A Big Data Analysis of the Relationship Between Future Thinking and Decision-Making
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Painter-Kring-2016.Pdf
Journal of Abnormal Psychology © 2016 American Psychological Association 2016, Vol. 125, No. 3, 442–452 0021-843X/16/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/abn0000151 Toward an Understanding of Anticipatory Pleasure Deficits in Schizophrenia: Memory, Prospection, and Emotion Experience Janelle M. Painter and Ann M. Kring University of California, Berkeley Anticipatory pleasure deficits have been observed in people with schizophrenia. Less is known about the extent to which interrelated processes that comprise anticipatory pleasure, including memory, prospec- tion, and emotion experience are disrupted. We asked people with (n ϭ 32) and without (n ϭ 29) schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder to provide memory and prospection narratives in response to specific cues. Half of the prospections followed a memory task, and half followed a control task. People with schizophrenia generated memories similar in content and experience as controls even as they described them less clearly. However, people with schizophrenia were less likely to explicitly reference the past in their prospections, and their prospections were less detailed and richly experienced than controls, regardless of the task completed before prospection. People with schizophrenia reported similar levels of positive emotion (current and predicted) in positive prospections that followed the memory task, but less positive emotion than controls in positive prospections that followed the control task. Taken together, these results suggest that people with schizophrenia experience difficulties drawing from past experiences and generating detailed prospections. However, asking people with schizophrenia to recall and describe memories prior to prospection may increase the likelihood of drawing from the past in prospections, and may help boost current and predicted pleasure. -
Conversation About the Future Self Improves Preschoolersâ
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 181 (2019) 110–120 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Experimental Child Psychology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jecp Brief Report Conversation about the future self improves preschoolers’ prospection abilities ⇑ Kathryn A. Leech a, , Kristi Leimgruber b, Felix Warneken c, Meredith L. Rowe a a Harvard University Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA b Department of Psychology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA c Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA article info abstract Article history: Prospection, the ability to engage in future-oriented thinking and Received 25 January 2018 decision making, begins to develop during the preschool years Revised 19 December 2018 yet remains far from adult-like. One specific challenge for children Available online 31 January 2019 of this age is with regard to thinking and reasoning about their future selves. Drawing from work indicating the importance of Keywords: adult–child conversation in language and cognitive development, Prospection Conversation the current study examined the extent to which conversations Future-thinking about the future and the self may facilitate preschool-aged chil- Book-reading dren’s prospective thinking. The participants, 4- and 5-year-old Preschool children (N = 68), were randomly assigned to read books surround- Prospective memory ing one of four topics with an adult experimenter: their present self, their future self, another child’s present self, or another child’s future self. Children whose conversations were centered on their future selves outperformed other children in the sample on a bat- tery of prospection assessments taken immediately after the manipulation. -
The Past, the Present, and the Future of Future- Oriented Mental Time Travel
1 The Past, the Present, and the Future of Future- Oriented Mental Time Travel Editors’ Introduction KOURKEN MICHAELIAN, STANLEY B. KLEIN, AND KARL K. SZPUNAR ■ This introductory chapter reviews research on future- oriented mental time travel to date (the past), provides an overview of the contents of the book (the present), and enumerates some possible research directions suggested by the latter (the future). 1. THE PAST In the years since Tulving first argued for episodic memory as a distinct memory system (Tulving, 1983), episodic memory has become a major area of research in psychology. Initially viewed primarily as a distinct store for information deriving from experienced episodes, the definition of episodic memory shifted over time, with researchers increasingly viewing episodic memory as a form of mental time travel into the personal past (Suddendorf & Corballis, 1997), drawing on a range of recently evolved and late- developing cognitive capacities and characterized by a unique form of consciousness: autonoesis, or consciousness of the self in sub- jective time (Wheeler et al., 1997). At the same time, recognition has grown that mental time travel into the past cannot be understood independently of future- oriented mental time travel (FMTT) (Atance & O’Neill, 2001; Schacter & Addis, 2007; Suddendorf & Corballis, 1997, 2007; Szpunar, 2010); indeed, FMTT may be primary, with our capacity to remember the past being derivative of the more basic capacity to imagine the future (Klein, 2013). Research on FMTT has exploded over the past decade, with over a hundred articles published in just the last five years. Much of this research has revealed that, despite various differences in the cognitive and neural mechanisms that 2 Seeing the Future characterize future- and past- oriented mental time travel (MTT) (for a review, see Schacter et al., 2007, 2012), there also exist striking similarities. -
Designing Online Instruction for Success: Future Oriented Motivation and Self-Regulation
Designing Online Instruction for Success: Future Oriented Motivation and Self-Regulation Joel T. Schmidt and Christian H. Werner University of Applied Management, Erding, Germany [email protected] [email protected] Abstract: Given the high rate of student drop-out and withdrawal from courses and programs using an online learning format, it is important to consider innovative ways to foster and encourage student success in online environments. One such way is to incorporate aspects of student future orientation into the design of online instruction. This paper presents an overview of a program of research examining whether perceptions of student motivation, self-regulation, and future time perspective can be positively influenced through future oriented instruction in a blended learning (semi-virtual) environment at a German university. Individual differences in student future time orientation can provide insight into this interesting connection between the influence of attitude toward time on motivational and self-regulatory processes in learning. In conclusion, the practical implications of this topic for the design of online learning environments must be considered: Increased effort needs to be taken for developing methods for online instruction to tap into and encourage the future orientation of students, and for providing meaningful connections to the content and possible future outcomes. This paper intends to provide insight into and examples of how an online course or semi-virtual programs can benefit from a future -
Neural Correlates of Prospection Impairments in Schizophrenia
Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 293 (2019) 110987 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/psychresns Neural correlates of prospection impairments in schizophrenia: Evidence from voxel-based morphometry analysis T Yang Zhuo-yaa,b, Wang Shuang-kunc, Li Yinga,b,d, Wang Yia, Wang Yong-minga,b,e,f, Zhou Han-yua,b, Cai Xin-lua,b,e,f, Cheung Eric F.C.g, David H.K. Shumh,a, Dost Öngüri, ⁎ Chan Raymond C.K.a,b, a Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China b Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China c Department of Radiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China d Haidian District Mental Health Prevent-Treatment Hospital, Beijing, China e Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China f Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 100190, PR China g Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China h Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China i McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, United States of America ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Prospection, which has a close relationship with motivation and goal-directed behavior, could be a potential Prospection target for alleviating negative symptoms. The present study aimed to examine the structural neural correlates of Working memory prospection impairments and the involvement of working memory in prospection in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Thirty-seven patients with schizophrenia and 28 healthy controls were recruited and all of them completed a Voxel-based morphometry prospection task. -
Patent Prospecting on Nanoparticle for Diagnosis and Treatment Of
Review Patent prospecting on nanoparticle for diagnosis and treatment of diseases in central nervous system Hellen Kelen Maria Medeiros Coimbra Viana 1, Ilma Campos Veloso Guerra1 and Hercília Maria Lins Rolim1,* 1. Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanosystems (NANOSFAR), Post Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Brazil. *Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-86 3215-1160 Received: 03 Jan 2019; Accepted: 10 May 2020; Published: 28 June 2020. Abstract: Diseases of central nervous system as anxiety, depression, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy and schizophrenia affect millions globally. The treatment and prevention of these diseases is urgent and necessary. The application of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical industry is a good alternative for production of more effective drugs, with nanoparticles being highlighted by benefits obtained as reduction of side effects, increased bioavailability and greater physicochemical stability. The objective of the present study was to carry out a technological prospection in the databases USPTO, WIPO, EPO and INPI using the term "nanoparticle" and terms associated to CNS diseases, analyzing the quantity and types of patents found. A total of 26,742 patents were obtained with the isolated use of the term "nanoparticle" and 38 patents when associated with CNS diseases, which have the predominant international classification was A61K, related to applications for medical, dental and/or hygiene purposes. The most part of nanoparticles patents were found WIPO database, with the United States holds the highest number of them. Patents not were found in Brazilian database using the association between “nanoparticle” and CNS diseases, demonstrating the need for the development of nanotechnology aimed at the treatment of CNS pathologies in the country. -
Age Differences in Future Orientation and Delay Discounting
Child Development, January/February 2009, Volume 80, Number 1, Pages 28 – 44 Age Differences in Future Orientation and Delay Discounting Laurence Steinberg Sandra Graham Temple University University of California – Los Angeles Lia O’Brien Jennifer Woolard Temple University Georgetown University Elizabeth Cauffman Marie Banich University of California – Irvine University of Colorado Age differences in future orientation are examined in a sample of 935 individuals between 10 and 30 years using a delay discounting task as well as a new self-report measure. Younger adolescents consistently demonstrate a weaker orientation to the future than do individuals aged 16 and older, as reflected in their greater willingness to accept a smaller reward delivered sooner than a larger one that is delayed, and in their characterizations of themselves as less concerned about the future and less likely to anticipate the consequences of their decisions. Planning ahead, in contrast, continues to develop into young adulthood. Future studies should distinguish between future orientation and impulse control, which may have different neural underpinnings and follow different developmental timetables. According to popular stereotype, young adolescents to make, and suggested as one explanation for the are notoriously shortsighted, oriented to the immedi- general ineffectiveness of educational interventions ate rather than the future, unwilling or unable to plan designed to persuade adolescents to avoid various ahead, and less capable than adults at envisioning the -
Sexual Orientation Explored: a Study of Identity, Attraction, Behaviour and Attitudes in 2009
Equality and Human Rights Commission Research report 35 Sexual orientation explored: A study of identity, attraction, behaviour and attitudes in 2009 Gavin Ellison and Briony Gunstone YouGov Sexual orientation explored: A study of identity, attraction, behaviour and attitudes in 2009 Gavin Ellison and Briony Gunstone YouGov © Equality and Human Rights Commission 2009 First published Autumn 2009 ISBN 978 1 84206 224 1 Equality and Human Rights Commission Research Report The Equality and Human Rights Commission Research Report Series publishes research carried out for the Commission by commissioned researchers. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Commission. The Commission is publishing the report as a contribution to discussion and debate. Please contact the Research Team for further information about other Commission research reports, or visit our website: Research Team Equality and Human Rights Commission Arndale House Arndale Centre Manchester M4 3AQ Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0161 829 8500 Website: www.equalityhumanrights.com You can download a copy of this report as a PDF from our website: www.equalityhumanrights.com/researchreports Contents Tables .................................................................................................................... 1 Figures .................................................................................................................. 2 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. -
Future Thinking in Young Children Cristina M
CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Future Thinking in Young Children Cristina M. Atance University of Ottawa ABSTRACT—The study of future thinking is gaining mo- system that allows one to retrieve facts about the world (e.g., mentum across various domains of psychology. Mentally knowing that Paris is the capital of France). It is often contrasted projecting the self forward in time (i.e., mental time travel) with episodic memory, which is described as a later-developing is argued to be uniquely human and of vital importance system that mediates one’s memory for personally experienced to the evolution of human culture. Yet it is only recently events (e.g., remembering the first time I strolled down the that developmentalists have begun to study when, and how, Champs-Elyse´es). Episodic memory is argued to be unique to this capacity emerges. I begin by outlining the concept of humans and critical to mental time travel (Tulving, 2005). mental time travel, along with newly developed methodol- Although research and theory have focused almost exclusively on ogies to test children’sability to mentally project the self into mental time travel into the past, the adaptive significance of the the future. Data suggest that this ability is in place by ages 4 episodic system may be that it allows humans to mentally travel or 5 but also reveal conditions under which children may into the future and thus anticipate and plan for needs not cur- experience difficulty accurately predicting their future rently experienced (e.g., imagining a state of hunger when cur- desires. -
Breaking the Vise of Hopelessness
RUNNING HEAD: TARGETING HOPELESSNESS Breaking the vise of hopelessness: Targeting its components, antecedents, and context Igor Marchetti 1, 2*, Lauren B. Alloy 3, & Ernst H.W. Koster 2 1 University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, Via Edoardo Weiss 21, 34128, Trieste, Italy 2 Ghent University, Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium 3 Temple University, Department of Psychology, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA *Corresponding author: Igor Marchetti University of Trieste Department of Life Sciences Via Edoardo Weiss 21 34128 Trieste, Italy E-mail: [email protected] 1 RUNNING HEAD: TARGETING HOPELESSNESS Abstract Hopelessness is a painful state that is related to depression and suicide. In spite of its importance, only unsystematic efforts have been made to specifically target hopelessness in interventions, and no comprehensive review is currently available to guide future clinical studies. Hence, we first analyze the phenomenon of hopelessness, by highlighting its components (e.g., lack of positive expectations, blocked goal-directed processing, and helplessness), antecedents (e.g., inferential styles and future orientation), and contextual factors (e.g., loneliness and reduced social support). Then, we review the currently available interventions and manipulations that target these mechanisms, either directly or indirectly, and we highlight both their strengths and lacunae. Finally, we propose possible avenues to improve our clinical toolbox for breaking the vise of hopelessness. Keywords: hopelessness, intervention, future expectation, goal-processing, helplessness, memory specificity, inferential style, future orientation, loneliness, social support. 2 RUNNING HEAD: TARGETING HOPELESSNESS Hopelessness is possible only because we do hope that some good, loving someone could come. -
Introducing an Organizational Framework for Future- Oriented Cognition Karl K
PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE A taxonomy of prospection: Introducing an organizational framework for future- oriented cognition Karl K. Szpunara,b,1, R. Nathan Sprengc,d, and Daniel L. Schactera,b aDepartment of Psychology and bCenter for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; and cLaboratory of Brain and Cognition, Department of Human Development, and dHuman Neuroscience Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Edited by Larry R. Squire, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, and approved October 30, 2014 (received for review September 11, 2014) Prospection—the ability to represent what might happen in the future—is a broad concept that has been used to characterize a wide variety of future-oriented cognitions, including affective forecasting, prospective memory, temporal discounting, episodic simulation, and autobiograph- ical planning. In this article, we propose a taxonomy of prospection to initiate the important and necessary process of teasing apart the various forms of future thinking that constitute the landscape of prospective cognition. The organizational framework that we propose delineates episodic and semantic forms of four modes of future thinking: simulation, prediction, intention, and planning. We show how this framework can be used to draw attention to the ways in which various modes of future thinking interact with one another, generate new questions about prospective cognition, and illuminate our understanding of disorders of future thinking. We conclude by considering basic cognitive -
Future Orientation:Definition
YOUTH DEVELOPMENT EXECUTIVES OF KING COUNTY FUTURE ORIENTATION: DEFINITION, MEASUREMENT, AND STRATEGIES Excerpted from Skills and Dispositions that Support Youth Success in School WHAT IS FUTURE ORIENTATION? Future orientation consists of two distinct but closely related skills and dispositions: the ability to set goals and monitor progress toward their achievement and hope and optimism regarding one’s future potential, goals, and options. Future orientation is related to a person’s ability to initiate and sustain goal-directed action. It is not sufficient to have goals; one must also have the general belief that these goals can be attained. This is similar to C. R. Snyder’s hope theory, in which hope is conceived of as a “dynamic motivational system” comprised of goals, the motivation to pursue those goals (agency) and the ability to devise a plan to reach them (pathways) (Snyder, et. al., 2002, p. 820). WHY FUTURE ORIENTATION MATTERS Future time perspective is a key feature of adolescence. As future time perspective develops, having a long-term goal or purpose, especially when that goal or purpose is intrinsic (i.e. related to one’s desired contribution rather than to external rewards) instills tenacity and promotes positive growth in youth (Lee, McInerney, Liem & Ortiga, 2010; Damon, 2008). Once a young person commits to a personally valued future goal, he or she develops a system of proximal sub-goals and self-regulatory behaviors to achieve it. Goal orientation is an important component of academic success when school work is seen as relevant to future goals and instrumental to their attainment (Miller & Brickman, 2004; Tabachnick, Miller & Relyea, 2008).