTTY (B.Tech) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2008 The great tragedy of Science - the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact. - Thomas H. Huxley ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We don't accomplish anything in this world alone... and whatever happens is the result of the whole tapestry of one's life and all the weavings of individual threads from one to another that creates something - Sandra Day O'Connor. The completion of this project would have been impossible without help from so many different quarters and the few lines of gratitude and acknowledgements written out in this section would do no justice to the actual amount of support and encouragement that I have received and that has contributed to making this study a successful endeavor. I am indebted to Prof. Meier for motivating me to embark on my PhD (at a very confusing point for me) and giving me a chance to explore a field that was quite novel to me. I express my sincere gratitude to him for all the guidance, timely advice, pep talks, and support through all the stages of this project and for always being patient while dealing with my ignorance. He has also been very understanding during all my non- academic distractions in the last two years. Thanks Prof.- your motivation and inspiration in the five years of my graduate study has given me the confidence to push the boundaries of my own capabilities.
    [Show full text]
  • INSECTS of MICRONESIA Diptera: Coelopidae (Phycodromidaey
    INSECTS OF MICRONESIA Diptera: Coelopidae (PhycodromidaeY By D. ELMO HARDY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION This is the first report of the occurrence of the family Coelopidae in the Pacific region other than the subarctic, subantarctic, and New Zealand areas. The United States Office of Naval Research, the Pacific Science Board (National Research Council), the National Science Foundation, and Bishop Museum have made this survey and the publication of the results possible. Field research was aided by a contract between the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, and the National Academy of Sciences, NR 160-175. The drawings were prepared by Marian S. Adachi, University of Hawaii. The coelopids are moderate-sized, conspicuously hairy flies which breed in kelp, and perhaps in other seaweed, washed up on the shore. The adults can be collected in large numbers by sweeping seaweed along the beaches. The group is almost restricted in distribution to cold and temperate regions of the world. Aldrich (1929, U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc. 76: 1) writing of North Amer­ ican species of Coe1opa s. 1. says "... all of the spp. appear to breed in the kelps and are found only on seashores where seaweeds of this group are washed up." The discovery of a species in the western Caroline Islands greatly extends the known range of the family. The members of this family, as defined by Hendel [1928, Tierwelt Deutsch­ lands 11 (2) : 89], are characterized by having the prelabrum produced; the genae swollen (bulging); the body depressed, the postvertical bristles well developed and convergent; the tibiae with preapical dorsal bristles, the median pair crossed; the subcostal vein complete, and the costa not broken.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Taxonomy
    History of Taxonomy The history of taxonomy dates back to the origin of human language. Western scientific taxonomy started in Greek some hundred years BC and are here divided into prelinnaean and postlinnaean. The most important works are cited and the progress of taxonomy (with the focus on botanical taxonomy) are described up to the era of the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus, who founded modern taxonomy. The development after Linnaeus is characterized by a taxonomy that increasingly have come to reflect the paradigm of evolution. The used characters have extended from morphological to molecular. Nomenclatural rules have developed strongly during the 19th and 20th century, and during the last decade traditional nomenclature has been challenged by advocates of the Phylocode. Mariette Manktelow Dept of Systematic Biology Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University Norbyv. 18D SE-752 36 Uppsala E-mail: [email protected] 1. Pre-Linnaean taxonomy 1.1. Earliest taxonomy Taxonomy is as old as the language skill of mankind. It has always been essential to know the names of edible as well as poisonous plants in order to communicate acquired experiences to other members of the family and the tribe. Since my profession is that of a systematic botanist, I will focus my lecture on botanical taxonomy. A taxonomist should be aware of that apart from scientific taxonomy there is and has always been folk taxonomy, which is of great importance in, for example, ethnobiological studies. When we speak about ancient taxonomy we usually mean the history in the Western world, starting with Romans and Greek. However, the earliest traces are not from the West, but from the East.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy and Classification
    Taxonomy and Classification Taxonomy = the science of naming and describing species “Wisdom begins with calling things by their right names” -Chinese Proverb museums contain ~ 2 Billion specimens worldwide about 1.5 M different species of life have been described each year ~ 13,000 new species are described most scientists estimate that there are at least 50 to 100 Million actual species sharing our planet today most will probably remain unknown forever: the most diverse areas of world are the most remote most of the large stuff has been found and described not enough researchers or money to devote to this work Common vs Scientific Name many larger organisms have “common names” but sometimes >1 common name for same organism sometimes same common name used for 2 or more distinctly different organisms eg. daisy eg. moss eg. mouse eg. fern eg. bug Taxonomy and Classification, Ziser Lecture Notes, 2004 1 without a specific (unique) name it’s impossible to communicate about specific organisms What Characteristics are used how do we begin to categorize, classify and name all these organisms there are many ways to classify: form color size chemical structure genetic makeup earliest attempts used general appearance ie anatomy and physiological similarities plants vs animals only largest animals were categorized everything else was “vermes” but algae, protozoa today, much more focus on molecular similarities proteins, DNA, genes History of Classification Aristotle was the first to try to name and classify things based on structural similarities
    [Show full text]
  • Advantages and Limitations of 16S Rrna Next-Generation Sequencing
    diagnostics Review Advantages and Limitations of 16S rRNA Next-Generation Sequencing for Pathogen Identification in the Diagnostic Microbiology Laboratory: Perspectives from a Middle-Income Country Nurnabila Syafiqah Muhamad Rizal 1, Hui-min Neoh 1,* , Ramliza Ramli 2, Petrick @ Ramesh A/L K Periyasamy 3, Alfizah Hanafiah 2 , Muttaqillah Najihan Abdul Samat 2 , Toh Leong Tan 4 , Kon Ken Wong 2, Sheila Nathan 5 , Sylvia Chieng 5 , Seow Hoon Saw 6 and Bee Yin Khor 7 1 UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; nabilasyafi[email protected] 2 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; [email protected] (R.R.); alfi[email protected] (A.H.); [email protected] (M.N.A.S.); [email protected] (K.K.W.) 3 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; [email protected] 4 Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; [email protected] 5 Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor 43600, Malaysia; [email protected] (S.N.); [email protected] (S.C.) 6 Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Perak 31900, Malaysia; [email protected] 7 BioEasy Sdn. Bhd., Selangor 40170, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +60-3-9145-9074; Fax: +60-3-9171-7185 Received: 14 August 2020; Accepted: 11 October 2020; Published: 14 October 2020 Abstract: Bacterial culture and biochemical testing (CBtest) have been the cornerstone of pathogen identification in the diagnostic microbiology laboratory.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chemical Composition of Two Seaweed Flies (Coelopa Frigida and Coelopa Pilipes) Reared in the Laboratory
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Brage IMR Wageningen Academic Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 2018; 4(2): 135-142 Publishers The chemical composition of two seaweed flies (Coelopa frigida and Coelopa pilipes) reared in the laboratory I. Biancarosa1,2, N.S. Liland1*, N. Day3, I. Belghit1, H. Amlund1, E.-J. Lock1 and A.S. Gilburn3 1Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway; 2University of Bergen, Department of Biology, Thormøhlensgt. 53 A/B, P.O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway; 3University of Stirling, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Stirling FK9 4LA, Stirling, United Kingdom; [email protected] Received: 18 January 2018 / Accepted: 7 April 2018 © 2018 Wageningen Academic Publishers OPEN ACCESS RESEARCH ARTICLE Abstract Two species of seaweed flies, Coelopa frigida and Coelopa pilipes, were reared in the laboratory and their larvae were sampled for composition of amino acids, fatty acids and elements. The larvae were grown on two different species of seaweed, Laminaria digitata and Fucus serratus. The aim was to gain knowledge on the influence of feeding media on the growth and composition of the larvae. F. serratus was more nutrient-dense than L. digitata, being richer in both protein and lipids, and thus led to ~70% higher larvae growth. The larvae grown on F. serratus also had higher lipid and protein content than the larvae grown on L. digitata; F. serratus-grown larvae had ~8-9% protein and ~18% lipid (total fatty acids) (both values of dry matter), while the larvae grown on L.
    [Show full text]
  • Observations on Antennal Morphology in Diptera, with Particular Reference to the Articular Surfaces Between Segments 2 and 3 in the Cyclorrhapha
    © The Author, 2011. Journal compilation © Australian Museum, Sydney, 2011 Records of the Australian Museum (2011) Vol. 63: 113–166. ISSN 0067-1975 doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.63.2011.1585 Observations on Antennal Morphology in Diptera, with Particular Reference to the Articular Surfaces between Segments 2 and 3 in the Cyclorrhapha DaviD K. Mcalpine Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia abstract. The main features of antennal segments 2 and 3 seen in the higher Diptera are described, including many that are not or inadequately covered in available publications. The following terms are introduced or clarified: for segment 2 or the pedicel—annular ridge, caestus, chin, collar, conus, distal articular surface, encircling furrow, foramen of articulation, foraminal cusp, foraminal ring, pedicellar button, pedicellar cup, rim; for segment 3 or the postpedicel—basal foramen, basal hollow, basal stem, postpedicellar pouch, sacculus, scabrous tongue, sub-basal caecum; for the stylus or arista—stylar goblet. Particular attention is given to the occurrence and position of the pedicellar button. The button is the cuticular component of a chordotonal organ, which perhaps has the role of a baroreceptor. It is present in the majority of families of Diptera, and possibly was present in the ancestral dipteran. Some generalizations about antennal structure are made, and a diagram showing the main trends in antennal evolution in the Eremoneura is provided. The general form of the antenna shows a transition from approximate radial symmetry (e.g., in Empis, Microphor, and Opetia) through to superficial bilateral symmetry (in many taxa of Eumuscomorpha), though there is usually much asymmetry in detail.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Insect Invaders of Decaying Banana and Plantain (Musa Spp .) Pseudo Stems in Umuagwo, Ohaji – Egbema Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria
    84 Agro-Science Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Food, Environment and Extension Volume 9 Number 2 May 2010 pp. 84 - 89 ISSN 1119-7455 ASSESSMENT OF INSECT INVADERS OF DECAYING BANANA AND PLANTAIN (MUSA SPP .) PSEUDO STEMS IN UMUAGWO, OHAJI – EGBEMA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, IMO STATE, NIGERIA. Nwosu, L .C. and Lawal, I. A. Department of Science Laboratory Technology, the Federal Polytechnic Ede, Osun State, P.M.B. 231, Ede Osun State, Nigeria . ABSTRACT Insect invaders of decaying banana and plantain pseudo stems in Umuagwo, Ohaji-Egbema, Imo State were investigated in randomly selected crop plots near living homes (<500 m) and far from living homes ( ≥500m). Investigation was done by the use of trapping systems, dissections of cut decaying pseudo stems and culturing of immature stages of insects to adulthood. A total of 10 insect orders of economic and medical/veterinary importance were sampled. Members of the orders Coleoptera 903 (39.50%) and Diptera 692 (30.27%) were more prevalent. The remaining 30.23% were members of orders Hymenoptera 252 (11.02%), Dictyoptera 115 (5.03%), Orthoptera 85 (3.72%), Isoptera 69 (3.02%), Dermaptera 59 (2.58%), Hemiptera 43 (1.88%), Collembola 41(1.79%) and Siphunculata 27 (1.18%). The result of this study also showed that the number of insects found in banana and plantain pseudo stems in plots near homes 1085 (47.46%) did not significantly differ from those found in plots far from living homes 1,201 (52.54%) [P (Z>1.78) = 0.0375]. This suggests that site of crop plot has no obvious impact on the abundance of insect invaders of banana and plantain pseudo stems.
    [Show full text]
  • Edible Insects
    1.04cm spine for 208pg on 90g eco paper ISSN 0258-6150 FAO 171 FORESTRY 171 PAPER FAO FORESTRY PAPER 171 Edible insects Edible insects Future prospects for food and feed security Future prospects for food and feed security Edible insects have always been a part of human diets, but in some societies there remains a degree of disdain Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security and disgust for their consumption. Although the majority of consumed insects are gathered in forest habitats, mass-rearing systems are being developed in many countries. Insects offer a significant opportunity to merge traditional knowledge and modern science to improve human food security worldwide. This publication describes the contribution of insects to food security and examines future prospects for raising insects at a commercial scale to improve food and feed production, diversify diets, and support livelihoods in both developing and developed countries. It shows the many traditional and potential new uses of insects for direct human consumption and the opportunities for and constraints to farming them for food and feed. It examines the body of research on issues such as insect nutrition and food safety, the use of insects as animal feed, and the processing and preservation of insects and their products. It highlights the need to develop a regulatory framework to govern the use of insects for food security. And it presents case studies and examples from around the world. Edible insects are a promising alternative to the conventional production of meat, either for direct human consumption or for indirect use as feedstock.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptations of Insects Teacher’S Booklet
    Adaptations of Insects Teacher’s Booklet Texas Cooperative Extension Part of the Texas A&M University System Molly Keck Extension Program Specialist 3355 Cherry Ridge, Suite 212 San Antonio, TX 78230 Email: [email protected] Preface Insects have amazing adaptations that make each type unique and diverse. Insects are adapted for life in every environment imaginable. With the exception of deep in volcanoes, insects can be found everywhere. Insect adaptations include mouthparts, the ability to fly, leg types, and body shapes. Imagine if all insects looked exactly the same, ate exactly the same food, and lived in exactly the same habitats. It would be impossible because insects would compete too much and would not be able to survive. In this booklet are a variety of exercises designed to help educate your students about adaptations by using insects as examples. 1 Table of Contents Preface 1 Lesson 1 – Insect Adaptations 3 Activity 1 – Maze 7 Lesson 2 – Insect Mouthpart Adaptations 8 Activity 2 – Insect Masks 11 Lesson 3 – Insect Adaptations to Habitats 18 Activity 3-1 – Matching Legs to Habitats 22 Activity 3-2 – Build an Insect 24 Lesson 4 – Who is Adapted to Their Environment 29 Activity 4-1 – Adaptation Matching Game 33 Activity 4-2 – Adaptation Word Search 35 Wrap Up Group Activity 36 Wrap Up Crossword Activity 37 Glossary 39 Lesson 1 - Insect Adaptations Overview: Students will read the following passage in the classroom and then answer relevant questions pertaining to the passage. The students will get an overview about of the term adaptation, and how insects may be adapted to their environment.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hessian Fly in the Pacific Northwest Has Not Been Determined
    1.0 ~~ ,I/I/2.S 1/1/,2.5 1.0 ~~ I/I/,2.S 1/1/,2.5 B~ 1111[32 .2 B.t4 1!lp2 .2 I n~ i 36 »~ r~ 1- ~II_ I.;. ~,,~ I:.. ~ :: ~~.;g L.. OO~ t_ ~ .-1- ""' L.lL.;. ... 111.1 Ii 1.1 L.Lo.t- 1111/1.8_ 1111/1.8 111111.25 11///1.4 111111.6 111111.25 /////1.4 111111.6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU 0, STAND'RDS 196; A NATIONAL BURlAU OF STANDARD5-1%3-A ==~~~==~=~==~=== 1TECHNICAL BULLETIN No. 361 ~~ MAY, 1%3 UNiTED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D. C. T.HE HESSIAN FLY IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST By L. P. ROCKWOOD, Enr'lwlogist, and MAX ~I. REEIIER, AS8"lstant l!Jntomologi.st, Divisi01b of Oe,.ira~ and. Farago Illsects, Bllrcalb of Entomology CONTENTS Page Page Introd uction __ _ __________ ___ _____ ________ ___ 1 Injury and eco'tlomic iMportance-Contd. Wheat culture in the Pacific NorthwesL____ 2 Infestation of fall-sown wheaL___________ 13 History and distribution of the Hessian fly __ 3 InCestation oC spring-so\vo wheat_________ 13 Explanation of terms________________________ 4 Estimat.e o( loss _______________________ ._ 14 Life history and habits______________________ 5 HOdL plants other than wheaL_______________ 15 l'>fating_______________ __ ___________ ______ 5 Barleyandeye__________________________ 15 Oviposition and batcbing of eggs________ 6 Agropyron ropens CL.J Beauy____________ 15 Larval development and pupation_______ 6 Climatic Cactors_____________________________ 16 Seasonal history and its relalion to weather EITect on distribution___________________ 16 conditions_________________________________ S EITect on emergence___________________ __ 17 Overnintering_______________ .___________ 8 "ITect on summer mortality _____________ 17 First spring emergence__________________ 9 Parasites________________________ .
    [Show full text]
  • Indiana 4-H Entomology Insect Flash Cards
    PURDUE EXTENSION ID-411 Indiana 4-H Entomology Insect Flash Cards Flash cards can be an effective tool to Concentrate follow-up study efforts on help students learn to identify insects the cards that each learner had the most and insect facts. Use the following pages problems with (the “uncertain” and to make flash cards by cutting the “don't know” piles). Make this into horizontal lines, gluing one side, then a game to see who can get the largest folding each in half. It can be “know” pile on the first go-through. especially effective to have a peer educator (student showing the cards who The insects included in these flash cards can see the answers) count to five for are all found in Indiana and used each card. If the learner gets it right, it in the Indiana 4-H/FFA Entomology goes in a "know" pile; if it takes a little Career Development Event. longer, put the card in an "uncertain" pile; and if the learner doesn't know, put the card in a "don't know" pile. Authors: Tim Gibb, Natalie Carroll Editor: Becky Goetz Designer: Jessica Seiler Graduate Student Assistant: Terri Hoctor Common Name – Order Name 1. Alfalfa weevil - Coleoptera 76. Japanese beetle - Coleoptera All Insects 2. American cockroach - Dictyoptera 77. June beetle - Coleoptera 3. Angoumois grain moth - Lepidoptera 78. Katydid - Orthoptera 4. Annual cicada - Homoptera 79. Lace bug - Hemiptera Pictured 5. Antlion - Neuroptera 80. Lady beetle - Coleoptera 6. Aphid - Homoptera 81. Locust leafminer - Coleoptera 7. Apple maggot fly - Diptera 82. Longhorned beetle - Coleoptera 8.
    [Show full text]