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1
TEXAS; A STATE Of MIND AND MEDIA
!latter ;,rith Kansas," Emporia by
Gene Burd lays in American History ~on Turner. Rpprinted in ", '(ork, 1935), 1-28. Texas appears to be a media-made mental map whose phenomenon is ill unique combination of geogt"aphical place and tee-am of Am .. eican Destiny image Created and perpetuated in large part by American media, which cherish the superlative (bigger is bette"d: the self fulfilling prophecy (unlimited optimism); paclt;aging and a Changing Kansas," Kansas promotion (style and surface more than substance): and the L976, 24-47. romantic, anti-urban legend and myth of unrestricted freedom in a highly reetrictive, complex society. This set of symbols :om, "I(ansas, the Ecl ipsed and icons is a p.-oduct exported to the country as a popular rneeica: Inside SO States culture, and internally used to unify a diveese state.
The difficulty of analyzing TeAas ~as stated by novelist John Steinb..c\ in his o",n "seaech foe Ameeica" in his Teavels ~ith Chael'!'y. "Texas is a state of mind," he ~r-ote, "but I thinkIT-is mace than that. It is a mystique closely appeoximating a eeligion." The state invites geneealiti .. s ~hich "usually end up as paradoJ<" as there is no physical oe geogeaphical unity in Texas. He .. laboeated even fur-thee;
Its unity lies in the mind. And this is not only in Texans. The ",ord Texas becomes a symbol to ever-yone loods--weolher on the in the ~orld. There's no question that this Texas of-the mind fable is often synthetic, sometimes I pioneers lr'ied to con trol untruthful, and feequently eomantic, bU~ that in no "'ay diminishes its strength as a symbol. \olliS J.B. Atwater of' If Texas is a mental symbol, then a logical "' The basic story is as simple as the plot of a western movie. Out of the barren Southwest, a heroic breli!d of Anglo-SaJ{on settlers carved out a 'oIilderness elllpire, conqui'l'ing barbarous Indian tribes and liberating unproductive land [["om a feudal Mexican peasantry. Planters colonized the eastern counties, ranchers and co .... boys the western ones. By confronting /11'\ inhospitable climate and even more inhospitable savages, the pioneers developed a self-sustaining hardines5, leathery cona.ervetive instincts, dnd a materialistic cunnIng. Both Texas writers and writers outside the state have shared in perpetuating the myth. Before the ~Jtate developed its own literary tradltion, images of the state were somewhat dependent on outsideI:5 fI:om the .est of the U.S. and Eu.ope e~plo.e.s, immigI:ants, missiona.ies, natu.alists, p.ospecto.s, investo.s, banke"s, and othe. t.avelers .... ho often wrote optimistic accounts of Texas as the place for a better life. On foot, horseback, or in schooners at ti"st, and then in trains and autos, they .... rote letteI:s, diaries, journals, memoit:s, 9uides, travelogues, handbOOkS, and deew maps and atlases, scenes and sketches ot the st The mental image pI:esented to pr-ospective state visitors and r-esidents wa.s positive, eVen utopian, and the railroads sponsored both pUblication.s and journalists telling them of the state "where hopes are realized" and \/hich "offers a man a man's shti'r-e of prosperity, your oppoI:unity is here, the time is now." Fairs and e~hIbltions in the land of promise were local media used to lure outsiders. Booklets and fact sheets weI:e distributed "for the millions who are going, and the millions mOre who' ought to go to Texas" to seek their for-tunes. 9 Promises and projections became prophecy. Much of the myth in the post-civil War period and into the peak of the Oil eI:a bec'5.me reality. Many images and symbols also had to be produced, and Te~as writers developed to create them, although many were tOI:n bet .... een boo.sterism and cI:iticism, and between local and national themes and locales. While the state was known for many year-s mainly for wr-iter-s 1 ike J. Fr-ank Dobie and Walter PI:escott Webb, recent years produced nationally known authors like [.ar-r-y /'Ic/'lUI:tI:y, [.ar-r-y King, and Dan Jenkins, and a growing list of otheI:s known mostly within the state. Nevertheless, ~In a state knOwn for its tI:iumphs in cattle r-anching, oil exploration, football and self-pI:omotion, literatur-e deserves more I:ecognition than it has received,~ in the o.nnion of Don Grah'l~' assoC"iate professor of English at the UnIversity of Te~as. • --- - 19 )le .loB the plot of il The kind of liter~tu[e and its images of the state are barren Southwest, a openly debilted these days. A Dallas novelist, Ma,,-.shall Terry, settlers carved out " believes Texas writers may be as guilty a5 anyone in ing barbar.-oue Indian per.-petuating outdated images of the romantic frontier myth. o4uctiv€ land from a He SilyS they need to move i!Jway from the Western cliche lanters colonized the .::har.-i1cters and stereotypes and "confront the utcban [e 50,000 instructed cooks, less meillt, bI:ee.o, coffee, hog and hominy, and less money spent on 1 iquor ilnd tobacco. Of Io'hat must have been early chicken fried steak, he wrote: "It is ill grief to see beef that might be broiled into tender and juicy steaks fried or stewed into such repulsive, indigestible messes. ,,19 Journalists visiting Texas more than 100 years later illre chaperoned by media relations specialists at the Texas Tourist Development Agency Io'hich generates positive stories about the state 5:8 dispel tho; notion that Texas is "cactus, eOlo'baya and dust." Inside the stilte, the nelo'spapers otten spread the myth that the "cOIn do" state is t~1 "economic flagship" Features often reinforce both old and new images and stereotypes on "true Texans,~ "Texas style,~ "Texas si%e,~ ~Texas class,~ "World class,~ and variations on class. (In Austin in 1963, the lieutenant governor, Willia,n Hobby of the \Jouston Post newspaper family, said Texas should strive to be a "f~rst""""CT'iiss state.~ The city's newspaper in lE9B, reported "This city was visited by a first class snow .~) Newsp Presa accounts of planned image_making tor visitors is sometimes marred by un-pI the victim of a Texas-atyle hotel-room brawl that had all the Lone Star ingredients: a case of liquor, two towel-clad women, a bubbling Jacuzzi, and a 6-foot-5 former professional football plilyer who now is a co-owner of the 'w~rld's largest nightclub' • Billy Bob Barnett. 2 Magazinea have cilptured and released an arsenal of im 21 at, bread, coffee, hog dnd oil, pOlo/e., money, land, cities, ["emember-ing, l.eaving, [quo. and tobacco. Of what retu["ning, staying •••": Nelolsweek's cover story of Decembe. I steak, he wrote: "It is a 12, 1977, was on "Texas-The Superstate," and told re/lders that oiled into tender dnd juicy "After decades of insecure b Other images in print include those of cartoons;39 picture post cards, w~ich record changes from p~~toral to industrial conditions;4 poetry;41 and photography, which is a major means for symbolic representation of the urban milieu and changing landscape. In addition, there are books about Texas superlatives: the best, biggest, busiest, coldest, costliest, deepest, driest. earliest, fastest, fewest, first, greatest, highest, hottest, largest, least, lightest, longest, lowest, most, narrowest, oddest, oldest, onliest, rarest, shortest, smallest, tallest, warmest, 'oIettiest, widest, worst, and youngest. The subjects covered include: animals, plants and minerals, physiography and geography, human interest, business and industry, education, religion, arts and science, transportation and igmmunication, history, structures, sports and entertainment. Also, for nearly 40 years a book has been published on Texas brags and boasts. "This book about a State that is synonymous with space is dedicated to that great out yonder where the yellow Texae moon is!,,45 While print images have domin"ted the ment"l picture of Texas, the arrival of radio in the 1920s extended the sounds of the state far beyond its borders. Much of the early radio music, and even that in recent ye"rs, has had a strong Texas tone--especially in country and western tastes from Bob Wills and his Texas PI"yboys to Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings, Marty Robbins, Larry Gatlin, Mac Davis, and Kenny Rooers. They contributed to the "Southernization of America,,,Q6 as listeners were led to "Luckenbach, Texas" and "A Texas State of Mind," just to name two songs among many written about the state. It also has been projected in the sounds of rock-n roll by Buddy Holly, in blues by J"nis Joplin, and in the stirring notes of "The Yellow Rose of Texas," "Deep in the Heart of Texas," and "The Eyes of Texas." Texas images of sound and vision were merged by Hollywood movies beginning in the early 1900s, with "more films made about Texas than any other state.,,47 These range from numerous early ones on the Alamo to "Red River," "Four for Tex"s," and "Giant," to those in the Sixties like "St"te Fair," "Hud," "Bonnie and Clyde," "nd "The L"st Picture Show." In the Seventies along came "The Sugarland Express," "The Texas Chainsaw M"ss"cre," "Semi-Tough," and "Urban Cowboy." A thorough study of Cowboys and C"dill"cs: Cinematic Images ~ the Lone Star State has been done by Don Graham at the unlversltyofl;exas-ln a book by that name published by Texas Monthly Press. 8 Graham and others are concerned about the continuing stereotype of Texas in movies, and Hollywood's exploit"tion of the state's Western mystique despite the fact, as Graha~ points out, that "The frontier exists only symbolically.,,4 Others have pointed out that "The portr"it of the Texans (h"s) always been m"de by others, from typec"st actors to visiting reporters, se~timentally or cynically--but always superficially." 0 Many images of the state in the last 150 years have been created by "persons coming to Texas (who) • 23 ld un~uly tocnad~~9 ace as usuall?l bI:ought their aensibil it iea ready-made from some .... here and scorpions. ~ else. " Ide those of c:artoons;39 Movie-makers continue to come, and have made Te~as itself changes from P3~toral to a major "film set" ",ith 54 motion pictures and televisi~9 Ind photogr "style," "chic," "13ize," and "class" to create the prototype or mOdel of the "True Texan" to hold or expree5 those qualities. This "choreography" may include speech, gestures, habits, or appearance ..hich may ragge from TeilClS women representing "The C&8er Girl State"; the comic Texas on picture POS carda; the Texas joke or humor on national television: 6 1 or the blend of persog with place as with "Sam Houston's Texas,,62 or "LBJ Country." 3 Such a media search for the universal Te:Jlil.s "character" is made easier ... ith the many Texas figures on the nstional scene: the late LBJ'a height and voice, John Connally's jo.... l and hair: Bum Phillips' COwboy hat, and Earl Csmpbell of the "Houston Ellrlers"; and bOlee" TellO Cobb. The adver-tisements ar-e not loIithout peoblems in packaging. For- example, Te~as state bum~er- aticker-s and license plates for "Native Te~",ns" ... ould not have applied to Sam Houston, Davey Cr-ockett or Si'lm Hou13ton (all bor-n else... heee). Houston native Ho ... ard Hughes "'i'lS bur-ied in HOu13ton, but the couets ace undecided on .. hether he legally belongs to California, Nevada or Texas--a substantive issue fa .. beyond image. National TV journi'lliste ",nd native Texans like Dan Rather, Bob Shiefeet, and Hughes Rudd, hilve modified their regional accents, and Walter Cronkite is only iln "adopted" Texan, ... hile a recent Mise America (born in Texas) had her noee remodeled and competed as Miss Californiil. White House politician James Bilker is described ae "not a Texan of the old school" and "... eilr9 boots under his suit ~ants on Saturdays, but the only other co ... boy leathee on him is invisible, ... org on his char",ctee. He is deceptively tough, even clOth less." <1 As for George Bush, no... a Houston eesident, "only a fool ... ould have predicted" 13 years ago that he ... ould eestore Texas to national politics "as Lyndon Johnson ... as retreating to the Pedernales at the head of a long line of Lone Stilr license plates." Bush did not "cast 13 big ehado .... " in Texas, and furthermore, as the media myth-making continues: He didn't seem right foe Texas, ... ith his small bones, thin features, and clothes that fit. Bush ... as a yankee trans~lant feom Connecticut, an Ivy Leaguer, and even orse, he .. ilS the quintessential gray flannel man, ith il small, reedy voice like Dick Cavett's that .... ilS al"ays saying nonfolksy things. Not even a1'\3dison Avenue magJgian could put George Bush conVincingly on il hoese. Deb",te ovelC the mar-keting of the "rei'll" ~rofessional Texan may kno .. no end. A r-ecent book by a Corpus Christi editor titled Rei'll Texans Don't Dr-ink Scotch With Their Doctor Pepper suggesl'S"that "ReaT'i'""exi"ii"Snever ... orey 3bout being a reill Texan because they never thOllght ilbollt it." The notion of Te~as and Texans i'lS LJniqLJe probably appeals to m3ny in 3n age ..hen regional differences fade in il homogenized 13ociety. As media ilnd urbi'lnization blue state boundaries, fe ... st3tea retilin as sharp a distinction as Texas ... ith its own national anthems, its aloin na~;onal beer, and its power to sub-divide into seyeri'll etatee. ------._------. 25 ,- to create the prototyp~ As its images spillover other .states, and as new hold or express those r~sidents pour across its bord~rs, two forces seem to be at include .speech, gestures, work, often contradictory: (1) Internal efforts to rag~~ from Texas women acculturate newcomm~rs to become professional Te~ans: and (2) te-; the comic Texas on External sttempts to propagate the Te~as mystique and myth. oke or humor on national Inside the state, "Part of being a Te~an is hating all Ifith place as with "Sam Yankees ••• (as) ••• this history of reluctant tol~rance _oJ may be giving way to ugly resentm~nt af' Te~ans come to grips with America's migrlltion to ~he Sun 6elt.,,6 Northerners are iveraal Tell'as "character" billmed for urban problems,6 and classes for new reSIdents 8 figures on the national tesch them the "Texperience" and "natural ize" them into oice, John Connally's jowl understanding and accepting Texas food.s, dress, manners, and , and Earl Campbell of the its heritage, mystiqu~, sounds, scenes, and politics. lb. The advertisements an! Newspapers run flOatures on "how to tali TeIsn," and magazines devote attention on "how to be Texan." 9 Publicity is given to testimonials by newcomers who are "converted" and "born Dper stick~rs and license again" into the Texas way of life like religious zealots who not have appl ied to Sam become sufficiently loyal <'Ind "believe" so <'IS to be "saved" /lIton (all born elsewhere). from ridicule. Although lIIuch of the banter is humorous, that luried in Houston, but the tends to intimidate debate and fosters acceptance by visiting r he legally belongs to "customers" welcomed to consume in another country, where l/lltantive issue far beyond "passports" are sold as satire. nd native Texans like Dan Rudd, have modified their Groups of "Damn Yankees" clubs, organized by outside Ikite is only sn "adopted" NOI:theasterners, meet to learn how to e",t Tel:-Mell', jalop~nos, :a (born in Texas) had heI: and chili; how to .swagger, brag, endlae the h~at and ~8w to California. recognize state symbols. Newspapers publish guides, and report that eventually non-Texans lIdapt to the state. 71 In .ker is described as "not a terms of mental maps, research indicates Te~ans hav~ a keen boots under his suit pants sense of "perception space" relative to other states.72 A cowboy leather on him is recent GovernoI:, Mark White (with a tone used against Texas in He is deceptively tough, times past), said of Alaska, now th~ 11lrgest state, "I don't sh, now a Houston resident, know why anyone would want to go to that cold bllrren place." 13 years ago that he would Again, what can appellr as humor can conceal cultural codes. cs "as Lyndon Johnson was .he head of .. long line of TexIlIs also exports its superlative identity to the lid not "cast a big shadow" outside vill its dependence on media centeI:.'! like Hollywood and edia myth-making continues: Manhattan, while building its own "ThiI:d Coast." Whether insecurely other-directed or in awe of national publicity, or Ias, with his small seeking success illS symbOl manipUlators in New York and Lo~ othes that fit. Bush Angeles, Texas journalists seem to have a love-hate Connecticut, lln Ivy relationship with those outposts. Like "Midnight Cowboys," as ths quintessential Tel:ans seem both lured and I:epulsed as they share their boots 11, re~dy voice like and beer in the Lone Star Csfe or in the Texas ~colonies" in IYs saying nonfol>;;sy LA.--which they say they often resent for being plastic, .venue mllgt~ian could polluted, fa.st-paced by the rat-I:ace, and from which they flee n a horse. to retuI:n home to a slower, mOI:e laid-back sense of place. Dallss columnist Molly Ivins returned to her "wonderfully f th~ "r~al" professions 1 awful" Texas after serving jouI:nalistic time in New York, book by a Corpus Christi Minneapolis, and Denv~r. Gary Cartwri~ht got <'IS far as New nk. Scotch With Their Doctor Mexico, but nostalglcally returned home. neveI: wor~about b~ ing a Ight about it." The notion But the lure of "The Big Apple" and the East~rn 'ably sppeals to many in an Establ ishm~nt is appealing to Texas image-makeI:s and , in a homogenized society. journalistic myth-mak~I:s: Willie Morris, a Mississippian st~ boundaries, few states momentarily "adopted" "s a Tel:lln, tried his hand editing el:llS with its own nlltional ~eI:'s: William Broyles of Texas Monthly was called to New nd its power to sub-di v ide YOI:" to "blast Newswe~k out of second place" behind TIme mllgllzine: Texas journalists got EsquiI:e to create the "U~ CowbOy" in Houston; f..l:.ayboy and BI:oadway made a sm1l11 town 26 Texas house of prostitution into "The Best Little ~hor Some of that mutual admiration between the Big City and the Big State is indicated by such examples as Dallas-Fort ~orth officialS bragging that their ne'" airport ",as to be larger than Ml'lnhattan Island; and the New York Tim Throwing out hyperbole I'Ind superlatives as though they "'ere spitballs and he ",£ore in third grade, talking in italics and twang, (Jerry) Lowrey speaks about the Convention Center in a way that on I y a Texan wouJd dare and only New York ",auld apprec i ate. 7 Some 40,000 Texans, many of them journalists and media types, have mOved to New York, where they ar New Yock Texan is about us--Texans in New York and what~are doing. And that's a lot. Just look around--Texans hold the reins of major international corpocations, lead the nl'ltion's political organizations, direct publication of the city's top newspapers and magazin ~hile trying to capture the symbol manufacturing cent The Best Litt Ie Whorehouse Michener confessed that he would -become" a Texan through ,Kans seeking til", niltional "total immersion," but is "painfully <:Iware that anbY a person York's favor ie sought by born in Texas ought to tilekle this ils3ignment.,,8 (.II Texas gilt-wing hicks in "Greater state represntative, born in Illinois, and ineligible for the In Austin city councilrr,an, special "Native Texiln" license plates he advocates. says that rdo a local football player "There is a certain eupte'i'ii!! that the people .... ho ilre born in wn New York Athletic Club, TeXil3 dre raised with.") York get affected by the to be reminded of .... hat's r~ss ~'hS~ sm~ndbie'\ ~ ,e~J e ~:ess f~~:d ~~ /~:~~:a~; towa etrhSe rdeeCm :/rbael t rely on "born-again" outside writers to interpret Texas In between the Big Cl ty and culture. Some in Texas hope to "change bibliographi~ , examples as Dallas-Port geography" {rom "dominance by the East and West Coasts."8 eir ne .... airport "'dB to be One book pub 1 isher in Tellas who laments that "over 60 percent I the New York Times being of the books published in America are still published within a to New York to~ge its hundred-mile radius of the Empire State Building," notes that Iblic ass;~bly hal ~ in the Tellas writers are begirlning to stay home and in publishing, Ie world." The Tl.mes was "what New York has been to the 20th century, Texas may become IIha had "deliverability" in to the 21st century. ,,84 lC center, the "largest he United States," and who Meanw~ile, Texaa journalists often write about state play "New York, New York," secession,8 and some Texans resent looking to the East "for a huge maLch books with the reaffirmation of thei.r own creative valu12s" described by BIG in New York." The New outside writers like Michener. As one Tellan put it, "We are Ited by the Time8 story, bei.ng invaded ...• We fought so hard to be free from Mexigg Chron icle: -- yet meekly "!.ccept the chains that bind us to the Northeast." The "invadi.ng press" from the Northeast has long been resented lperlatives as tho ug h by Dallas media people, especially after publicity on the were in third grade, Kennedy oossassination, with one editor complaining that "'until (Jerry) Lo.... rey speaks recently Texas was often viewed as an uncharted wasteland in a way that on I y a where reporters' type¥riters swung as loosely as the .gun.s of a ly New York .... ould fast draw cowboy.,,8 When the Washington Post l.ndlcated Lubbock was a pistol-packing city after John-H1nckley had bought guns there, local officials demanded and ~ot a ,hem journal ists and m12dia correction saying the city was "orderly and law-abiding." 8 lere they are considered a roup, which helps New Yo,k Defending the Texas image can be a full-time job, as he Tellas "state of mind." B image-makers must face image-breakers, and no person or state ~ is explained by its can be univer;\ially loved. Native Texan journalist Molly Ivins says "I have 10"'3 maintained that Tellans are not easy to 10v12: we are, like anchovies, an acquired ta~te." While living in 'exans in New York and Colorado briefly, she found residents hated Texans and 's a lot. Just look resented being invaded by people fihe y found to be loud, of major international vulg"!.r, obnoKious, rich, and "tacky." g /I, national survey of ,ation'a political states as recent as 10 years ago, rated Texas as one of the tian of the city's top worst states in which to live, despite its image of wealth and .ld, heal bodies, mend progress. That ranking found the state with more Cadillacs t, model, talk--do we and Lincolns than most states, .... ith more people than library radio and television, books, and .... ith poor health services, high numbers of poor, he show. Would the dnd low ratings in culture and civic affairs. gO he city's Texans were ,sta? Well, maybe not. If Texas is to deal with such problemS on the ne .... frontier of urbanization, it may have to abandon (or at least modify) the myth of unlimited resources, as oil, land, water, ·lQbal manufacturing centers, and the Arlglo-Saxon tradition disappear, and poverty, lIlselves as a media center, pollution, and new Dust Bo .... ls approach. Altho'ugh a few now tssed by the No~theastern question the Texas mystique, popular media still spread and ,. the political ties with protect it dS electronic media accelerate what print started. illingn12ss of journalists Many stereotypes remain as conditions change yet the tell them ..-ho they are. superlatives reign. No wonder paradoX continues with JIlyths 'Sl:'xa.1 app:uI )jooq E/!ll UI '''JuaWWO:l O!PI:'.1 TI:':l~.lI~I:'S s~ll sa.1l:'lls ,,/pu~Tq };T~U n'};I:'P Ill' };pnoT::> aq 111~ sa~~s a41 pUE 'P.10~ 5U~OE.1no::>sTp e P1e51 lsn~ all,l °a.1all.1 ·lll~0.15-~lUV ,·41~O.l5-T1ue, 5, seX 'puel~1 };SE1Ul?~ UO s~arqo.::ld pUI:' xope.1l:'d a.10W 51nlll 's1 lPll~ JO a11soddo a41 s" ap".::Ianbsl:'w o~ s1 };:>UEJ alEwTlln <141. 'l:a,T palda::>::>"l? aWO:laq S5E.lq a4~ pUI:' 'UO,le.1a05exa pue UOT~.1011:1P ".l,nba.1 'anp'll JO lsal <141 se 'A1,Ienb ~ou '};lT1ul:'nb 41T~ 'Sanl.1'11 se ua~els,ill SS015 pUI:' .1"'11,10 41J~ 'a::>ul:'laqns JO pealsu, a:>EJ.1nS pUI:' aT};lS llll~ ualJo 'salllaswa4~ UT spua aWO:laq sa5EwI 'WSJ::>,UA::> JO 1E41 sJ u,s };,UO a41 pup 'WS!:l~l ~.1::> UI:'41 .::Ia41E.1 oUJpeat.1aa4:> 10, 11 'OUJ~u14~ .1oJ paln~qsqns UOJ1P.::I <' '1;)e1 uo ue41 41le} uo a.1OW ~uapuadap pue lqnop .10 UOEl:'a.l o~ p l.aOt'S9alU aT1411. 'hl1luilP1 U}\O sll Ul pUl' 'saseq A.ll'l,l,W 'haUOIi liwouoln., pUl' a:luapuadapu, Ul'~ {.pacuaTT"40 .::lil~aU pue ,,"SUl'xa~ .10 s\?xaL JO ss~u"nbl:un arql:ssa.lda.l.J.T a4l };11u.lapOIIJ pa::lnpo.::ld-ssl'w 41 ..auaq [)Ul' all'lS l' ut!aw It!4l 6'0301 };.::lnq Ol" lil'1\. au "S! a.::lil41;, '91:l1pa.::ld a4 .. '.e.~~!.:!. pu .. pazoPT (nq~ hq p;oullsap s, auG jI < aq }; .. Ul :q 46n041T~ ,,"ouT.::ll'add"~Tp ATTEil.l 10U SI: iil!XilJ. wa4l .la~o:ls~p 0l oUlllt'}\ a; PIO a4l~ aqh1'W slil'S alT"l(uO.::l:J 'il.::lnOT] [)alSn.::ll-1S0W S,"l'::>T:IaW~ ."'''S0lol. pUl' ".::lilu.::lnL \?ut!'l. : s .. PUl' .. 'ajl T 'J1E'4l .::la6fJTq ST 9\?Xa~" ilOUTS "aulw 01 Ul:ah 401.::l .... Sl'4 :IOA:Id 9h\?6' ill~'lUO.l~ ·p.J.t!/'I.a.::l0J ~41 alO".l/'l. a1l'lU~.::l:J lqno~ .::lillTl'M 'UIi'W.::l040Ul' ,.~_x~ PUl' 'Ul'XilJ. "pa1dOpt!" 4::l1411. :IO] UO a.J.Ow luapuadilp pu" 10 uOTolTa.J. Illj.lall.od "41 30 8. Thf' Qrif'nt Southwest (Chicago: Poole Bros., 1923); Cf'ntral TeJl.as is ca11i"f!'0u, Mr. Farmf'r, (Houston; SOllthf'rn Pacific, 19121; Walt~ TIe vens, hrou~h""""ieJl.~eci a 1 Corrf's?Onc1f'nt, St. Loui s G1oOf'-Democra t), (St. Louis: M1SS0Url Pacific, 1892}; Press EJl.pressions (Southern PaciflC RailroiHl, 1906). - 9. Tf'llas Bureau of Immfgration (Chicago: Rand McNally, 18B8); the ~ ~ thf' Emigrant (Austing: Institution for thf' Deaf and DumD, 1877l'7""" 10. Palll Hendrickson, "Deep in thf' Arts is Te!las," National Observer, 5 Junf' 1976, 1+; Fatima Argun, "TeJl.aS Literary Feast: State's Bards Praised," Dailt Texan, Austin, Te!las, 22 March 1983, 14; See also Patrick Bennett, _1'illTO_~ Wlth ~ Writers (College Station: Tellas MM, 1980). 11, Si Dunn, "Shooting Down the Tellas Myth," Dallas Korning News, 26 November 1978, IF. li'. Jane Kramer, The Last CoWDOy (New Yorio;; Harper &: Row, 1971). 13. Todd Refinery and Louis alacK, "Lone Star Visionaries," Austin Chronicle, 11,3.1 Ilctober 1982, 5. -- 14, Gene 8urd, "The Selling of the SunDelt: Ci vic Boostf'rism in the Media," in The Rise of the SunDel t Cities, (eds.) Da v i d Perry and'" I fred Watkins (8e~ilITirs:---sa:ge, 1977);129=T49. 15. Horace (;ree1ey. Mr. Greeley's Letters from Te)(as and the Lower MIssissippii (New York Tribune, 1871). ------ 16. IDid .. 10--11. 17. Ibid., 12, 21 18. Ibid., 3D, 35. 19. Ibid., 32. 20. BrOOKe Ramey, "Media Sli':19 Inil in Praise of Te)(as," Dallas Mornf!l..i News, 10 SeptemDer 1978, 1M. See also John L. RODinson, David L1pscomb,~rnali st ~ ~ (Norte)(, 1973l. 11, Karen Matthews, "Alumni Hear Te!las Growth Analysis." Daily Texan (Austin, Te)(asl, 19 June 1981, 14. ----- 22. Ed OiIard, "Cherrio 'n' Howay!," Austin American-Statesman, 11 Apri 1 1980, Fl. ----- n. Maggie Kennedy, "Me9'Jmi's View of Dallas," llallas TimeS-Kerald, 25 October 198'" L1. -- 24. Nancy Mueller, "8ritons ""'ed by Te;r; 25 .....rnold Hamilton, "Oallas 1s Likely Location for 1984 GOP Convention," Dal las Times-Herala, 19 November 1961, B3; Tom ~icileT, "Democrats and Dallas," Denver~, 2.6 April 1979, 22. 26. DeDbi Pomeroy, "Visitors See 'Typical' Texas," Pasadena Citizen, 22 Onotler 1981, 1. 31 ole Bros" 192J}; Central Texas 27. "First Snow Since 18S5," Austin Daily Democrat, 10 December 1898, thern Pacific, 1912); Walterl[ J. ent, St. Louis Glabe-Oemocratl, ! Expressions (SoutherI' Pa'Cffic 28. Associated Preu, "Flu Bug !jins by i!l Knock.out in Fight Over Odessa Concert." Austin American-StateSlI\cln, 9 MaTch 1963. 82. ago: Rand McNally, l8B8); The 29. Associated Press, "N.orthern Mayor Treated to Te"as Brawl," "ustin t for thl' Deaf and Dumb, lB7~ AllIeriean-Statesman, 9 SeptClllber 1982, 89. ts is rexas," "ationa] Observer, 30. Gene Burri, "A New State 'City Magazine': A Report an Texas 1t£'rary Feast: State's Bards Monthly," paper for Assoc1ation for Education In Jourlu.lism. San [liego. ITch 1983, 14; See also Patrie.. California. 1~ August 1~74. ~ Sution: Te)(dS MM, 1980). 31. "The Principality of Te.,;as." ULTRA. First Issue (September 1981). 3, 41. - Ilyth." Dallas Morning ~. 26 32. Ibid. York: Harper &: Row. 1977). 33. Michael Saenz. "Te.,;as Lifestyles Depicted In Print Sho.... ," review Lone Star Visionaries." Austin of "Twentietll-Century Prints by Texas Printmakers, 1924-1~41," Images, Daily ~. 21 March 19B3, 9. lnbe \ t: CiV1C Boosterism i~ the 34. [d.... ard Muegge Schiwetz. Te.,;as: Drawings and Paintins (Austin: The~etz • (eds.) JHid Per1'"y and Al fred University of Texas. 1960); Leg:cy.-nl0-1971 (Austin: ~rlng 49. Unhersity of Tuas. 1971), LITTle May Ha9ner. Te";il$ Through [yes £.!..!!l Artist (Waco: Te.,;hn. 1957). ~from~.,;as~~~ 35. Helen Tackett, "Paintin9s. Drawings Oone Over Last 150 Years Collected to Form Nell 'Images of Te.,;as' [.,;hibiticn." On CampllS. University of Texas-Austin. 21-27 February 1983. 8-9. - -- 36. Charles Beckendorf. Images of Texas l..!. (Frederick.sburl}. Texas: Charls Eleck.endorf, 19(10). 37. George W. Bomar. Texas Weather (AlJsting: University of Texas. 1982). - 38. Christina PatorHi, "The Tornado." Texas Monthly (Texas PriJqer), l. in Praise of Texas." Dallas April. 19B2. 140. -- --- e also John l. Robinson. David I. 39. Bill McClanahan, Texas; The ~ It Used ~ ~ (Cartoons). IS Growth Analysis," Daily Texan (Dallas: Horning Ne .... s. AcademTCl5'r'ess.~68). 4'. David Brown. An Album cf Old-Time Texas Postcards (San Antonio: 'un,n Ameri~an-5tatesman, 11 Coronoa. 197B}. 41. Leola Christie Barnes, Silver Century (San Antonio: Naylor. f Dallas," Ua1la! Times-Herald. 1936); Hattie Blanlo::enship. A StatlStlcal and Descrlptive Poem of Texas (Uallas: J.I~. Colville, lB92f. ---- by Texas' Size," Waco Heralk 42. llavid Meunch. Texas Photography (Chicago: Rand McHally. 1980); Texas Highways Landscape'STPflotos). Landscapes of ~ (College Station: Texas A&M, 19BO); Te;>;as. Live the Leglnd (Texas Department of Highways and Likely Location for 1984 GOP Transportation, 19iiTT;'Llavld GIoooll. exas; A Picture Book. to Remember Her lYember 1gal, B3; TOIl1 Wicker. By Ute". York.: Crescent, 1979); Norman Kotker.lexas: A'Picture Tour (~ 11 1979. 22. York.: Scribner, 1973); Hichael Scully. ThislSleu"'i tAuStln~teCIo::. 19JGI; Bill Huris. Te"as (New ¥uril.: Mayflower:1919T." lical' lelo!s." Pasadena Citize~, 32 43. fl. Ri~h<1r<1 Wohl and Anselm Strauss, "Symbolic Representation and th' Urb~n Milieu," American Journal of Sociol09Y. 63 (March 1958), 523-532. 44. The Tomlinson lone Star Book. of TexoH Records {Fort Worth: lone Star 800k. OTTella5 Recor~ mr.---- 45. John Rando 1 ph, Te)(i!s Brags (Tomball, Teus: Jolin Randol ph), Revised. 1944+ l. 46. James C. Cobb, "FrOm Muskogee to luckenbach: COL.lntry Music and the 'Southernization' of America," 16:3, Journal.£! PopUlar Culture (Winter 1982).81-91. 47. louis Black. "Dlverse Film Series Captures Te)(dS Mystique," [mages, Daily Tell.asn. Austin, Teus, 8 September 1981, 10. 'lB. Don B. Graham, COwboys and C 49. thncy Neff, "Films Shape Perception of Te:o;as and Te:o;ans," On campus, University of Te:o;as, 2B September-4 October 19B1, 4. 50. Paul Cullum, "Behind the Scenes of 'Da11 51. Michael S 52. Te:O; 53. PatriCk Ta9gart. -'Joel Smith Ojants to Get Cameras Rolling in Te)(a5," Onward Section, AUStin American-Statesman, 15 Marcn 1983, 22-23. 54. Nick: Barbaro. "Third CO 55. George Gerbner and Kathleen Connolly. "Television 56. Horace Newcomb, "Te:o;as: A Giant St 57. Gary Thomas, "Te)(as Sings Nellj Tune to L 58. Co:o;, loid. 59. Chandler Davidson, "The Cover Girl State," Te:o;as Obsli'fver, 30 December 1977, 18-19. 60. IlicholJS Lemann. "The Comic Te:o;an" (Te:o;as Primer), Te:O; ~1. CBS Television Nelljs. 14 July 1979; NBC Television Neils,S March 1983. 3' '02. Sue Flanagd'l, Sam Hou~lun TeXdS :Austln. Uni'lersitj uf Te;o;iis, U. ·Sylllbo 11 c RepreseTl ta t1 on and 1]64). ~I 63 ("'arch 1958). 523-532. 63. Bill P()ft<,rfielll, l.~J Country (liard,"" City: uO'Jbleday,l9bSi; leus Records [fort Worth: Lone ,jack '~agquire. Pre~iQent's_ Country, Allstin: Alcdlde, 1964). 64. T~y] 65. IDi d. Lucllenbach: Country MlJsic and Irna' of PopUlar Culture (Winter 66. '~estQn Joseph j~LConnell. Social C]eavage~ in Texas iN"" Y()r~; Mc.Cclnnell, 1925\. Columbia university Ph.D. Thesis; See~)1il1ard II. Almon, The ~ States ~ Texas ['Ja.l1a.s: 1%1). rles Captures Texas Mystique," ;en>er 1981, 10. 67. Keith Anderson, "Y'~ll Go Uacit North," Dallas ~1orning ~Jcws, 30 ~LlgU5t 1931, FL - Ilacs~ Cinema til;: lmages of ~ ~ 6~. A. Joanne flal1, "Implication City's Problcl,lS Stem from 'Bei ng Less Hll,cn' IrTitating," Houston Chronicle {Letter to editor), 17 January !ption of Texas and Texans," On 198J, IV;10. I October 1981,4. 69. ,"1ichde1 i!lcks, Ko,", to be Te)(iln l~lIstin; Texas ~lonthly_ Press, es of 'Dal las-City on the lHt 1931 ) . H9. 10. II). Jan 8er1 iner Stateman, "The Frostback Yankee's Guide to Texas," Image of Texas," Images, Daily lJilllds Morninq News, 5 JLllle 1981, CoY"r Scury, 20-21. See also series of exhibition of "Images of Texas" artlc~s and c·xchilflge'i in Daily Texan, Fel.>rLlary 1978, "rcher M. Huntington Gallery, 71 ilic:hard JClseph, "Afcer a h'hile, Hon-Texans Enjoy State." Detroit 'jews, 2J ~Jc.vemDer 1915, 10M. , "Superlatiyes," FebrLlary 1983. 72. Peter [;ollld anri Rodney Ilhite, ~ ~ (NeIl1or~; Penguin, lints to Get Cameras Roll ing in 1(74) . ~, 15 March 1983, 22~23. IJ. GJrj Cartlll"lght, "8dck HomC'," T~~as ~tJ.!..lL, April 1982, 111-119. dtos; Austin's Complete Media 1981.10-11. Also, Eliz.abeth 7,. Kevin Phinney, "D"'~)lite God dnd the :lew York Times, T~xas HU"lO~ ~stin Magazine, 19:10 (October TicklES [ijg Time," A[j~rJ. Americ~r.-Statesr;)an-:-;~ollwor~J"nUJry 198J, 29. Connolly, "Te1e~ision as He ... is. "GOQrimJI) dcogins CdmpIJ011 CrllsadC'," lJai1y Texan, ',0 HovemDC'r 1~,'7, 19781. 12. t State of Mind," Cnannel s. 1:1 76. Anna Quindlen. "Kousconian Trots Gut ~u~"rlatives tor :'.Y. Bi'llemoth" (New York Times. Scr~ici'), reprinti'd in ~~~ Chronicle. 23 Janu,lry 1983, ];--rr: ,i~ne to Lasso Tourist Trade," 1• 77. jtJ I J. 7B. NlCho11s C. Chris,;. "fe~ans Are :<10"1 Yon's NC"Iest 't.tnnic GrClup'." Los Angeles Times, 19 Se~tember 1977. 1;1+. Paul 3 19. ,]an~t Scudder, "Pub] isher's Sutemr.'nt," Nc.. 1, He\l YClr, r",xan n- (Texas Pl'imerl, Texas Monthly, i Jc,:t'r;lber 197~), 2. 80. Ilary Jenkins, "Michcn"r 82gins 'Totcl Imr;lersion' for Tex - " fl1. "Te,.;ans Tagged for '~onor," Austin A:Ileritan-5tatesmiln, 26 January 19~3, Al. -- 02. Gene Burd, "Communications i~edia Respons~ to the Sunbelt: C.ultural and Regional Confront~tiOn in a Post-Industrial Societ1," Paper for Southwestern ~aciological Association, San Antonio, Te,.;as, 17-20 :~arch 1981. U j. Oecllerd Turrl~r, Director Harry Ransom Center, Uni versity of T'O~as, on KLBJ-AM Radio, 2T i)ecember 1982. 34. .Jolln H. Je'l~ins, "A Regia!lal Pub] ishe," looks at the Futur'e," Antiguari~ 800ksellers, 14 February 19l:l2, 110. 8,. I'lan UQol,"y, "Secede," lJtIIlost, lJnbersity of Texas (Mdrch 19H), 1lJ-14. Ub. Stella \1. Trevino, "Micnenl'r Opposition," Austin American- Sutesman, 14 December 1982, A8. --- 87. Editor anJ. Publisher, "liallas Reporters Rebuild City's linage," 25 j1arch 1918~ - ---- ~d. Associated Press, "'~owed Newspaper Concedes Lubbock. flot Gun-Happy City," Austin Aml"rican-Statesman. 1 May 198, 81. (See Neil Henry and Chip 8ro .. n,~~oad to a Place in History," wdshington~, 5 April 1981 • 39. ,'1o11y ivins, "Why Col orildans Hat;) rl"xas," TI")(as Observl"r, 80 December 1977,6. 90. j'1imi Crossley. "Texas Among "~orst' States in Editor's living StylI" Ratings," Housto~ Post, 26 Novl"mber 1972, 138.