Looking Forward to the Next Generation of Manned Fighter Aircraft 2030+

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25th SAFE EUROPE SYMPOSIUM AT CARDEN PARK HOTEL, CHESHIRE. UK Jean Page C.ErgHF FIEHF BAE Systems Global Engineering Fellow Lead Technologist - Human Factors, BAE Systems – Air

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Introduction & Content

• Cockpit Evolution • The Future Environment • Future Common Cockpit Concept • Cockpit Technology • Human Performance • Aircrew Equipment Evolution • Future Challenges

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Cockpit Evolution

UNCONTROLLED Copyright BAE Systems 2018 UNCONTROLLED Cockpit Evolution in the UK 1910s 1930s/1940s 1960s

Avro 504k Lynx Supermarine Spitfire English Electric Lightning Coombs, L. F. E. (1990) The Aircraft Cockpit Coombs, L. F. E. (1990) The Aircraft Cockpit Coombs, L. F. E. (1990) The Aircraft Cockpit from Stick and String to Fly-By-Wire. p34 from Stick and String to Fly-By-Wire. P 118 from Stick and String to Fly-By-Wire. p195

1980s 2010s 2030+

Sepecat Jaguar T4 Eurofighter Typhoon Future Fighter Aircraft http://www.everettaero.com/XX841Panel1.html https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cockpi t_of_RAF_Typhoon_Fighter_MOD_45152531.jp UNCONTROLLED g Copyright BAE Systems 2018 5 UNCONTROLLED

Hawk Cockpit Development

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Typhoon Cockpit Development

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The Future Environment (2030+)

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The Future Environment (2030+) General Trends Proliferation, Mobile, CC&D, COTS Enabled, Asymmetric Actions Getting harder to do Warfare Need Low through Life Won’t do it Costs alone Export Considered from ‘GO’

Diverse All Domain Fast Warfare spreading A Challenging ‘isms Tough Environments Future Awaits Different Values

Commercially Driven Widely Accessible Accelerating Pace

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The Future Environment General Implications? • The 2040s ‘So what?’…

• One certainty is uncertainty

• It will be; complex, congested, contested, cluttered, chaotic, diverse, and constrained

• Industry, its partners, its suppliers, and its solutions must be increasingly; • Agile, adaptable, affordable, capable, responsive, and innovative

• A compelling need to maintain pace with technological and operational environment changes through investment, openness, sharing and close working

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Common Cockpit Concept

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Future Manned Aircraft – Role of the Human

• Why manned? • Legal mandates • Although many roles will be capable of being carried out remotely, some roles will require a human to be in the battlespace • Human Role • Mission Commander • Responsible and accountable • Human In-the-Loop, Team Mate. • Workload assessment, sharing and flexible assignment with machine • Machine Role • Ultimately to assist the human as part of the system to achieve the goal • Reducing workload through intelligent system/ autonomy • Extending human capabilities

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Common Cockpit Concept

• Desirable Attributes • Architecture to enable: • Modularity to meet differing customer requirements • Technology upgrade to meet evolving capability requirements affordably and rapidly. • Software configurability for ease of upgrade and customisation • Customers • Missions • Operators • Multimodal technology for effective Human-System Interaction and to enable human role change. • Flexibility • Customisation • Affordable • Technology, whole life cost includin gincreased synthetic training • Performance • UNCONTROLLED Effective and efficient Copyright BAE Systems 2018 13 UNCONTROLLED

Common Cockpit Concept

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Common Cockpit Concept

• Software reconfigurable cockpit • Reuse of software – common cockpits • Augmented reality, hybrid reality and virtual reality displays • Exploitation of colour HMD symbology and 3D for increased Situation Awareness. • Novel control technologies e.g. eye tracking, gesture, natural language • Psychophysiological Monitoring • Physical and cognitive state • Safety • Adaptive autonomy

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Cockpit Technology

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Cockpit Technology

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Technology

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Cockpit Technology

• e.g. Eye Tracking

Real Time feedback

Competency Hotspots Design Training

Situation Awareness Debrief

Effectiveness

Safety HMI Control Incapacitation Adaptive Autonomy

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Cockpit Technology Maturation

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Human Performance

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Human Information Processing Model

Situation Awareness PERCEPTION UNDERSTANDING PROJECTION Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

Wickens, C. D. (2016). Figure 1.1 A Model of Human Information Processing Stages. Engineering Psychology and Human Performance. Harper Collins, New York, 4th Edition

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Human Information Processing - Stress

• Stress can degrade information processing • Direct effects • Quality of information received by the sensors • Precision of response • Arousal • Yerkes Dodson Law, inverted U shaped function

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Stressors

• Possible effects • Psychological • Frustration, distraction, pain • Human Performance effects • Reduced efficiency of information processing, attention narrowing, diverted attention, working memory loss • Interference with sensation, perception or action • Change in physiology • Increased heart rate, digestion slowed down, sweating • Long term Health issues • Heart disease, digestive problems

Attention Narrowing - Eastern Airlines Flight 401

• Crew preoccupied with landing gear indication. • Failed to notice that the autopilot had inadvertently been disconnected. • Aircraft gradually lost altitude and crashed.

Potential Cockpit Stressors

• Temperature: High/ Low • Shift schedules • Turbulence/ G forces • Motion Sickness • Vibration • Spatial Disorientation • Noise • Work demand • Lighting/ Glare • Cockpit warnings • Confined Space/ Discomfort • Fear • Fatigue • Home life

• Drugs General Selectivity of Speed Accuracy Short Term Alertness Attention Memory +Increase Noise + + 0 - - 0 No change Anxiety + + 0 - - - Reduction Incentive + + + + + ? Insufficient data Stimulant Drugs + + + 0 - Later Time of Day + ? + - - Heat + + 0 - 0 Wickens, C. D. (1992). Patterning of Stress Alcohol - + - - - Effects Across Different Performance Depressant Drugs ----- Indicators. Engineering Psychology and Human Fatigue - + - - 0 Performance. Harper Collins, New York, 2nd Sleep Loss - - - - 0 Edition Earlier Time of Day - ? - + +

Noise

• HSE Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 • Lower exposure action values are— a daily or weekly personal noise exposure of 80 dB (A) and a peak sound pressure of 135 dB (C). • Upper exposure action values are— a daily or weekly personal noise exposure of 85 dB (A) and a peak sound pressure of 137 dB (C). • Exposure limit values are— a daily or weekly personal noise exposure of 87 dB (A) and a peak sound pressure of 140 dB (C). • Hearing Loss • Speech Intelligibility reduced; Speech production distorted • Startle breathing rate, heart rate, vasodilation • High levels of noise impair cognitive performance • Attention funnelling • Uncertain signals may be missed • Short term memory and reading tasks impaired by ~70 dB noise • Distracting/ Annoying/ Fatiguing • Can have a positive impact on performance of routine tasks.

Stress Reduction

• Selection • Improve cockpit interface design & procedures • Remove stressors from the cockpit environment • Training

Aircrew Equipment Evolution

UNCONTROLLED Copyright BAE Systems 2018 UNCONTROLLED Aircrew Equipment Evolution in the UK 1910s 1930s/1940 1960s s

Avro 504k Lynx Supermarine Spitfire English Electric Lightning www.thenewforestguide.co.uk Popperfoto, www.dailymail.co.uk www.edp24.co.uk

1980s 2010s 2030+

Sepecat Jaguar Eurofighter Typhoon Future Fighter Aircraft Steve Tron, www.airshows.co.uk Survitec (RFDB Beaufort) / BAE Systems

Typhoon Aircrew Equipment Ensemble: Protection

• Altitude, including rapid decompression • High G loads and rapid G onset rates • Thermal stress (inside and outside of the cockpit) • Emergency escape from the aircraft • Post aircraft escape, survival and rescue • Ocular and facial hazards • Head impact • Noise • Fire

Future Challenges

Challenges • Autonomy/ Intelligent Machines • Helmet • Increased functionality to support mission performance: Colour, Field of View, resolution, sensor imagery, symbology • Incorporate eye tracking technology • Reduced mass • Multi-purpose visors for protection • Life support system and Aircrew Equipment Assembly performance improvement to reduce physical burden • Reduced reliance on Anti G Straining Manoeuvre (AGSM) • Integrated garments • Material improvements • Reduce complexity of Life support and ejection systems and associated procedures. • Measurement of Pilot State and inference of meaning and consequential action. • Physical State • Cognitive state • Stressor representation in Synthetic Training UNCONTROLLED Copyright BAE Systems 2018 34 UNCONTROLLED

Benefits

• Reduced physical stress, fatigue, discomfort and distraction. • Reduced human error. • Improved information processing and decision making. • Reduce likelihood of incorrect use of Aircrew Equipment Assembly and associated life support and ejection equipment. • Increased safety.

Thank You

Questions?