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Nickel-Cobalt Laterites: a Deposit Model

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Nickel-Cobalt Laterites: a Deposit Model Nickel-Cobalt Laterites—A Deposit Model Chapter H of Mineral Deposit Models for Resource Assessment Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070-H U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover: Nickel laterite profile from Parque Nacional la Mensura, Cuba. Photograph by Paul Golightly. Nickel-Cobalt Laterites—A Deposit Model By Erin Marsh, Eric Anderson, and Floyd Gray Chapter H of Mineral Deposit Models for Resource Assessment Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070-H U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2013 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Marsh, Erin, Anderson, Eric, and Gray, Floyd, 2013, Nickel-cobalt laterites—A deposit model, chap. H of Mineral deposit models for resource assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070–H, 38 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/h/. iii Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1 Deposit Type and Associated Commodities ..............................................................................................2 Example Deposits..................................................................................................................................2 Nickel Mountain, Riddle, Oregon ..............................................................................................3 Falcondo District, Dominican Republic, Hispaniola ...............................................................3 Murrin Murrin, Western Australia ............................................................................................3 Moa Bay, Cuba .............................................................................................................................8 Historical Evolution of Descriptive and Genetic Knowledge and Concepts ........................................9 Regional Environment ...................................................................................................................................9 Geotectonic Environment ....................................................................................................................9 Temporal (Secular) Relations ..............................................................................................................9 Duration of Mineralizing Processes ..................................................................................................9 Relations to Structures ......................................................................................................................11 Relations to Igneous Rocks ..............................................................................................................11 Relations to Sedimentary Rocks ......................................................................................................12 Relations to Metamorphic Rocks .....................................................................................................12 Physical Description of Deposit ................................................................................................................12 Dimensions in Plan View ...................................................................................................................12 Vertical Extent and Form/Shape .......................................................................................................13 Host Rocks ...........................................................................................................................................13 Structural Setting and Control ..........................................................................................................13 Geophysical Characteristics ......................................................................................................................14 Magnetic and Gravity Methods ........................................................................................................14 Radiometric Method ...........................................................................................................................15 Optical Remote Sensing Method .....................................................................................................15 Electrical Methods..............................................................................................................................16 Ground-Penetrating Radar Method .................................................................................................16 Data Integration ..................................................................................................................................17 Hypogene Ore Characteristics ..................................................................................................................17 Supergene Ore and Gangue Characteristics ..........................................................................................17 Mineralogy, Textures, Structures, and Grain Size .........................................................................17 Mineral Assemblages, Paragenesis, and Zoning Patterns .........................................................19 Weathering/Supergene Processes ..........................................................................................................20 Mineralogical Reactions ...................................................................................................................20 Rates of Reactions and Controlling Factors ..................................................................................20 Effects of Micro- and Macro-Climates ...........................................................................................20 Effects of Hydrologic Setting ............................................................................................................21 Geochemical Characteristics ....................................................................................................................21 Trace Element, Element Association, and Zoning Pattern ...........................................................21 Stable Isotope Geochemistry ...........................................................................................................21 Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry ...................................................................................................21 Petrology of Associated Igneous Rocks ..................................................................................................21 iv Petrology of Associated Sedimentary Rocks ..........................................................................................24 Petrology of Associated Metamorphic Rocks ........................................................................................25 Theory of Deposit Formation ......................................................................................................................25 Ore Deposit System Affiliations ........................................................................................................25 Sources of Nickel and Cobalt ...........................................................................................................25 Sources of Fluids Involved in Ore Component Transport and Character of Conduits/ Pathways that Focus Ore Forming Fluids ..........................................................................25 Chemical Transport and Transfer Processes .................................................................................25 Supergene Enrichment Processes ..................................................................................................26 Exploration/Resource Assessment Guides .............................................................................................26 Geological and Geophysical .............................................................................................................26 Geochemical ........................................................................................................................................26 Attributes Required for Inclusion in Permissive Tract at Various Scales .................................26 Knowledge that Enables Favorability Zonation of Permissive Tracts ........................................26 Geoenvironmental Features and Anthropogenic Mining Effects ........................................................27
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