Redefining the Sublime and Repositioning Appalachian Literature: A
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REDEFINING THE SUBLIME AND REPOSITIONING APPALACHIAN LITERATURE: A CLOSER LOOK AT THE POETRY OF WEST VIRGINIA’S MURIEL MILLER DRESSLER AND IRENE MCKINNEY By JULIE A. HAINES A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate Studies Division of Ohio Dominican University Columbus, Ohio MASTER OF ARTS IN ENGLISH FEBRUARY 2016 ii iii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………………iv INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………1 CHAPTER 1…………………………………………………………………………………….5 CHAPTER 2…………………………………………………………………………………...16 CHAPTER 3…………………………………………………………………………………...38 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………..44 WORKS CITED……………………………………………………………………………….46 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere thanks first go to Dr. Kelsey Squire for her assistance and guidance in this work. Your thorough planning and detailed comments and suggestions truly helped direct my thoughts and ideas into something so much more. Thanks are also owed to Dr. Martin Brick for his comments and suggestions to this work as well as providing my first introduction to graduate literary study. While these two were integral to this thesis, each English faculty member at Ohio Dominican University that I have encountered has pushed me to academic work beyond what I once thought possible. I am so lucky to work for Bloom Vernon Local Schools, a district that provided me the support necessary to complete this program. The administration team of Rick Carrington, Marc Kreischer, and Brett Roberts saw the value in credentialing high school teachers to do what is “best for kids.” I would also like to thank Darcee Claxon for our collaborative work in earlier courses and Judy Ellsesser for being a sounding board and patient listener and reader. Finally, I must thank my husband, Thad, for his patience and support through this whole process. Whether I was worried I would miss a deadline or so distracted that I left the remote in the refrigerator, you stayed positive and encouraged me to push forward. 1 INTRODUCTION My first taste of canonical literature that said “Ohio” was Sherwood Anderson’s Winesburg, Ohio (1919). I found myself connected to the people of Anderson’s fictional Winesburg. Though years separated and set at the other end of the state from my small-town Ohio upbringing, the connection intrigued me. This introduction set me on a path to discover more literature from or about my home state. As a lifelong resident of southeastern Ohio, however, I found little literature of or about my specific home of Gallia County, but in college I became familiar with an author from the neighboring county of Jackson, Kermit Daugherty. The librarian at the school where I did my student teaching was a relative of his, and I read his novel Out of the Red Brush (1954). In the opening pages he discusses the volatility of the land and how after the hard working of that land of the Appalachian foothills, it was likely that “the good top dirt” would “wash down the hillside to feed up some bottom land in the valley” and “the brush’d grow no matter how thin the ground got” (10). Despite the often harshness of life on this terrain, Daugherty’s novel ends with a more positive view of this land than what opens the story: “The big moon was a […] dapplin everything with its soft light […] the little crick run like silver […] Way back in the Red Brush faint an clear come the music of hounds chasin a fox. The night was sweet, an beautiful, an whisperin love” (251). The ending mirrors the beginning, but that same place that causes heartbreak to those who live off of it has a power to fill the heart with something greater. This dichotomy of the Appalachian experience continues to intrigue me. The area of Ohio where I live stands closer to the cities of Huntington, West Virginia, and Ashland, Kentucky than Ohio’s own Columbus, Cleveland, or Cincinnati. As I continued to study and read of the Ohio experience, I found myself also seeking out the literature of West Virginia and Kentucky. The section of Ohio where I have resided my entire life comprises part 2 of Appalachia, “the 205,000-square-mile region that follows the spine of the Appalachian Mountains from southern New York to northern Mississippi” (Appalachian Regional Commission). West Virginia and Kentucky are also part of Appalachia, and in the stories and poems of Kentucky and West Virginia authors, I found more of a bond, more of a personal connection to experience, but I stopped pursuing such authors as I began my own teaching career and focused on reading and teaching from the canon. My attention was brought back to the literature of my own backyard when I was lucky enough to attend several Ohio Appalachian Center for Higher Education (OACHE) conferences as part of my current teaching position. These conferences exposed me to the work of the Jesse Stuart Foundation in Ashland, Kentucky, including the publishing of many books from Appalachian authors. My library of Appalachian novels, memoirs, and histories expanded greatly based on the selection offered in the conference store and presented to me through keynote addresses from the likes of Jeannette Walls, author of The Glass Castle, and Jeff Biggers, author of The United States of Appalachia. At one of these conferences, I picked up a copy of Listen Here: Women Writing in Appalachia; however, that book rested unopened on a shelf until a colleague loaned me her copy when I mentioned Appalachian literature while she was helping me brainstorm thesis topics. If two like-minded educators selected the same book, there had to be worth in it. I then spent a summer week devouring the excerpts, poems, and remembrances in that collection. The quilts, the voices, the family dynamics, and the music within those pages are the relics of my own story, and the places of that collection, the “in Appalachia” of the title, stood paramount over all those other commonalities. Two contemporary authors in the collection, Muriel Miller Dressler and Irene McKinney, resonated with me. The fact that these two are from 3 West Virginia, the only state fully in the Appalachian region and a location with which I had felt a connection earlier, was not surprising. In the Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, Henry Shapiro argues that seeing Appalachia as a region has created “a culture of place rather than the culture of people” (1100); however, a closer look at these two “people” addressing their “place” displays both parts as vital, dynamic, and inherently tied to the region. This intensity of place makes the region an ideal situation for examination. The Appalachian region has been isolated and disconnected from the rest of America until recently, with an economy that, while improving, was still at seventeen percent unemployment in 2013, and “Appalachia still does not enjoy the same economic vitality as the rest of the nation” (Appalachian Regional Commission). In light of this isolation and economic struggle, poets such as Dressler and McKinney provide not a nostalgic portrait of place, but one where realism permeates the regionalism. This amplification also serves as a vehicle for exploration of greater American issues, much like literature of the inner-city has in recent years. One task I have pursued as an English language arts educator involves gathering resources to build a curriculum that engages students. If I felt such a connection to what I was reading, I began to wonder if my own students would as well: would it spur deeper reading due to that connection? If so, could I justify teaching such literature along with the canon and within the legislated standards? In the startling sense of place running through their work, the dichotomy I earlier recognized in Daugherty’s novel, these works began to find their own place in the canon for me. This was also another possible avenue for engaging my students, for in them, I also observe this dichotomy. They desire to “escape” the region but seem to stay tied to it no matter where they go. 4 In Chapter One, I review the evolution of place in Appalachian literature, from its early role in the fiction of the region to the renaissance of poetry in the region in the late twentieth century. Part of this review also addresses the transition of authors and characters in the literature, moving from outsiders writing about the region and its inhabitants with a stereotyped hand to one-time insiders writing about the inhabitants when outside of the region and finally to insiders writing authentically about life in the region. The second chapter focuses on Dressler and McKinney, looking at several poems for each author and how they combine place and the sublime, particularly in their poems dealing with outsiders and the destruction of the mountains through coal mining. This dichotomy of place and its ties to nature hearkens to the sublime and a redefining of this literary term of antiquity. In the final chapter, an examination of the potential for using Appalachian literature in the classroom occurs. 5 CHAPTER 1 A BRIEF SURVEY OF APPALACHIAN LITERATURE: FROM PROSE TO POETRY, BUT IN ALL, PLACE Place is, as Eudora Welty points out in “Place in Fiction,” “one of the lesser angels that watch over the racing hand of fiction,” but “as soon as we step down from the general view to the close and particular […] and consider what good writing may be, place can be seen, in her own way, to have a great deal to do with that goodness, if not to be responsible for it” (116). This undercurrent of the “hand of fiction” does not station itself as “lesser” in Appalachian literature. While some place Appalachian literature under the heading of Southern literature, as evident in the anthology entitled The Southern Poetry Anthology: Volume III, Contemporary Appalachia, others, such as Danny Miller in A Handbook to Appalachia, point out that Southern writers are “more Gothic and more concerned with North-South conflicts” while “Appalachian literature […] is sometimes distinguished from other literatures by its strong emphasis on setting, or ‘place’” (199).