Guideline

How to apply common criteria for identifying and quantifying marginal terrains suitable for M2RES implementations

v0.6 3rd April, 2012

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Document History Ver. Date Changes Author Initial version, with core content and Flavia Di Noto and Donato 0.1 15/06/2011 skeleton Bedin Updated version with Partners 0.2 19/07/2011 Daniele Tondini contribution and homogeneous layout 0.3 20/07/2011 Added more Partners contribution Daniele Tondini Updated version with content Flavia Di Noto, Donato Bedin, 0.4 06/10/2011 integration Guido Tonini and Diego Santi 0.5 07/10/2011 Updated layout Daniele Tondini 0.6 03/04/2012 Added contribution from Ulcinj Daniele Tondini

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Summary

1 Introduction ...... 4 2 Marginal areas definitions ...... 5 2.1 What are marginal areas? ...... 5 2.2 General identification criteria ...... 6 2.3 Marginal areas target of M2RES ...... 7 2.3.1 Landfills definition ...... 8 2.3.2 Opencast quarries/mines definition ...... 10 2.3.3 Former military sites definition ...... 11 2.3.4 Brownfield-contaminated terrains ...... 12 3 Identification data for the different marginal lands and description of sources of information .. 15 3.1 Landfills ...... 15 3.2 Opencast quarries/mines ...... 21 3.3 Former military sites...... 24 3.4 Brownfield-contaminated terrains ...... 26 3.5 Additional Option: Flood retention zones...... 29 4 Basic procedure to identify marginal lands suitable for M2RES implementation ...... 30 4.1 First step: identification of sites ...... 30 4.2 Second step: Definition and application of exclusion criteria ...... 34 4.3 Third step: further investigation criteria ...... 43 5 Potential regional availability of land for settlement of platform M2RES ...... 51 6 Structure of the regional reports ...... 54

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1 Introduction

This guide is intended to give guidance on how to operate the survey of the marginal areas at the regional level and how to make macro forecasts on the potential implementations of the M2RES platform technologies.

Specific selection criteria and forecast issues, considered by Italian partners UCV and ENEA, will be briefly outlined for example.

It will be also specified what should be the format of the regional report on the potential of M2RES implementations at Regional level.

It is not mandatory that each partner follows the example given for Italy. What is mandatory for the partner is to provide the availability of reliable data of four types of marginal terrains (or any kind of marginal terrains that can be considered of relevant interest in the specific local situation of each M2RES regions) and to provide a report on estimates of M2RES installations’ potential at regional level in a common format, with in annex the description about how the estimate has been done, in case the method used differs from the one suggested in the guide.

This information is necessary for the lead partner in order to judge the homogeneity of methods and data provided and in order to proceed with data aggregation and further wider considerations.

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2 Marginal areas definitions

2.1 What are marginal areas?

Marginality, in general, is considered as scarce productivity of an area, or scarce return of investment upon it.

The M2RES action aims to increase renewable energy (ground photovoltaic, wind turbines, geothermal plants, ground thermodynamic CPS, Biogas CHP) in areas to be considered marginal or abandoned, or “zero value” areas, so giving them a new social reconsideration and economic requalification.

The concept of MARGINALITY is a little bit complex and needs to be well explained.

OECD says that marginal area is an area with a low level of quality for agricultural activity and unfit for housing use.

Marginal areas seem natural areas that are unfit for any human use, because of their geographic and pedologic characteristics. If we pay attention to urban areas, it’s easy to note that new marginal areas exist, and they are “by products” of the modern industrial system.

Precisely, the focus is on those areas difficult to re-use, whenever impossible, because of the big impact caused by the human intervention: for example, you can consider dumps of urban solid waste in exhaustion or areas heavily polluted by industrial activities.

Often these new marginal areas are included into the city’s bound; instead old marginal areas are generally outside cities. Industrial areas no longer in use represent a big problem difficult to solve, because of heavy costs of reclamation necessary for a requalification.

Regarding new marginal areas, the military ones have to be considered as they are “strategically” located throughout the national territories. Moreover they have lost their military function and their economic importance and nowadays it is customary to cross large lands in a total and desperate state of abandonment. They are not overseen and their state of marginality depends, first of all, on their specific function and, in second place, on legal-administrative inertia, that often stops any attempts for a new use.

Moreover, marginal areas haven’t got any hidden utility for the society, and they very often represent a burden for the community; an area with no significance as its primary use has been carried out. They are like green-brown sarcophagus which none is interested in.

In the next chapters general identification criteria will be outlined and targets of M2RES project will be more deeply described.

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2.2 General identification criteria

Marginal areas can be identified both by economic and environmental point of view, without forgetting the current requirements of reducing to the minimum the ground consumption and the urban sprawl.

Spotting the marginality of a surface is not an easy issue of immediate resolution.

Beyond the geographical aspect, an area can be considered “marginal” according to its function. A land which has no possibility to be immediately used has instead good chances to be tagged as “marginal”.

The marginal utility of an area be intrinsic, induced or latent. It is “intrinsic” when it is indivisible from the area itself. It can be induced when its use value is cancelled by political choices, non- residential zones due to the presence of infrastructures, or when it is recorded in the register office as a polluted site of national importance. Finally, it is instead “latent” when some areas, sometime of great size, are completely abandoned due to their specific legal standings.

The “marginal”, sterile and “zero value” areas are those that for some reasons have no more benefits for the society or even worse, they are a burden for the society. They become “dumps” where often there is a dilemma about what to do once their primary function has been carried out.

The territory or more precisely the cartographic description of the marginal areas are not a vacuum or a blank space; they are sometimes well known and well defined by city urban plans and other times they are to be found in the meander of the explanations and geographical symbols.

This is the reason why we it is important to start from the recognition of the local urban systems that allow the identification of the areas, their use and especially their regulatory rules.

The higher hierarchical tools are important as well, because they allow the identification of “territorial frame” of great importance for the environment.

From the urban tools in force it is possible to identify several territorial elements with the specific characteristics necessary to make them potential “marginal”.

A first list of marginal areas is the following:

1. Open cast mines no longer in use 2. Open cast mines reaching the end of their useful life 3. Every kind of landfill out of use 4. Every kind of landfill almost abandoned 5. Degraded areas; lack of vegetation, unclassified as urban areas, areas to be transformed 6. Industrial areas no longer in use 7. Polluted areas to be reclaimed and recorded for Italy in the register office as Polluted Site (DM 25 October 1999 n. 471) 8. Arable land never seeded or without vegetation 9. Farm areas unsuitable for arable land, forestry or grazing (class VIII Land Capability Classification) 10. Clear zone: 10.1. clear zone of infrastructures (streets, railway, gas pipeline, …….) 6

10.2. cemetery clear zone 10.3. clear zone around sewage treatment plants 10.4. airport clear zone 10.5. radio broadcasting clear zone 10.6. clear zone around accident risk sites 10.7. waste disposal airport clear zone 11. Military areas: 11.1. abandoned 11.2. almost abandoned 12. Government property areas 13. Areas without landscape, archaeological and environmental restrictions

But a simple list of urban categories is not enough to provide the marginality of a land.

The marginality of an area can be the result of a combination of factors and not only a direct and clear derivation from a single factor. Many factors and conditions contribute to “marginality”:

• The ground waterproofing contributes to the marginality because obstacles the basic functions of the ground damaging the eco-system; • The areas jeopardized by a geological point of view can be considered marginal as well; • The presence of pollutants is an additional element which contributes to the classification of marginality because of the several expensive and long lasting land reclaim needed; • The presence of economic activities and future uses exclude the area from marginality valuation criteria; • The presence of safeguarding restrictions points out that the area presents a value for the community and therefore the possible use as marginal area will be excluded; • Clear areas are interesting for the identification of marginal areas as their specific legal standings limit the presence and the human activities for some hygienic, sanitary and security problems, but don’t exclude other uses; • The environmental characteristics taken into account are the permeability of the ground, the presence of pollutants and the modification of geological horizon due to geological interventions.

2.3 Marginal areas target of M2RES

The project M2RES aims at re-qualifying existing marginal terrains through investments on Renewable Energy Sources. The main marginal areas considered in the project are:

• landfills • opencast quarries/mines • former military sites • brownfield-contaminated terrains

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Other kinds of marginal area can be included in the list on the basis of specific local situations in the partner regions (e.g. flood retention zones, see 4.5). Please find below a general definition for the different typologies of marginal terrains.

2.3.1 Landfills definition

Modern landfills are well-engineered facilities that are located, designed, operated, and monitored to ensure compliance with the current regulations. Solid waste landfills must be designed to protect the environment from contaminants which may be present in the solid waste stream. The landfill siting plan - which prevents the siting of landfills in environmentally-sensitive areas - as well as on- site environmental monitoring systems - which monitor for any sign of groundwater contamination and for landfill gas - provide additional safeguards. In addition, many new landfills collect potentially harmful landfill gas emissions and convert the gas into energy. For more information, visit EPA's Landfill Methane Outreach Program.

Municipal solid waste landfills (MFWLFs) receive household waste. MSWLFs can also receive non- hazardous sludge, industrial solid waste, and construction and demolition debris. For instance, all MSWLFs must comply with the U.S.A. federal regulations in 40 CFR Part 258 (Subtitle D of RCRA), or equivalent state regulations.

Federal MSWLF standards include:

• Location restrictions - ensure that landfills are built in suitable geological areas away from faults, wetlands, flood plains, or other restricted areas. • Composite liners requirements - include a flexible membrane (geomembrane) overlaying two feet of compacted clay soil lining the bottom and sides of the landfill, protect groundwater and the underlying soil from leachate releases. • Leachate collection and removal systems - sit on top of the composite liner and removes leachate from the landfill for treatment and disposal. • Operating practices - include compacting and covering waste frequently with several inches of soil help reduces smell, control litter, insects, and rodents; and protect public health. • Groundwater monitoring requirements - requires testing groundwater wells to determine whether waste materials have escaped from the landfill. • Closure and postclosure care requirements - include covering landfills and providing long-term care of closed landfills. • Corrective action provisions - control and clean up landfill releases and achieves groundwater protection standards. • Financial assurance - provides funding for environmental protection during and after landfill closure (i.e., closure and postclosure care).

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Some materials may be banned from disposal in municipal solid waste landfills including common household items such as paints, cleaners/chemicals, motor oil, batteries, and pesticides. Leftover portions of these products are called household hazardous waste. These products, if mishandled, can be dangerous to your health and the environment. Many municipal landfills have a household hazardous waste drop-off station for these materials.

MSWLFs can also receive household appliances (also known as white goods) that are no longer needed. Many of these appliances, such as refrigerators or window air conditioners, rely on ozone- depleting refrigerants and their substitutes. As an example U.S.A. federal disposal procedures can be found in “General information on how refrigerants can damage the ozone layer” (http://www.epa.gov/ozone/).

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2.3.2 Opencast quarries/mines definition

Open-pit mines that produce building materials and large dimension stones are commonly referred to as quarries. People are unlikely to make a distinction between an open-pit mine and other types of open-cast mines, such as quarries, borrows, placers, and strip mines.

Open-pit mines are typically enlarged until either the mineral resource is exhausted, or an increasing ratio of between waste and ore makes further mining uneconomic. When this occurs, the exhausted mines are sometimes converted to landfills for disposal of solid wastes. However, some kind of water control is usually required to keep the mine pit from becoming a lake.

Open-pit mines are dug on benches, which describe vertical levels of the hole. These benches are usually on four meters to sixty meters intervals, depending on the size of the machinery in use. Obviously, shallow quarries do not use benches.

Walls of the pit are generally dug on an angle less than vertical, to prevent and minimise damage and danger from rock falls. This depends on how weathered the rocks are, on the type of rocks, and on structural weaknesses within the rocks, such as a fault, shears, joints or foliations.

The walls are stepped. The inclined section of the wall is known as the batter, and the flat part of the step is known as the bench or berm. The steps in the walls help prevent rock falls continuing down the entire face of the wall. In some instances additional ground support is required and rock bolts, cable bolts and shotcrete are used. De-watering bores may be used to relieve water pressure by drilling horizontally into the wall, which is often enough to cause failures in the wall by itself.

A haul road is situated at the side of the pit, forming a ramp up which trucks can drive, carrying ore and waste rock.

Waste rock is piled up at the surface, near the edge of the open pit. This is known as the waste dump. The waste dump is also tiered and stepped, to minimise degradation.

Open-cast, or strip, coal mining at Garzweiler, Germany

Ore which has been processed is known as tailings, and is generally a slurry. This is pumped to a tailings dam or settling pond, where the water evaporates. Tailings dams can often be toxic due to the presence of un-extracted sulphide minerals, some forms of toxic minerals in the gangue, and often cyanide which is used to treat gold ore via the cyanide leach process. This toxicity has the potential to negatively impact on the surrounding environment.

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2.3.3 Former military sites definition

The reduction in Europe of military forces has resulted in an increased number of base closings nationwide. While many of these bases have excellent facilities suitable for a variety of different uses, most real estate professionals and developers do not understand the complex process or laws which influence the acquisition of property at a closed military installation.

A general definition of Military sites is somehow self-referencing, and there is no need for detailed clarifications. These areas can be easily identified on most geographical data sources, so no special indicators are required to pick them out. The number of military sites is usually small, and they are located over state-owned terrains. They can be broadly categorised into:

• Barracks for lodging of troupes, general services, deposits • Air bases • Naval bases • Shooting ranges, large clear zones for bashing and/or troupe movements

Sites of the first group have a small/medium size and are frequently located within or near urban areas. Therefore RES destination for these sites may not be the most suitable because of claims for other uses. Analogous considerations apply for naval bases.

Former military barracks may be regarded under many aspects as brownfields, so they need the same kind of interventions as well as the same final uses. For reference, see: http://www.balticuniv.uu.se/index.php/downloads/doc_view/222-rebuilding-the-city#page=27

Abandoned air bases - thanks to flat horizon, wider extension, very limited surrounding vegetation, limited reclaim work needed - are very suitable for PV and/or wind plants.

Shooting ranges lose more frequently their original destination due to urban sprawl, so RES destination competes again with other possible uses.

On the contrary the largest shooting/bashing areas stay in a non-anthropic environment. Their geographical location (e.g. more or less shallow riverbeds, valleys, etc.) still reflects the primary need of safeguard against potential shooting escapes and accidents. Such locations may eventually lack part of the primary needs for effective RES plants, for example distance to electric stations, variable suitability for wind and PV plants, etc.

The Italian University "Politecnico di Torino" hosts a special web site devoted to architectural conversion of dismissed military sites (http://www.milarconversion.eu/bibliografia.htm). The web site is available in Italian only, but contains a short catalogue of reports and publications on this matter that can be a good starting point for deeper investigations.

Before attempting to acquire property at a former military base, it is necessary to understand the process and legal requirements involved in transferring the property from the government to a new owner. While the existing process is lengthy and complex, changes are being proposed to make the process more realistic.

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2.3.4 Brownfield-contaminated terrains

In the European Union there is not an officially agreed definition of brownfields, although the usual meaning refers mainly to the following categories:

• areas that underwent a deep transformation related to human activity, notably industrial, and that are now derelict; the soil is totally or partly artificial, hindering re- growth of vegetation; buildings and structures are frequently abandoned and unsafe, precluding any immediate reuse; • areas more or less contaminated; they don't constitute by themselves an hazard for the surroundings, but actions of cleaning, removal of substances or reclaim are needed to restore their suitability for human activities.

The European CORINE Land Cover nomenclature (http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/COR0- landcover/at_download/file) has not settled a specific category for brownfields or contaminated terrains. Such areas will thus fall within the "artificial surfaces" (more likely industrial/transport or construction/dump).

The European Indicators of Sustainability for municipalities include a set of indexes, among which the B9 refers to sustainable land use. It suggests a broad classification of urban-suburban areas in few simple categories: artificial and urbanised (and also already appointed for urbanisation) areas, brownfields including derelict and contaminated land, virgin land/greenfields, protected areas. It seems hence - by exclusion - that any area not actively used by human related activities and not 12

being a greenfield or a protected area may be quoted - more or less - as a brownfield. In such a view all uncategorised areas in urban surroundings may fall within the brownfield group. Unfortunately the European Sustainability scheme seems no longer in use and has not seen further refinements.

Example of brownfield land at a disused gasworks site after excavation, with soil contamination from removed underground storage tanks.

Generally, brownfield sites exist in a city's or town's industrial section, on locations with abandoned factories or commercial buildings, or other previously polluting operations. Small brownfields also may be found in many older residential neighbourhoods. For example, many dry cleaning establishments or gas stations produced high levels of subsurface contaminants during prior operations, and the land they occupy might sit idle for decades as a brownfield.

Typical contaminants found on contaminated brownfield land include hydrocarbon spillages, solvents, pesticides, heavy metals such as lead (e.g., paints), tributyltins, and asbestos. Old maps may assist in identifying areas to be tested.

Many contaminated brownfield sites remain unused for decades because the cost of cleaning them to safe standards is more than the land would be worth after redevelopment. However, redevelopment has become more common in the first decade of the 21st century, due to the scarcity of developable land in highly populated areas. Also, methods for studying contaminated land have become more sophisticated and established.

The US Environmental Protection Agency manages a large set of activities related to brownfields and contaminated areas revitalization, under the name of EPA Brownfields Programme. Anyway, for the sake of the present guidelines, EPA's brownfield definition is quite in legal terms, and doesn't enlighten the matter.

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In brief: "brownfield site" means a real property of which the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by the presence - real or potential - of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant, including petroleum or petroleum by-products, but with relatively low risks. http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/ http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/overview/glossary.htm

A more accurate and maybe "weakened" definition of brownfield is needed, since the four M2RES main categories (landfills, quarries-mines, military areas, brownfields) should accommodate all the kind of areas already depicted in par. 2. Several examples call for their inclusion as brownfields (see par. 2.2, point 5 degraded areas, 2.2, point 10 clear zones, 2.2, point 12 government properties, 2.2, point 13 areas without restrictions but unsuitable and not foreseen for urbanisation), although their characteristics differ from what it is usually associated with this term.

In addition any urban-suburban unused areas impractical for human activities, for agriculture or simply as greenland may be regarded as brownfield-like, for example the ones with proximity to viaducts, interconnections and railways, with high fragmentation, limited road connectivity, not subjected to periodical cleaning, etc.

In the process of cleaning contaminated brownfield sites, surprises are sometimes encountered, such as previously unknown underground storage tanks, buried drums or buried railroad tank cars containing wastes. When unexpected circumstances arise, the cost for clean-up increases, and as a result, the cleanup work may be delayed or stopped entirely.

To avoid unexpected contamination and increased costs, many developers insist that a site be thoroughly investigated prior to starting remedial cleanup activities.

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3 Identification data for the different marginal lands and description of sources of information

Existing data bases made by concerned organizations at regional/province level can allow a quick and easy way for identifying marginal terrains target of the project M2RES. Please find below an overview on where to find existing data bases and information in the partners’ regions for each category of marginal land considered in the project.

3.1 Landfills

The permissions that record the opening and closing of landfills are generally at the regional and provincial archives. Many Regions have been equipped with databases that are updated annually using the results conducted by agencies responsible for protecting the environment.

In order to obtain a useful overview of the existing landfills at regional level the following identification data are recommended for each single landfill:

• location • ownership of permission • entitlement of management • type of landfill • type of waste allowed • waste volume allowed • current status of the landfill (partially active - new post-mortem, advanced post mortem...) • surface area affected • localization with respect to local zoning plans • outstanding problems • proximity to residential sites and / or other sensitive installations • proximity to main electricity grids • additional information

A summary of the overall situation at partner’s level is the following:

• LP – ENEA - Italy

Emilia Romagna Region relevant information on landfills is gathered at the Geologic Service of the Region. This service is not directly in charge of landfills operation, but holds updated information linked to their Geographical Information Systems (GIS) allowing localisation on the maps and extraction of key data on landfills at a regional scale.

• PP1 – UCV -Italy

In Veneto Region relevant information on landfills is gathered at ARPAV (Regional Agency for Environmental Protection and Prevention of Veneto). Projects and actions on landfills are under authorization by the regional and provincial departments of environmental protection. 15

• PP2 - MOV - Stajerska area - Slovenia: o Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning; o Slovenian Environment Agency (ARSO) • PP3 - CRES - Attiki area - Greece:

Regarding solid waste management it must be noted that general planning is carried out through the National Waste Management Planning (N.W.M.P.) and the targets set there, are apportioned into the 13 Regions through the Regional Waste Management Planning (R.W.M.P.). Each Region is divided into Administrative Areas, which sometimes happen to have the same geographical borders as the Prefectures. Waste management activities are carried out by the Waste Management Authority (W.M.A.) of each Administrative Area. The Ministries of Finance, Environment and Interior are also involved in the management of municipal solid waste. The Ministry of Environment is the main “actor” as in particular:

o defines waste management policy o is responsible for the legislative framework and proposes the issuing of legislative regulations and circulars for the implementation of the legislation. o prepares the National Planning of non hazardous and hazardous Solid Waste, where the targets and actions regarding waste management are described. o grants environmental permissions to solid waste management facilities o includes waste management studies and works carried out by municipalities in the funding program Operational Plan – Environment

The Ministry of Interior is responsible for organizing and monitoring of W.M.A. (registry, operational plans), while the Ministry of Finance for funding the necessary infrastructure. Funding through P.P.P. model is approved by a committee of the Ministry of Finance.

Regarding the disposal of waste 65 landfills are currently operating in Greece. Most of them will be illegal after 2012 since it will not be possible to declare them as residue landfills. In total 32 sanitary landfills are constructed and the environmental impact assessment studies for 41 are being issued. One of the main goals included in the N.W.M.P. was to close all illegal (uncontrolled) landfills by 21/12/2008 which was the deadline given by the European Court when Greece was convicted for that matter. This target was not achieved. The Joint Ministerial Committee estimated that from a total number of 1.102 illegal landfills in 2005, 806 have been shut down, 206 are currently being restored and by the end of the year only 16 will remain active. Since 2005 evidence shows that new illegal landfills were created and the current number is estimated to around 492.

Especially as regards Attiki, all the MSW generated there were discarded at uncontrolled waste disposal sites (UWDSs) until the construction of the largest sanitary landfill in Europe, which is located at the municipality of Ano Liossia in Western Attica Prefecture. Approximately 89.55% of the total MSW generated in the Region is disposed at the sanitary landfill of Ano Liossia that serves 91 Organizations of Local Administration (OLAs). The remaining 10.45%, collected at 33 OLAs, is transferred to 24 recorded UWDSs.

Nowadays, the sanitary landfill extends over an area of 2 square kilometres. According to experts, the sanitary landfill should have ceased operation since July 2005. Nevertheless, it continues receiving waste, due to lack of other controlled waste disposal sites. Some of the afore mentioned UWDSs that receive the remaining MSW of the region are partly

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controlled, meaning that the waste they receive is repeatedly covered with earth or other inert materials for the reduction of the generated odors and avoidance of spontaneous fires. In addition to the recorded UWDSs, there are cases, in which people illegally discard or burn their waste in randomly “selected” locations.

It must be further mentioned that some action has been taken for the remediation of many UWDSs that have ceased operation. This concerns about 5 “known” sites spread all over the Attica region, the most well-known one being the former uncontrolled landfill at “Schisto”, which was the second largest in the country and occupies 405,000 square meters. Something similar has been started in a part of the landfill of Ano Liossia. The works for the remediation of a total area of 890,300 square meters have already started.

The new Regional Plan of Attica for MSW foresees the establishment of three Integrated Waste Management Facilities (IWMFs), one of them located in Western Attiki and the other two in Eastern Attiki. The plan includes also revision of the temporary waste storage system (operation of 24 new Waste Transfer Stations) and the remediation of the currently existing UWDSs.

• PP4 + PP5 - ENERO + SunE - Bucharest area - Romania:

National Agency for Environmental Protection is responsible for evaluation of the number and situation of the national and regional landfills. Government decisions 349/2005 and 210/2007 establish the regulation in the field of properties of the different landfills. The Romanian Stakeholders involved are:

o Ministry of Environment and Forest; o National Environment Agency; o Local Environment Agency. • PP6 - CL SENES - BAS - Bulgaria:

The regional information regarding marginal areas could be found from the following local sources:

o registers in Regional Offices of the Ministry of Ecology called RIOSV-Regional Inspection on Environmental Protection and Waters o register in the Ministry of Ecology o annual Ministry reports on the state of ecology o published ecological assessment of energy projects o NGO reports and written activities

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Regional map – Bulgaria (south-west region)

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Some example:

1. Katuntzi village – exhausted open sand quarry + landfill, 4.000 m2, Sandanski Municipality owned land, closed in 2006 2. Ploski village – Central Regional Waste Depoe landfill, 82.000m2, Sandanski Municipality owned land, 6 cells – still active, some cells are full and recovered by a soil layer, intended to close in 2010;

3. BeloPole-Buchino village – Regional Waste Depoe landfill, 106.000m2, Blagoevgrad Municipality owned, expected to close in 2016

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4. ZelenDol village – Waste depot, landfill 8.000m2, Blagoevgrad Municipality owned, building and household waste deposited, in closing procedure.

• PP7 - ENEREA - Nyíregyháza area - Hungary:

In Hungary in the North-Great Plain Region data about landfills are located in three inspectorates:

o the Inspectorate for Environment, Nature and Water of Upper-Tisza Region; o Inspectorate for Environment, Nature and Water of Central-Tisza Region, o Inspectorate for Environment, Nature and Water of Trans-Tiszanian Region. • PP8 - EC - Budapest area - Hungary:

In Hungary (Budapest area) the landfill sites are generally under the management of the municipalities.

o Municipalities, o the Ministry of Rural Development, o the Ministry of National Development o the Middle - Danube - Valley Inspectorate for Environmental Protection, Nature Conservation and Water Management

have the relevant information about the landfill sites.

• PP9 - EEE - Burgenland Region - Austria:

Waste management in Burgenland since 1980 is organised by the „Burgenländischer Mullverband“. It is collecting waste and running 2 active landfills and 3 composting facilities. Until 1980 local waste management was done by the municipalities which were also running local landfills. This changed with the regional waste management law in 1980. From then on the local landfills were closed and partially cleaned up or covered with soil. 20

Some of them are still under observation because of potentially hazard to the ground water system. These areas are, depending on their contents, partially restricted in use as for example for agriculture, even if they are not very spacious. Most of these areas are registered in a special land register which is supervised by the „Umweltbundesamt“, (Federal Office for Environmental Issues). A more extensive catalogue, containing also small landfills was compiled by the department for water and waste management in the office of the regional government.

• FLP1 - OU - Montenegro Littoral:

In the littoral region of Montenegro relevant information on landfills is gathered at the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism, Agency for Environmental protection and local municipality administration.

3.2 Opencast quarries/mines

For what concerns quarries and mines generally the Regional Departments for Territory has the archives of such sites, that are also under the control from a geological point of view.

In order to obtain an useful overview of the quarry sites existing at regional level, the following identification data are recommended for each single quarry site:

• location • ownership of permission • entitlement of management • intended use in accordance with the regional plan at the municipal level • cadastral data • surface-height-depth-slope • soil stability • presence water sources or ponds • degree of re-naturation • current land use

To obtain information it is advisable to head up to the public office which grants the concession to the opening of new sites.

A summary of the overall situation at partner’s level is the following:

• LP – ENEA – Italy:

In Emilia Romagna the relevant information can be found at Geologic Service of the Region. This service is not directly in charge of licensing and control for quarries and mines operation, but holds updated information linked to its Geographical Information Systems (GIS) allowing localisation on the maps and extraction of the relevant data at a regional scale.

• PP1 – UCV –Italy:

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In Veneto Region the data are available from the offices of the geology of the soil in the Regional direction of land and the environment.

• PP2 - MOV - Stajerska area - Slovenia: o Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning; o Geological Survey of Slovenia; • PP3 - CRES - Attiki area - Greece:

A recording of sites that correspond to abandoned quarries and mines was (rather recently) made in the frame of 2 research programmes carried out by the Lab. of Mining Technology & Environmental Mining of the Dept of Mining Engineering-Metallurgy of National Technical University of Athens (NTUA). The scope of this work was to identify inactive mines and quarries in the axis Corinth-Athens-Thessaloniki, i.e. along the main railway line of Greece, and in a distance of 20 km on either side of the train line, in an attempt to be utilized as landfill sites. In this area, 715 unutilized sites have been recorded, from which the 595 correspond to quarries and the rest 120 to mines. Obviously the purpose was rather different from the M2RES Project’s ones, but the database that was created for that purpose (using maps from the Geographic Service of the Greek Army, as well as on-site visits) can be used for our purposes too.

The most well-known of the former mines areas of Attiki is Lavrion, which was a historic mining area for the production of silver. The first underground excavations began around 3000 BC establishing Lavrion mines as the oldest in Europe. The mining activities in the area continued until 1982! The abandoned quarries are more than 60. Other sources of relevant data are the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change (in which CRES belongs to), which performs the requested audits in the quarries and mines all over Greece, the Regions (which define the quarrying areas, provide licenses to quarries, etc.), but also the Institute of Geology & Mineral Exploration, which exists since 1952 and is the main body in the sector of Geosciences in Greece (it also works under the auspices of MEECC).

• PP4 + PP5 - ENERO + SunE - Bucharest area - Romania:

Concerning quarries and mines, responsible in Romania is the Department of Mineral Resources in the Ministry for Economy MECMA and the following stakeholders:

o Ministry of Economy, Commerce and Business Environment; o National Cadastre Office; o Local Environment Agency; o Local Council (Country Council). • PP6 - CL SENES - BAS - Bulgaria:

The regional information regarding quarries and mines could be found from the following local sources:

o registers in Regional Offices of the Ministry of Ecology called RIOSV-Regional Inspection on Environmental Protection and Waters o register in the Ministry of Ecology o annual Ministry reports on the state of ecology 22

o published ecological assessment of energy projects o NGO reports and written activities Some example:

1. Ilindentzi village – The biggest and oldest marmar open quarry. Several abandoned terrains, several marmar cutting & polishing factories near the Ploski village landfill (see above); 2. Sklave village - Exhausted open sand and stone quarry near the river Struma, Sandanski Municipality owned ~ 10.000m2 open area.

• PP7 - ENEREA - Nyíregyháza area - Hungary:

In Hungary can be found information about opencast quarries and mines from:

o District Mines Inspectorate in Miskolc; o District Mines Inspectorate in Szolnok. • PP8 - EC - Budapest area - Hungary:

In Hungary (Budapest area) the opencast quarries’/mines’ regional data are available from:

o The Hungarian Office for Mining and Geology, o Local municipalities. PP9 - EEE - Burgenland Region - Austria:

Within the Burgenland Region there are a few opencast quarries, mainly for gravel production. These sites are still in use and are intended to be in use also in the future. Although there is also one of the biggest opencast quarries of Europe within the region,

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which is also almost closed down, the quarry has no potential for energy production. It is operated as a cultural arena.

• FLP1 - OU - Montenegro Littoral:

In the littoral region of Montenegro relevant information on opencast quarries/mines is gathered at the Ministry of Economy, Agency for Environmental protection and local municipality administration.

3.3 Former military sites In general the former military size are under the control of Ministry of National Defence and in last years is in progress the release of abandoned sites to local authorities (municipalities for been reconverting to civil use)

A regional level State Property Department has regional offices and from them one should start to have the first overview about former military sites.

In order to obtain an useful overview of the former military areas existing at regional level the following identification data are recommended for each single military area:

• location • ownership permission • persistence of some military constraints • cadastral data • intended use in accordance with the regional plan at the municipal level • presence of the pollution • major pollutants • presence of buildings and other artifacts • accessibility of the site • proximity to residential sites and / or other sensitive installations • proximity to main electricity grids • additional Information • ...……….

A summary of the overall situation at partner’s level is the following:

• LP – ENEA - Italy

In Emilia Romagna region former military sites are generally under the management of the Ministry of Defence, which gradually transfers them to the State Property Department, which in turn makes them available to public administrations, usually municipalities, or to privates through specific calls. In order to have a unified approach for the localization and characterization of M2RES sites, ENEA appointed the Geologic Service of the Emilia- Romagna Region (as already done for landfills and quarries/mines) for the task of collecting and organizing in a GIS system all of the relevant information regarding ex-military sites of the Region. 24

• PP1 – UCV -Italy

In Veneto region former military sites are generally under the management of the Ministry of Defence, which gradually transfers them to the State Property Department, which in turn makes them available to public administrations, usually municipalities, or to privates through specific calls.

• PP2 - MOV - Stajerska area - Slovenia: o Ministry of Defence; • PP3 - CRES - Attiki area - Greece:

In Greece, former military sites (basically military camps that were built 50 or 60 years ago, when the urban development was much lower than in recent years; with the growth of towns, such camps that in the beginning were at their outskirts, have been caught up inside the urban web) are still under the responsibility of the Ministry of National Defence. More precisely, after a decision taken in 2002, related to the reconstruction of the Greek Army, it was seen that about 90 former military camps could be used for alternative uses.

However, there is still a debate whether these camps should be transferred to the General Secretariat for Public Property of the Ministry of Economics, or directly to the Local Authorities (municipalities) is which they are located (also whether they will be transferred the 100% or only the 50% of their area / facilities). Especially as regards the Attiki region, this reconstruction concerns 7 military camps, with a total area / surface of more than 450 hectares.

• PP4 + PP5 - ENERO + SunE - Bucharest area - Romania:

In Romania former military sites are generally under the management of the Ministry of Defence and are transferred to Local Regional Authorities. The Romanian stakeholders involved are:

o Ministry of National Defence; o Local Council (Country Council). • PP6 - CL SENES - BAS - Bulgaria:

The regional information regarding former military sites can be found from the following local sources:

o registers in Regional Offices of the Ministry of Ecology called RIOSV-Regional Inspection on Environmental Protection and Waters o register in the Ministry of Ecology o annual Ministry reports on the state of ecology o published ecological assessment of energy projects o NGO reports and written activities • PP7 - ENEREA - Nyíregyháza area - Hungary:

In Hungary former military sites are managed by the Ministry of Defence.

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• PP8 - EC - Budapest area - Hungary:

In Hungary (Budapest area) the Ministry of Defence is in control of former military sites.

• PP9 - EEE - Burgenland Region - Austria:

There are no former military sites in Burgenland.

• FLP1 - OU - Montenegro Littoral:

In the littoral region of Montenegro relevant information on former military sites are generally under the management of the Ministry of Defence, but Ministry of Defence gradually transfers them to the State Property Department, which in turn makes them available to public administrations. However for the moment the Public Property administration is in the procedure of making the new program for evidence of government property which should be finalized by 2013.

3.4 Brownfield-contaminated terrains

In general the above considerations for landfills can be extended at regional level to contaminated sites. These types of soils are generally under regional control of the department for contaminated sites that need to be monitored and are subject to land reclamation. Generally landfills and contaminated sites fall under the same regional organization.

For each single brownfield-contaminated terrain the following identification data are recommended:

• location • ownership permission • entitlement management • cadastral data • intended use in accordance with the regional plan at the municipal level • nature of the pollution • major pollutants • presence of buildings and other artefact • accessibility of the site • proximity to residential sites and / or sensitive installations • ordinances in place • proximity to main electricity grids • additional Information • .……….

A summary of the overall situation at partner’s level is the following:

• LP – ENEA - Italy

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In Emilia Romagna Region relevant information on Brownfield-contaminated terrains is gathered at the Geologic Service of the Region. This service is not directly in charge of keeping a Regional atlas of brownfields and contaminated terrains, but holds a number of information linked to its Geographical Information Systems (GIS) able to localise unexploited and/or abandoned terrains on the Regional map. The Geologic Service will carry on further investigations to know the owners and the present status of such terrains, so that a database of brownfields can be built.

• PP1 – UCV -Italy

In Veneto Region relevant information on Brownfield-contaminated terrains is gathered at ARPAV (Regional Agency for Environmental Protection and Prevention of Veneto). Projects and actions on brownfield –contaminated terrains are under authorization by the regional and provincial departments of environmental protection.

• PP2 - MOV - Stajerska area - Slovenia: o Ministry of the Economy – Department for Supplies, Mining and Energy Resources; o ERICO Velenje – Institute for Ecological Research ltd. • PP3 - CRES - Attiki area - Greece:

In Greece there is no official or systematic collection of information and data on contaminated land. Part of this information is currently scattered among various public and private organisations and establishments. As far as brownfields are concerned, no systematic efforts have been undertaken to quantify this problem, but, due to the lack of heavy industry, the extent of this problem is limited. Areas of traditional industries in the sense of de-industrialization are located in smaller pockets. De-industrialization is a relatively recent phenomenon in Greece. It came about from the late 1980s onwards with the closure of large traditional industries (in sectors such as clothing, mineral extraction, shipbuilding etc.) which were, for certain areas (urban and rural) the main local employer.

Brownfield redevelopment strategies in Greece are today under development. Although there is no national plan for brownfield redevelopment, there are relevant programmes. These programmes are supported by the Ministry of Environment and concern the area of Lavrion and the “Thriassion Pedion” (been for many years one of the most environmentally burdened zones in Attica area) in Attiki, and the industrial area in the Assopos river valley (Viotia). However, the Environment Sector of the former Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning & Public Works, which now functions under the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change (MEECC) has identified at least 6 sites in Attiki Region with contaminated or possible contamination of the soil. The one of them was identified after an initiative of the owner of the site, 2 after relevant complaints, another 2 due to accidents happened and a last one in an area of former industrial activity.

• PP4 + PP5 - ENERO + SunE - Bucharest area - Romania:

National Agency for Environmental Protection is responsible for evaluation of the number and situation of the national and regional landfills and brown field contaminated terrains. The Romanian stakeholders involved are:

o Local Environmental Agency; 27

o National Cadastre Office; o Local County Councils. • PP6 - CL SENES - BAS - Bulgaria:

The regional information can be found from the following local sources:

o registers in Regional Offices of the Ministry of Ecology called RIOSV-Regional Inspection on Environmental Protection and Waters o register in the Ministry of Ecology o annual Ministry reports on the state of ecology o published ecological assessment of energy projects o NGO reports and written activities Some examples:

1. Gen. Todorov village [GPS: 41°27.328’ N; 23°16.962’ E] Petrich Municipality owned terrain ~10.000m2, not far from main road E-79. Asphalt storage old terrain contaminated by oil substances; 2. Senokos village (ex-uranium mines) [GPS: 41°49.855’ N; 23°13.552’ E] Simitli Municipality terrains contaminated by rare-earth metals including depleted U238, recovered surface; 3. Eleshnitza village (ex-uranium mine) Razlog Municipality terrains contaminated by rare-earth metals including depleted U238, recovered surface.

• PP7 - ENEREA - Nyíregyháza area - Hungary:

In Hungary in the North-Great Plain Region data about brownfield-contaminated terrains are located in three inspectorates:

o Inspectorate for Environment, Nature and Water of Upper-Tisza Region, o Inspectorate for Environment, Nature and Water of Central-Tisza Region, o Inspectorate for Environment, Nature and Water of Trans-Tiszanian Region. 28

• PP8 - EC - Budapest area - Hungary:

In Hungary (Budapest area) the brownfield-contaminated terrains are in the same situation as the landfill sites. Survey and monitoring are necessary in both areas.

• PP9 - EEE - Burgenland Region - Austria:

There are two zones within the region with a higher density of brownfields because of, actual defunct, industry from the early up to the middle 20th century. The areas are registered in a cadastre which is compiled and supervised by the “Umweltbundesamt” (Federal Office for Environmental Issues). Other areas can be detected by investigation within the municipalities which still do have industry and residuary areas carrying a potential for energetic use as e.g. photovoltaic or biomass production.

• FLP1 - OU - Montenegro Littoral:

In the littoral region of Montenegro relevant information on Brownfield and contaminated terrains is gathered at the Agency for Environmental protection, Ministry of Economy and local municipality administration.

3.5 Additional Option: Flood retention zones

Regarding the lack of abandoned opencast quarries or mines as well as the lack of military areas the EEE started to identify other possible marginal terrains and detected flood retention zones as types of areas which match the given criteria.

Flood grounds near rivers or other stretches of running water were traditionally used as grassland for raising livestock. With the structural change in regional agriculture these areas have lost their traditional function.

On the other hand settlement and business zones as well as well as traffic infrastructure stretched towards and into flood grounds and special flood retention zones had to be created by hydraulic engineering.

These flood retention zones have little applicability for other agricultural production due to their function to protect settlements and infrastructure in areas with a high risk of frequent flooding events.

Because of their function flood retention zones are highly applicative for short rotation coppices using willow and poplar which are also resistant to frequent flooding.

In Burgenland the data for these areas are available from the department for water and waste management in the office of the regional government.

Recommendation: partners who see M2RES potential implementations in this kind of marginal areas, are invited to make the necessary details to be later included in the regional report.

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4 Basic procedure to identify marginal lands suitable for M2RES implementation

Based on observations made by the project partners during kick off meeting and on the basis of past experience of UCV and ENEA, it has been decided to adopt the following procedure to identify the marginal lands on which to make forecasts of the implementation potential of RES plants at regional level.

The main steps of the proposed procedure are as follows:

• First step: identify marginal terrains under consideration from previous censuses (existing data bases) made by concerned organizations at national/regional/provincial level and draft a first list with all the information collected on the four kinds of marginal areas; • Second step: apply exclusion criteria, shown in the table n. 1) below, in order to obtain a second list, expressing unsuitability of the sites to one, some, or all types of RES Platform’s technologies. Exclusion criteria account for the fact that, under specific condition, RES platforms are hardly implemented or the investment have no chance to produce an economic return due to extremely high costs of installation. • Third step: when in the presence of specific situations reported in the table n. 2), further investigation should be taken into account. As a consequence of these further investigations some sites may be excluded or limited in the surface extension to be used for forecasts. A third final list will be the result. From this third final list the minimum potential implementation of RES platform’s technologies will be calculated.

4.1 First step: identification of sites

Identification of sites ranked in a first list concerning landfills, former military sites, opencast quarries/mines, contaminated terrains will be done. Data will come from the recognition of existing data bases made by relevant organizations at regional/province level

Starting from the sources of information as suggested above (paragraphs 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5) it is required to draw up a preliminary list of sites, one for each of the five types of marginal lands identified for each partners’ regions.

The list should include some basic information retrieved from the recognition of the existing database during the first survey done at the regional level.

The five lists filled in will be the starting point for identifying the most suitable lands for the realization of plants for the production of renewable energy (RES Plant Technologies).

Below you can find an example of how these first lists should be structured (see first list of example here below). The heading of the following lists refer to the marginal terrain: landfills, quarries/mines, former military sites, brownfield/contaminated terrains, flood retention zones.

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First list examples

List A-1) Landfills

N° Location Outstanding Current status with problems Ownership Entitlement Type of Surface Proximity to Proximity to Type of Waste volume (partially respect Additional Location of of waste area residential electric landfill allowed active/new/post- to local Information permission management allowed affected sites grids mortem) zoning plans Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 ...... Location n

List B-1) quarries/mines

N° Location Ownership of Entitlement Intended use in accordance with Cadas Surface-height- Soil stability Presence Water Degree of re- Current land permission of the regional plan at municipal level tral depth-slope sources or pounds naturation use management data Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 ...... Location n

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List C-1) former military sites

N° Location Ownership of Presence of Cadastral data Intended use Presence of Major Presence of Accessibility Proximity to Proximity to Additional permission some Military in accordance the pollution pollutants buildings and of the site residential electric grids Information constraints with the other artefacts sites regional plan at the municipal level Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 ...... Location n

List D-1) brownfields and contaminated terrains

N° Location Ownership of Entitlement of Cadastral Intended use in Nature of Major Presence of Accessibility Proximity to Ordinance in Proximity to Additional permission management data accordance with pollution pollutants buildings and of the site residential place electric grids Information the regional plan other artifacts sites/or at the municipal sensitive level installation Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 ...... Location n

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List E-1) flood retention zones

N° Location Ownership of Cadastral ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… Proximity to Additional permission data/location electric grids Information Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 ...... Location n

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4.2 Second step: Definition and application of exclusion criteria

Definition and application of exclusion criteria (second list with a reduced number of records)

In order to make a first screening of the most suitable sites to create M2RES platforms with the implementation of specific technologies, criteria to immediately exclude a marginal area from the above described lists are identified (see following table n°1). Specific criteria are set for each one of the 5 kinds of areas considered above with reference to the 5 technologies listed below. It should be noted that, at this stage, exclusion criteria must be considered as a set of semi- qualitative parameters, only useful to exclude sites that not have a minimal suitability for a specific RES technology. This way you can establish a second list showing for each marginal site the assessment of its suitability for hosting some of the foreseen RES plant’s technologies.

The main technologies considered to be applicable on marginal lands, are the following ones:

• Ground photovoltaic: Commonly solar ground-mounted systems involve a steel or aluminium frame, often one that could be adopted for building use, attached to a concrete foundation. Ground mounts also can provide significant electrical power to demanding users. Solar panel systems can also be connected into a grid-tie system, selling energy back to the power grid. This system can also provide easy access to the modules and is generally an affordable solution that can take advantage of open areas. With ground mounted systems, it's vital to take into consideration the positioning and available sunlight in a position. Installing a ground system can support surprising electrical demand and could be suitable for a number of agricultural needs, as well as providing a potential source of revenue. Ground mounted solar can provide ease of access, which is vital when maintaining a system or when one considers the limited renewable options accessible to homeowners. • Ground CSP (Concentrated solar power - thermodynamic typology): Electrical power generation through thermodynamic solar technology has been tested and proven using various solar collection and concentration technologies. The most common technologies are linear parabolic collectors and tower systems. Linear parabolic collectors have been used for 20 years in nine large solar power stations at Kramer Junction in California, generating a total energy output of over 350 MWe. The solar power tower consists of a number of heliostats on the ground that “capture” (or more precisely, redirect) solar rays to the top of the solar tower, where they meet at the receiver. Heliostats are basically large mirrors equipped with sun tracking mechanisms. Combined rays are used to heat a liquid, which subsequently powers the steam turbine. In the last 10 years, ENEA has designed and developed an original solar system that combines these two technologies and consists of a series of major innovations designed

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to overcome shortcomings inherent in both. The collectors’ linear parabolic geometry has been retained but technological advances allowing the use of molten salts as heat transfer fluid enable the higher temperatures (up to 550 °C) characteristic of tower systems to be reached. ENEA’s equipment collects and concentrates solar rays using parabolic mirrors which heat a pipe through which the heat transfer fluid passes. The introduction of an accumulation system enables thermal energy to be stored and electrical power to be produced continuously and on demand, even in absence of direct solar radiation. Moreover, ENEA’s researchers are now extending the application range of such a technology to large amount heat generation to be used in processes other than the power generation. • Biogas CHP (combined heat and power): Combined heat and power (CHP) units also known as cogeneration units, combust digester biogas in an internal combustion engine (ICE) and generate electricity at or near the place where it is required. The excess heat from power generation with internal combustion engines can be used for space heating, water heating, process steam covering industrial steam loads, product drying, or for nearly any other thermal energy need. The end result is significantly more efficient than generating heat and power separately. The average power plant in the U.S. is 33% efficient, and the average overall efficiency of generating electricity and heat by conventional systems is around 51%. CHP units are often more than 80% efficient. CHP units typically run on natural gas. They can also run on methane coming from biogas recovery systems, landfills or wastewater treatment plants. All CHP units need to live up to certain emission standards. • Wind turbines (250Kw -1000Kw): A 500kw wind turbine produces enough energy to power 100+ homes. These are not residential turbines but are community-sized wind turbines that produce the right amount of power for school and university campuses, residential developments, farms, municipalities, and a variety of businesses ranging from injection molding factories to extrusion houses. They can also be used in small wind farms for direct grid hook up. • Geothermal Electricity and Combined Heat & Power (CHP): geothermal plants will be considered for areas with the presence of overheating of the shallow subsurface. To produce geothermal energy you need to convey vapours from the underground hot water sources used for the routing of a power generation turbine, and then the steam can be reused for district heating, greenhouse cultivation and spas.

For reference see: o “GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL IN SOUTH-EAST EUROPE" by Prof. Michael Fytikas and Dr. Apostolos Arvanitis (http://www.iene.gr/3rdSEEED/articlefiles/Session_IX/Fytikas.pdf )

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o “GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES AND USE FOR HEATING IN EUROPE” by B. Kepinska (http://www.os.is/gogn/flytja/JHS-Skjol/China%202008/Presentations/36- Beata%20Kepinska.pdf )

Geothermal power assessment, for any specific site, is quite a complex task. The conditions necessary for geothermal energy exploitation are: • the presence of a consistent heat source, usually at 1000-2000m depth or greater. This can be inferred by (already available) geothermal maps and/or by easily recognizable surface indicators such as nearby natural warm water flows, fumaroles, volcanic-like activity, hot springs, identifiable tectonic fractures, specific quaternary rocks, and so forth. These signs are usually a clue for sites where the deep heat source is closer than usual to the earth surface. • the presence of an underground water reservoir (aquifer) or "water bed" in good thermal contact with the underlying thermal source • a favourable underground porous medium containing the aquifer, in which the hot water will be free to flow. It needs to have good heat transmission and a low resistance (impedance) to water circulation. If not so, a lot of mechanical energy must be provided by external pumps, to promote the water cycle between surface and the deep layer. If the electric energy needed by the pumps is a consistent fraction of the energy delivered by the plant, it is obvious that the overall generation efficiency will be quite low, and the generation cost (per unit of electric energy produced) will be too high. • the presence of an impermeable layer "capping" the top of the water bed, so that the water geothermal cycle is confined inside a precise area • the characterization, in terms of extension and thickness of the water layer, is favourable.

For an introduction to geothermal energy and to the different kinds of power plants see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_electricity http://www.etsap.org/E-techDS/PDF/E06-geoth_energy-GS-gct.pdf For the purposes of this report we will concentrate on geothermal resources at moderate temperature and medium enthalpy, suitable for small electricity plants, being high-enthalpy resources quite well mapped in most European countries and outside of the M2RES project scope.

As pointed out in the paper "Geothermal Power Generation: A Primer on Low-Temperature, Small- Scale Applications" (http://geoheat.oit.edu/pdf/powergen.pdf ), careful considerations have to be drawn on resource temperature (>95ºC), pumping power needed, well depth≈1000m), ( plant net capacity (>200kW). If a suitable combination of parameters is not fulfilled, the plant will result in unacceptably low overall efficiency and in too high electricity generation costs.

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• Other renewable energy sources

In the case that none of the above technologies seems applicable to a particular M2RES site, other renewable energy sources can be considered. The plantation of short rotation wood crops able to fuel a small electric power plant will be considered here just as an example.

Large and mildly-contaminated areas can be reclaimed in some cases, or are already in the process of being reclaimed, with the use of short-rotation woods such as poplar, eucalyptus or willow trees, and their choice depending on climate, humidity and kind of the soil. The crops have a good potential for combined electricity and heat production (CHP).

In fact CHP plants using wooden crops are flourishing in areas where traditionally large amounts of wood residues are readily and economically available (for example in Austria at Linz and in Northern Italy at Dobbiaco, Vipiteno, Brunico, Asiago, ...).

Organic fluid Rankine cycle power plants (0.2 to 3MWe electric output) are usually adopted, since they exhibit good performance, very reliable operation, low maintenance, acceptable costs, and low atmospheric emissions of hazardous substances. Thermal to electricity efficiency is around 20%. Electric energy generation (operational) costs can be low: about 0.03-0.04 euro/kWh.

The practical limitation for the diffusion of such plants is in the availability of sufficient wood crops and/or vegetation residues to be burnt. Even a small (350kW electric output) plant, when operating near its target power, needs 20 m3 of wood crops per day. Typical production of short- rotation wood is around 5 tons/ha/year. This means that an area of around 15 km2 (say 4 km x 4 km) is needed to give sufficient fuel to operate such a plant. The chances to have marginal areas of such an extension are low, however they may be built “by addition” of smaller marginal areas, if available, in the surrounding of the elected plant site. Other activities already present on a place (wood industries, claning of forests in the nearby) can contribute too in reaching the amount of fuel needed to economically operate such a plant. The main advantage of this solution is that it may offer a viable use of areas not exploitable with other kinds of energy plants (PV or wind). Another advantage is that the produced electric power can be easily modulated according to load profile on the network, so using the local cheaper generation mostly during peak hours, when the cost of imported electricity would be higher.

The places that can benefit the most from this kind of generation are the ones with cold winter climate, because they can satisfy the demand for district heating of buildings. In view of that, the effective value of such combined plants largely exceeds the bare figure given by electric energy production alone.

The electric energy density per unit of land area attainable with wood crops is low, about 0.2 GWh/km2/year. This is 1/50 of the typical energy density obtainable with wind turbines and 1/150 of the energy coming from PV panels. For further information see: http://www.iea.org/techno/essentials3.pdf#page=2 http://un.by/pdf/Study%20Tour%20Biofuel%20Report%20English.pdf http://www.turboden.eu/en/products/products-chp.php http://www.woodheatsolutions.eu/reports.aspx

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Table n. 1 - Exclusion criteria

Marginal sites Landfills Open quarries/mines Former military areas Contaminated terrains

RES Platform Technology

• PV energy from solar • PV energy from solar • PV energy from solar • PV energy from solar radiation radiation (see solar radiation (see solar radiation (see solar (see solar atlas): <800 Ground Photovoltaic atlas): <800 kwh/kwp atlas): <800 kwh/kwp atlas): <800 kwh/kwp kwh/kwp per year per year per year per year • Heavy ordinance for • Quarry/mine still in • military ties are still • landfills still in operation remediation pending operation present • Direct Normal Irradiation • Direct Normal Irradiation • Direct Normal Irradiation • Direct Normal Irradiation (sunlight that reaches (sunlight that reaches (sunlight that reaches (sunlight that reaches the the Earth’s surface - the Earth’s surface - Ground CSP the Earth’s surface - Earth’s surface - DNI) < 1400 DNI) < 1400 kWh of DNI) < 1400 kWh of (thermodynamic) DNI) < 1400 kWh of kWh of sunlight radiation per sunlight radiation per sunlight radiation per sunlight radiation per square meter annually square meter annually square meter annually square meter annually • Heavy ordinance for • Quarry/mine still in • military ties are still • landfills still in operation remediation pending operation present Not applicable since there is Not applicable since there is Not applicable since there is no no local biogas production no local biogas production • waste with no or low local biogas production and organic inside(e.g. inert and consequently here the and consequently here the Biogas - CHP consequently here the exclusion or RDF) exclusion criteria used for exclusion criteria used for criteria used for the purposes of • Age of the landfill less the purposes of the guide the purposes of the guide the guide are not given than 5 years are not given are not given

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Marginal sites

Landfills Open quarries/mines Former military areas Contaminated terrains RES Platform Technology

• annual average wind • annual average wind • annual average wind • annual average wind speed at speed at 50 m in height speed at 50 m in height speed at 50 m in height 50 m in height (see wind atlas (see wind atlas of Italy (see wind atlas of Italy (see wind atlas of Italy of Italy and other specific and other specific and other specific and other specific reports as CESI, CESEN) Wind turbines (250Kw- reports as CESI, reports as CESI, reports as CESI, along a direction cutting the CESEN) along a CESEN) along a CESEN) along a landfill surface (preferably 1.000Kw of nominal electric direction cutting the direction cutting the direction cutting the along the longer side) : < 5m power) landfill surface landfill surface landfill surface /s; (preferably along the (preferably along the (preferably along the • location inside residential or longer side) : < 5m /s; longer side) : < 5m /s; longer side) : < 5m /s; industrial areas • proximity to residential • proximity to residential • proximity to residential • proximity to residential areas at areas at distances of areas at distances of areas at distances of distances of less than 500 less than 500 meters less than 500 meters less than 500 meters meters Not applicable due to • Fluid temperature < • Fluid temperature < • Fluid temperature < 90°C, at Geothermal CHP practical constraints 90°C, at 2km dept 90°C, at 2km dept 2km dept • Heat flow < 60mW/m2 • Heat flow < 60mW/m2 • Heat flow < 60mW/m2 ...

After the application of the above exclusion criteria the following five lists will be established, showing the on – off suitability of each location with respect to each RES platform’s technology.

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Second list examples

List a-2) Landfills

N° Ground Ground CSP Biogas - Wind turbines (250Kw-1.000Kw of Geothermal Location Photovoltaic (thermodynamic) CHP nominal electric power) CHP NO Location 1 YES NO NO YES NO Location 2 NO YES NO NOT

Location 3 YES YES YES NO NO Location 4 YES NO NO YES NO Location 5 ...... Location n

List b-2) quarries/mines

N° Ground Ground CSP Biogas - Wind turbines (250Kw-1.000Kw of Geothermal Location Photovoltaic (thermodynamic) CHP nominal electric power) CHP Location 1 NO YES NO YES YES Location 2 NO YES NO YES YES Location 3 NO NO YES NO YES Location 4 YES NOT NO YES NO Location 5 ...... Location n

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List c-2) Former military sites

N° Ground Ground CSP Biogas - Wind turbines (250Kw-1.000Kw of Geothermal Location Photovoltaic (thermodynamic) CHP nominal electric power) CHP Location 1 YES YES YES NO YES Location 2 NO YES NO NO NO Location 3 YES YES YES NO YES Location 4 YES NO NO YES NO Location 5 ...... Location n

List d-2) Brownfields and contaminated terrains

N° Ground Ground CSP Biogas - Wind turbines (250Kw-1.000Kw of Geothermal Location Photovoltaic (thermodynamic) CHP nominal electric power) CHP Location 1 YES NO NO YES NO Location 2 NO YES NO NO NO Location 3 YES YES YES NO YES Location 4 YES NO NO YES NO Location 5 ...... Location n

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List e-2) flood retention zones

N° Ground Ground CSP Biogas - Wind turbines (250Kw-1.000Kw of Geothermal Location Photovoltaic (thermodynamic) CHP nominal electric power) CHP Location 1 NO YES NO YES YES Location 2 NO YES NO YES YES Location 3 NO NO YES NO YES Location 4 YES NO NO YES NO Location 5 ...... Location n

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4.3 Third step: further investigation criteria

When in the presence of specific situations you should consider recommendations that call for further investigations.

Additional exclusion criteria, mainly related to the specific features of each site, are listed in table 2. The application of these criteria needs a deeper analysis of the sites. As a result of this further assessment, some more sites, or part of their areas not suitable for M2RES plants, will be excluded. This will allow the production of “third lists” (see examples below) containing a reduced number of sites compared to the above “second lists” of step 2.

It is left to the discretion of each partner to go on with such a further investigation when setting up its regional survey and report on the potential of five types of marginal areas for hosting platforms with M2RES technologies. However, such a work is recommended in case of easy access to the needed information.

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Table n. 2 - FURTHER INVESTIGATION CRITERIA

Marginal sites Landfills Open quarries/mines Former military areas Contaminated terrains

RES Platform Technology

Ground Photovoltaic • topography of the soil ( • topography of the soil ( when • Ordinance for • topography of the soil ( when the surface is not the surface is not regular and remediation pending when the surface is not regular and so flat) so flat) • topography of the soil ( regular and so flat) • presence of obstacles to • presence of obstacles to when the surface is not • presence of obstacles to sunlight during the day sunlight during the day regular and so flat) sunlight during the day • presence of relevant • presence of relevant distance • presence of obstacles to • presence of relevant distance from medium/high from medium/high voltage sunlight during the day distance from voltage lines (see power lines (see power grid maps) • presence of relevant medium/high voltage grid maps) • presence of constraint distance from lines (see power grid • presence of landscape landscape medium/high voltage maps) constraint • presence of geological lines (see power grid • presence of constraint • presence of geological constraint maps) landscape constraint • presence of historical and • presence of constraint • presence of geological • presence of historical and archaeological constraint landscape constraint archaeological constraint • presence of environmental • presence of geological • presence of historical • presence of environmental constraints constraint and archaeological constraints • other constraints (road • presence of historical constraint • other constraints (road accessibility….) and archaeological • presence of accessibility….) constraint environmental • presence of constraints environmental • surface decontamination constraints constrain • other constraints (road • contaminants accessibility….) segregation and isolation constrain • soil accessibility limitation • presence of monitoring systems

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Marginal sites

Landfills Open quarries/mines Former military areas Contaminated terrains RES Platform Technology

• other constraints (road accessibility….) 2 2 Ground CSP • Available area > 40.000 m • Available area > 40.000 m • Ordinance for • Available area > 40.000 2 (thermodynamic) • presence of obstacles to • presence of obstacles to remediation pending m sunlight during the day sunlight during the day • Available area > 40.000 • presence of obstacles to • presence of relevant • presence of relevant distance m2 sunlight during the day distance from medium/high from medium/high voltage • presence of obstacles to • presence of relevant voltage lines (see power lines (see power grid maps) sunlight during the day distance from grid maps) • presence of constraint • presence of relevant medium/high voltage • presence of constraint landscape distance from lines (see power grid landscape • presence of geological medium/high voltage maps) • presence of geological constraint lines (see power grid • presence of constraint constraint • presence of historical and maps) landscape • presence of historical and archaeological constraint • presence of constraint • presence of geological archaeological constraint • presence of environmental landscape constraint • presence of environmental constraints • presence of geological • presence of historical constraints • other constraints (road constraint and archaeological • other constraints (road accessibility….) • presence of historical constraint accessibility….) and archaeological • presence of constraint environmental • presence of constraints environmental • surface decontamination constraints constrain • other constraints (road • contaminants accessibility….) segregation and isolation constrain • soil accessibility limitation • presence of monitoring systems • other constraints (road 45

Marginal sites

Landfills Open quarries/mines Former military areas Contaminated terrains RES Platform Technology

accessibility….) Biogas - CHP • Low volumes of the waste Not applicable since there is no Not applicable since there is Not applicable since there is of the landfill local biogas production and no local biogas production no local biogas production • Presence of the production consequently here the further and consequently here the and consequently here the of energy from biogas conditions used for the purposes further conditions used for further conditions used for • Presence of biogas of the guide are not given the purposes of the guide the purposes of the guide are collection system are not given not given • Other constraints or determinants Wind turbines (250Kw- • Availability (out of the landfill • Absence, along upwind • Absence, along upwind • Absence, along upwind 1.000Kw) surface) of strip of land on direction, of hills, buildings or direction, of hills, direction, of hills, the longer side of the landfill obstacles higher than few buildings or obstacles buildings or obstacles a few hundred meters long meters higher than few meters higher than few meters and at least 50m wide • relevant distance from • relevant distance from • relevant distance from • absence, along upwind medium/high voltage lines medium/high voltage medium/high voltage direction, of hills, buildings (see power grid maps) lines (see power grid lines (see power grid or obstacles higher than few • presence of constraint maps) maps) meters landscape • presence of constraint • presence of constraint • relevant distance from • presence of geological landscape landscape medium/high voltage lines constraint • presence of geological • presence of geological (see power grid maps) • presence of historical and constraint constraint • presence of constraint archaeological constraint • presence of historical • presence of historical landscape • presence of environmental and archaeological and archaeological • presence of geological constraints constraint constraint constraint • other constraints (road • presence of • presence of • presence of historical and accessibility….) environmental environmental archaeological constraint constraints constraints • presence of environmental • other constraints (road • other constraints (road constraints accessibility….) accessibility….) • other constraints (road accessibility….) 46

Marginal sites

Landfills Open quarries/mines Former military areas Contaminated terrains RES Platform Technology

Geothermal CHP • Not Applicable in the surface • Relevant distance from • Ordinance for • Relevant distance from of the landfill medium/high voltage lines remediation pending medium/high voltage • In terrains around the landfill (see power grid maps) • Relevant distance from lines (see power grid • presence of constraint medium/high voltage maps) sites the condition for open landscape lines (see power grid • presence of constraint quarries will apply • presence of geological maps) landscape constraint • presence of constraint • presence of geological • presence of historical and landscape constraint archaeological constraint • presence of geological • presence of historical • presence of environmental constraint and archaeological constraints • presence of historical constraint • other constraints (road and archaeological • presence of accessibility….) constraint environmental • presence of constraints environmental • surface constraints decontamination • other constraints (road constrain accessibility….) • contaminants segregation and isolation constrain • soil accessibility limitation • presence of monitoring systems • other constraints (road accessibility….) After the application of the above criteria for further investigation the following five lists will be established, showing where investigations could occur (see TBI- To Be Investigated).

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Third list examples

List a-3) Landfills

N° Ground Ground CSP Biogas - Wind turbines (250Kw-1.000Kw of Geothermal Location Photovoltaic (thermodynamic) CHP nominal electric power) CHP Location 1 TBI NO NO YES NO Location 2 NO TBI NO NO NO Location 3 YES YES TBI NO YES Location 4 YES NO NO TBI NO Location 5 ...... Location n

List b-3) quarries/mines

N° Ground Ground CSP Biogas - Wind turbines (250Kw-1.000Kw of Geothermal Location Photovoltaic (thermodynamic) CHP nominal electric power) CHP Location 1 NO YES NO TBI YES Location 2 NO TBI NO YES TBI Location 3 NO NO TBI NO YES Location 4 YES NO NO TBI NO Location 5 ...... Location n

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List c-3) Former military sites

N° Ground Ground CSP Biogas - Wind turbines (250Kw-1.000Kw of Geothermal Location Photovoltaic (thermodynamic) CHP nominal electric power) CHP Location 1 YES TBI TBI NO TBI Location 2 NO TBI NO NO NO Location 3 YES YES TBI NO YES Location 4 YES NO NO TBI NO Location 5 ...... Location n

List d-3) Brownfields and contaminated terrains

N° Ground Ground CSP Biogas - Wind turbines (250Kw-1.000Kw of Geothermal Location Photovoltaic (thermodynamic) CHP nominal electric power) CHP Location 1 TBI NO NO YES NO Location 2 NO TBI NO NO NO Location 3 YES YES TBI NO YES Location 4 YES NO NO TBI NO Location 5 ...... Location n

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List e-3) flood retention zones

N° Ground Ground CSP Biogas - Wind turbines (250Kw-1.000Kw of Geothermal Location Photovoltaic (thermodynamic) CHP nominal electric power) CHP Location 1 NO YES NO TBI YES Location 2 NO TBI NO YES TBI Location 3 NO NO TBI NO YES Location 4 YES NO NO TBI NO Location 5 ...... Location n

Recommendation:

The partners who will not have resources and or competences to go into such further investigations when calculating the regional potential implementation of RES platform technologies (see par. 6) have to indicate NO in case of doubt. Then, the potential implementation capacity of the corresponding regions will be considered “at least” equal to the calculated one.

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5 Potential regional availability of land for settlement of platform M2RES

On the basis of the final lists (second lists or ,possibly, third lists), project partners will make an estimate of potential in terms of possible implementations of RES platform’s technologies in their own regions, for each one of the 5 types of marginal terrains. To make these estimates we do not need to use sophisticated methods that lead to a remarkable precision for the forecasts, instead we recommend the use of simple, quite rough, relationships that link a variable of the marginal area (e.g. surface) with the potential installable power for each of the five M2RES technologies. Table 3 shows some of these simple rules. We underline once more that these rules are only intended to calculate rough estimates useful to show the relevance of the M2RES approach in the concerned regions.

Table n. 3 - Considerations and thumb rules to be used for the forecasts

The forecast and the Type of variables to be used to Thumb rules Remarks technology calculate it

Ground - nominal electric power Polycrystalline: The forecast of KWe will Photovoltaic installable (kWe) 20m2 for 1kWe (ground fixed be calculated by dividing panels, no tracking) the total available - correlated variable = surface with the surface 2 ground surface (m ) Amorphous: required for the 2 Landfill: 30m for 1kWe installation of one KWe (ground fixed panels, no tracking) e.g. if it is available a surface of 20.000 m2, the total nominal electrical power of ground fixed FV installable will be : 20.000/20=1000 kWe

Ground CSP - nominal electric power -30 W/m2 (6 h/day The forecast of kWe will (thermodynamic) installable (kWe) operational time at full be calculated by power, 12 h/day half power) multiplying 30 W m2 for - correlated variable = the total available 2 2 surface (m ) -0,16 kWh/m average surface then dividing for energy per day (all year 1000. round) e.g. if it is available a surface of 40.000 m2, the total nominal electrical power of ground CSP installable will be : 40.000*30/1000=1200 kWe

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The forecast and the Type of variables to be used to Thumb rules Remarks technology calculate it

Biogas – CHP - nominal flow of biogas = -5m3/h (mean value) from Rules will be applied if: (m3/h) 10.000 m3 landfill waste has a - electrical power -9KWem (electric power volume of not less than producible = KWe mean value) from 5m3/h of 10,000 cubic burned biogas - correlated variable = age of the landfill is no waste volume (m3) -20KWqm (heat power mean more than four years in value) from 5m3/h of burned post mortem biogas average production of biogas is foreseen in 20 years

Wind m2turbines - nominal electric power - 500 W per m of land strip Rules apply for turbines (250Kw-1.000Kw) installable (kWe) length is the average electric of 500 kWe, with rotors power for 1D arrays of 50 - 55 m, mounted on - variable correlated = 50 – 65 m high towers. linear extension (m) for 1 D - 1.4 W/m2 of land surface is array the average electric power 300 m minimum linear for 2D arrays spacing between - variable correlated = turbines ground surface (m2) for 2 D - nominal peak power is 5 arrays times the average power The forecast of kWe will be calculated in case of a linear array by multiplying 500 W for the total available length in m, then dividing for 1000.

In case of 2 D arrays, 1,4 W/ m2 must be multiplied for the available ground surface (m2), than dividing for 1000.

Geothermal CHP - nominal electric power 150 kWe / km2 The forecast of kWe will installable be calculated by multiplying 150 kWe/km2 - correlated variables: for the total available temperature of the fluid, surface (km2 ) fluid flow, surface (m2) Minimum size for an economically viable plant 500 kWe

In case we apply the above thumb rules to the lists a-2, b-2, c-2 …the result will be an overestimate of the affordable RES implementations. On the other hand, if we apply the

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criteria for further investigation and we consider lists a-3, b-3, c-3 … more reliable forecasts will be obtained. In the case of considering “TBI” as “NO” in the lists a-3, b-3, c- 3…the potential implementation capacity of the corresponding regions should be “at least” equal to the calculated one.

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6 Structure of the regional reports

The reports on “Existing terrains suitable for M2RES implementation in the concerned regions” will cover the regions listed below:

• Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) • Veneto Region (Italy) • Stajerska area (Slovenia) • Attiki area (Greece) • Bucharest area (Romania) • Bulgaria • Nyíregyháza area (Hungary) • Budapest area (Hungary) • Burgenland Region (Austria) • Montenegro Littoral (Montenegro)

Reports refer to Output 3.3.1 (see O. 13 in the table at p. 181 of the application form) and should contain the objectives and monitoring results for each region as well as the forecasts of RES installable power. The suggested structure is as follows:

Index:

1. Objectives and monitoring results 2. Brief description of the sources from which data were derived 3. Presentation of results: 3.1. Marginal lands suitability analysis (References to first-second-third lists) 3.2. Forecasts of the production potential of electricity from renewable sources (electric kilowatt installable) and the production of thermal energy (kWh thermal) 4. Considerations on regional forecasts and scenarios

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