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Patent Prospecting on Nanoparticle for Diagnosis and Treatment Of Review Patent prospecting on nanoparticle for diagnosis and treatment of diseases in central nervous system Hellen Kelen Maria Medeiros Coimbra Viana 1, Ilma Campos Veloso Guerra1 and Hercília Maria Lins Rolim1,* 1. Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanosystems (NANOSFAR), Post Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Brazil. *Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-86 3215-1160 Received: 03 Jan 2019; Accepted: 10 May 2020; Published: 28 June 2020. Abstract: Diseases of central nervous system as anxiety, depression, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy and schizophrenia affect millions globally. The treatment and prevention of these diseases is urgent and necessary. The application of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical industry is a good alternative for production of more effective drugs, with nanoparticles being highlighted by benefits obtained as reduction of side effects, increased bioavailability and greater physicochemical stability. The objective of the present study was to carry out a technological prospection in the databases USPTO, WIPO, EPO and INPI using the term "nanoparticle" and terms associated to CNS diseases, analyzing the quantity and types of patents found. A total of 26,742 patents were obtained with the isolated use of the term "nanoparticle" and 38 patents when associated with CNS diseases, which have the predominant international classification was A61K, related to applications for medical, dental and/or hygiene purposes. The most part of nanoparticles patents were found WIPO database, with the United States holds the highest number of them. Patents not were found in Brazilian database using the association between “nanoparticle” and CNS diseases, demonstrating the need for the development of nanotechnology aimed at the treatment of CNS pathologies in the country. Keywords: Central nervous system, Nanoparticle, Nanocarrier. 1. Introduction Depression and anxiety are mental disorders with high prevalence in the general population. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO), depression may become the second leading cause of death or disability in 2020 [1,2]. Nowadays, the pharmacological treatment for anxiety is done with the use of benzodiazepines, buspirone and antidepressants, thatproves to be efficacy. However, these drugs may cause inconvenient side effects to the patient. Thus, in view of the high prevalence and incidence of undesirable effects, the search for new therapeutic agents with anxiolytic properties is necessary [3]. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease(PD) are the two most common age-related neurodegenerative diseases [4]. Clinically, patients initially presented short-term memory loss, followed by executive cognitive dysfunction, confusion, agitation, and behavioral disorders [5]. In 2050, In 2050, AD cases are expected to double in comparison with 2020, nearly a million new cases per year, and the estimated total prevalence will be 13.8 million [6]. Recent advances in nanotechnology such as liposomes have been studied for the delivery of drugs and molecules that can pass through the blood brain barrier (BHE) for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as epilepsy, psychiatric disorders as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's [7,8]. PD is characterized by a slowly and progressive impairment of neural function that affects approximately 1–3% among persons aged 80 and over [9]. Currently, its etiology is not fully understood, but there is a hypothesis that the gradual loss of neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain is caused by possible genetic and environmental mental factors and by aging itself [10]. Schizophrenia is a disorder of brain function whose symptoms consist of the inability to separate Journal of Global Innovation 2020, 2(1); ISSN: 2184-7738 www.bioprospectum.com/jgi Journal of Global Innovation 2 of 9 reality and illusion, hallucinations, emotional dysregulation and disorganized behavior. It is one of the main causes of suicide and currently there are no curative treatments for schizophrenia [11-12]. Schizophrenic disorders are serious and chronic mental conditions that affect 20 million people worldwide, is estimated that the global prevalence to be 0.28%, a prevalence considered low[13, 14]. Epilepsy is the most frequent serious neurological disorder and important public health problem. Its incidence in developing countries is twice that of developed countries [15]. Epilepsy is characterized by the occurrence of convulsions in which there are brief periods of uncontrolled agitation. The convulsions may be partial, involving only one side of the body, or generalized, involving the whole body, and may be accompanied by loss of consciousness and control of bowel or bladder function [16]. In some cases the treatment causes undesirable effects, as headache, irritability, dizziness and weight gain, severe casememory problems and depression [17]. Considering that they represent important public health problems, the search for new effective treatments and reducing undesirable effects is necessary. The intervention of nanotechnology through the use of nanoparticles may represent an alternative. The nanoparticles are systems that can be vary from 10 to 100 nm in diameter, can be obtained from different sources and present different structural forms, which entails different physicochemical properties [18]. Nanoparticles began to be studied as carriers of drugs, offering benefits such as increased solubility of drugs in biological fluids and consequently their bioavailability increase the time of permanence of the drug in the body and targeting a specific site [19]. Represent an alternative for improvement of models traditional of the prevention or treatment of diseases of the central nervous system. The main objective of this work was to carry out a technological prospection, conducting a search in patent databases national and international about nanoparticles with application in the treatment or prevention of diseases of the central nervous system, in order to provide a general overview of the state of art in relation to theme. 2. Materials and Methods The prospection was conducted on the basis of patent applications filed with the European Patent Office (EPO), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the United States Patent and Trademark Office Patent and Trademark Office -USPTO) and in the database of the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) of Brazil. The research was conducted at December 2018 and were used as keywords the terms “nanoparticle” or “nanopartícula”, “nanoparticle and anxiety” or “nanopartícula e ansiedade”, “nanoparticle and depression” or “nanopartícula e depressão”, “nanoparticle and Alzheimer" or “nanopartícula e Alzheimer” and “nanoparticle and epilepsy” or “nanopartícula e epilepsia”. The terms in English were used for the international bases, whereas the Portuguese terms for the search of documents on a national basis, being considered valid the documents that presented these terms in the title and / or summary. All existing patent applications were reviewed by December 2018 (Figure 2). Journal of Global Innovation 2020; ISSN: 2184-7738. eJGI000003 www.bioprospectum.com/jgi Journal of Global Innovation 3 of 9 Figure 2 – Methodology for conducting patent search. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Patent register per database According to Teixeira [20] in his work summarized as a general objective of a technological prospecting identify areas of strategic research and emerging generic technologies that have the propensity to generate the greatest economic and social benefits. The forecasting method provides a predictive forecast of the future development of current technologies through quantification and trend extrapolation. In the research, many documents involving the terms “nanoparticle” or “nanopartícula” were found, most prominently in the WIPO database (23,814). However, when envolved the terms “nanoparticle and anxiety” or “nanopartícula e ansiedade”, “nanoparticle and depression” or “nanopartícula e depressão”, “nanoparticle and Alzheimer" or “nanopartícula e Alzheimer” and “nanoparticle and epilepsy” or “nanopartícula e epilepsia”,was observed that the number of application of patent was reduced to 38 patents registered at December 2018 using the combination of terms cited (Table 1). These, only three patents were deposited at the USPTO and one at the EPO, a greater proportion of patent deposits were observed at the WIPO bases, totaling 38 patents, no results were found at the Brazilian base searches (INPI). Table 1–Number of patents deposit per database using different terms. TERMOS INPI USPTO WIPO EPO “Nanoparticle” or “Nanopartícula” 95 1128 23814 1705 “Nanoparticle + anxiety” or - - 2 - “Nanopartícula + ansiedade” “Nanoparticle + depresion” or - - 4 - “Nanopartícula + depressão” “Nanoparticle + alzheimer” or - 3 14 - “Nanoparícula + alzheimer” “Nanoparticle + epilepsy” or - - 12 1 “Nanopartícula + epilepsia” “Nanoparticle + schizophrenia” or - - - - “Nanopartícula e esquizofrenia” “Nanoparticel + parkinson” or - - 2 - “Nanopartícula + parkinson” The highest proportion found in WIPO may be justified by the fact that WIPO administers patent deposits through the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), through a patent application on PCT, applicants can Journal of Global Innovation 2020; ISSN: 2184-7738. eJGI000003 www.bioprospectum.com/jgi Journal of Global Innovation 4 of 9
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