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University of Groningen a Social Network Perspective on Bullying University of Groningen A social network perspective on bullying Huitsing, Gijs IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2014 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Huitsing, G. (2014). A social network perspective on bullying. University of Groningen. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 07-10-2021 A social network perspective on bullying Gijs Huitsing © Gijs Huitsing ISBN (print): 978-90-5335-947-1 ISBN (digital): 978-90-5335-948-8 Printing: Printing, Ridderkerk, the Netherlands Cover design: Gijs Huitsing & Ridderprint Contract sponsor: This work is part of the research program “Research Talent” (Grant 021.002.022), which is (partly) financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). A social network perspective on bullying Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. E. Sterken en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op donderdag 4 december 2014 om 14.30 uur door Gerrit Eize Huitsing geboren op 11 mei 1984 te Warffum Promotores Prof. dr. R. Veenstra Prof. dr. T.A.B. Snijders Copromotor Dr. M.A.J. van Duijn Beoordelingscommissie Prof. dr. S.M. Lindenberg Prof. dr. C. Kroneberg Prof. dr. A.H.N. Cillessen Table of contents Chapter 1 A social network perspective on bullying ............................................................ 7 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Bullying and Social Networks ........................................................................................... 9 1.3 Research Questions and Overview of this Dissertation ................................................... 12 Chapter 2 Univariate and multivariate models of positive and negative networks: Liking, disliking, and bully-victim relationships ........................................................... 17 2.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................18 2.2 Data and Method ............................................................................................................ 25 2.3 Results ............................................................................................................................ 30 2.4 Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 38 Chapter 3 Bullying in classrooms: Participant roles from a social network perspective .. 43 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 44 3.2 Study 1 ............................................................................................................................. 45 3.3 Method ............................................................................................................................ 47 3.4 Results ............................................................................................................................ 48 3.5 Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 49 3.6 Study 2 ............................................................................................................................ 53 3.7 Method ............................................................................................................................ 55 3.8 Results .............................................................................................................................57 3.9 Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 61 3.10 General Discussion ....................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 4 Self-, Peer-, and Teacher-Reports on Bullying Networks in Kindergartens ...... 67 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 68 4.2 Method ............................................................................................................................ 72 4.3 Results ............................................................................................................................ 79 4.4 Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 82 Chapter 5 Victims, Bullies, and their Defenders: A Longitudinal Study of the Coevolution of Positive and Negative Networks ................................................................... 89 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 90 5.2 Method ............................................................................................................................ 99 5.3 Results ........................................................................................................................... 104 5.4 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 109 Chapter 6 General conclusions and discussion ................................................................ 113 6.1 General Conclusions and Discussion ............................................................................. 114 6.2 A Social Network Perspective on Bullying ..................................................................... 114 6.3 A Developmental Perspective on Bullying ..................................................................... 124 6.4 Some Scientific Implications ......................................................................................... 125 6.5 Societal and practical implications ................................................................................ 127 6.6 Directions for future research ....................................................................................... 129 Appendix Chapter 4 ......................................................................................... 133 Appendix Chapter 5 ......................................................................................... 141 Nederlandse samenvatting .............................................................................. 173 References ...................................................................................................... 181 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................... 201 Dankwoord .................................................................................................... 203 Curriculum Vitae............................................................................................ 207 ICS Dissertation series ................................................................................... 209 Chapter 1 A social network perspective on bullying 8 | Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction Since the pioneering work of Olweus (1978; 1993), the number of scholars that have been investigating bullying has increased tremendously. A simple search on web of science shows that from 2010 to 2014 (May), 2,736 articles were published with “bully*” in the title, whereas the same search results in 745 studies from 2000 to 2005 and 1,377 studies from 2005 to 2010. That bullying is studied so intensively can be understood because systematic victimization by peers may have severe consequences for victims (see for an overview of studies: Arseneault, Bowes, & Shakoor, 2009; see for meta-analyses: Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Reijntjes, Kamphuis, Prinzie, & Telch, 2010). Also bullies may face negative consequences such as heightened risk of violent, aggressive, or criminal behaviors (see for meta-analytic reviews: Ttofi, Farrington, Lösel, & Loeber, 2011; Ttofi, Farrington, & Lösel, 2012). If insights generated by research on bullying are successfully implemented in anti- bullying programs (which are on average successful in reducing bullying by 20-23 percent, see Ttofi & Farrington, 2011), investments in bullying research can be regarded as preventing both crime
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