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Developing Conceptual Hydrogeological Model for Potsdam Sandstones in Southwestern Quebec, Canada

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Developing Conceptual Hydrogeological Model for Potsdam Sandstones in Southwestern Quebec, Canada University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USGS Staff -- Published Research US Geological Survey 2008 Developing conceptual hydrogeological model for Potsdam sandstones in southwestern Quebec, Canada M. Nastev Geological Survey of Canada, [email protected] Roger H. Morin Denver Federal Center, [email protected] R. Godin Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, A. Rouleau Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Nastev, M.; Morin, Roger H.; Godin, R.; and Rouleau, A., "Developing conceptual hydrogeological model for Potsdam sandstones in southwestern Quebec, Canada" (2008). USGS Staff -- Published Research. 355. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/355 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the US Geological Survey at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USGS Staff -- Published Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Developing conceptual hydrogeological model for Potsdam sandstones in southwestern Quebec, Canada M. Nastev & R. Morin & R. Godin & A. Rouleau Abstract A hydrogeological study was conducted in Résumé Une étude hydrogéologique a été entreprise dans Potsdam sandstones on the international border between les grès de Potsdam, sur la frontière entre le Canada Canada (Quebec) and the USA (New York). Two (Québec) et les Etats-Unis (New York). Sous le secteur sandstone formations, arkose and conglomerate (base) d’étude, deux formations gréseuses, les arkoses et con- and well-cemented quartz arenite (upper), underlie the glomérats (base) et les arénites quartzeuses cimentées study area and form the major regional aquifer unit. (sommet), forment une unité aquifère majeure à l’échelle Glacial till, littoral sand and gravel, and marine silt and régionale. Les moraines glaciaires, les sables et graviers clay discontinuously overlie the aquifer. In both sandstone littoraux, et les argiles et silts marins recouvrent l’aquifère formations, sub-horizontal bedding planes are ubiquitous de manière discontinue. Dans les deux formations gré- and display significant hydraulic conductivities that are seuses, les litages sub-horizontaux sont omniprésents, et orders of magnitude more permeable than the intact rock présentent des conductivités hydrauliques significatives, matrix. Aquifer tests demonstrate that the two formations supérieures de plusieurs ordres de grandeur à celles de la have similar bulk hydrologic properties, with average matrice rocheuse intacte. Les pompages d’essai démon- hydraulic conductivities ranging from 2×10−5 to 4×10−5 trent que les deux formations ont des propriétés hydro- m/s. However, due to their different lithologic and logiques apparentes comparables, avec notamment des structural characteristics, these two sandstones impose conductivités hydrauliques comprises entre 2×10−5 et 4× rather different controls on groundwater flow patterns in 10−5 m/s. Cependant, du fait de leurs lithologies et de the study area. Flow is sustained through two types of leurs caractéristiques structurales contrastées, ces deux fracture networks: sub-horizontal, laterally extensive formations gréseuses imposent des contrôles différents sur fractures in the basal sandstone, where hydraulic connec- les écoulements souterrains dans le secteur d’étude. tivity is very good horizontally but very poor vertically L’écoulement est soutenu par deux types de réseaux de and each of the water-bearing bedding planes can be fractures : des fractures latéralement extensives sub- considered as a separate planar two-dimensional aquifer horizontales dans les grès de base, où la connectivité unit; and the more fractured and vertically jointed system hydraulique est très bonne horizontalement mais médiocre found in the upper sandstone that promotes a more verticalement, et où chacun des plans aquifères peut être dispersed, three-dimensional movement of groundwater. considéré comme une unité aquifère isolée plane bidi- mensionnelle, et un système fissuré verticalement et plus fracturé situé dans les grès supérieurs, qui favorise des Received: 17 January 2006 /Accepted: 10 December 2007 écoulements souterrains tridimensionnels et plus dispersés. Published online: 10 January 2008 * Resumen Se realizó un estudio hidrogeológico en las Springer-Verlag 2007 areniscas Potsdam sobre el límite internacional entre Canadá (Quebec) y Estados Unidos de América (Nueva M. Nastev ()) York). Dos formaciones de arenisca, arkosa y conglom- Geological Survey of Canada, erado (en la base) y arenita de cuarzo bien cementada (en 490 de la Couronne, la cima), componen el área de estudio y forman la Quebec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada principal unidad regional de acuífero. Conglomerado e-mail: [email protected] glacial, grava y arena litoral, y arcilla y limo marino R. Morin sobreyacen discordantemente el acuífero. En ambas US Geological Survey, formaciones de arenisca existen abundantes planos de Denver Federal Center, fi Mail Stop 403, estrati cación subhorizontales que muestran conductivi- Denver, CO 80225, USA dades hidráulicas significativas que son varios órdenes de magnitud más permeables que la matriz de roca intacta. R. Godin : A. Rouleau Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Las pruebas de acuífero demuestran que las dos forma- 555 blvd. de l’Université, ciones tienen propiedades hidrológicas globales similares, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada con conductividades hidráulicas promedio que varían de Hydrogeology Journal (2008) 16: 373–388 DOI 10.1007/s10040-007-0267-9 374 2×10−5 a4×10−5 m/s. Sin embargo, debido a diferencias and encompasses Covey Hill, which spreads over the litológicas y características estructurales, estas dos arenis- international border with the USA, and the Rocher cas imponen controles muy distintos en los patrones de Plateau extending northward toward the Chateauguay flujo de agua subterránea en el área de estudio. El flujo es River (Fig. 1). It is bounded along the contact between sostenido a través de dos tipos de redes de fracturas: two distinct physiographic provinces: from the southern fracturas subhorizontales lateralmente extensivas en la margin of the St. Lawrence Lowlands platform to the arenisca basal, donde la conectividad hidráulica es muy north-western margin of the Champlain Lowlands, and buena horizontalmente pero muy pobre verticalmente y then to the north-eastern piedmont of the Adirondack cada uno de los planos de estratificación acuíferos puede uplands. ser considerado como una unidad acuífero en 2 dimen- Covey Hill is an elongated E−W morphological feature siones plana y separada; y el sistema de fracturas approximately 20 km long and 10 km wide. It comprises verticales que se encuentra en la arenisca superior que rocky outcrops of relatively flat-bedded sandstone forming promueve un movimiento de agua subterránea más a series of sub-horizontal terraces or irregular masses of disperso en 3 dimensiones. glacial debris (Clark 1966; Globensky 1987). The maxi- mum altitude of Covey Hill is 340 masl. To the north and Keywords Canada . Sedimentary rocks . east, the terrain descends relatively abruptly with slopes Conceptual models . Geophysical methods reaching more than 10% in the direction of the St. Lawrence and Champlain plains. To the south, the relief is more subdued and evolves from undulating to moun- Introduction tainous. The Rocher Plateau is a circular belt of discontinuous rock outcrops of horizontal sandstone The study area coincides with the lateral extent of the pavement eroded by the glaciers and meltwater. The Potsdam sandstones in southwestern Quebec (Canada) regional drainage forms part of the radial drainage Fig. 1 Location of the study area. The black bold dashed line indicates the surficial extent of the Potsdam sandstones Hydrogeology Journal (2008) 16: 373–388 DOI 10.1007/s10040-007-0267-9 375 network originating at the Adirondack Uplands. This potential for surface contamination. The primary sand- drainage system is relatively sparse on Covey Hill proper, stone units have different structural characteristics as well where coarser unconsolidated sediments at the surface and differ in the way they control the flow of groundwater (reworked till) seem to have a high capacity to accumulate (McCormack 1981; Lavoie 2005). precipitation waters. With few exceptions, the drainage of This study reviews the current state of knowledge surface water occurs mainly by infiltration and subsequent regarding the groundwater resources of the Covey Hill sub-surface runoff and groundwater flow. On the Rocher area and reports on the results of a hydrogeological study Plateau, numerous lakes and wetlands are disposed at recently undertaken to improve our conceptual under- altitudes ranging primarily between 60 and 80 masl. They standing of the underlying hydrologic system (Nastev et provide a surface expression of the intense runoff and al. 2004a). discharge processes taking place at Covey Hill (Nastev et al. 2004). With an approximate population density of 10−20 Geology persons per km2, the study area represents a relatively sparsely populated, rural region that depends entirely on Bedrock geology groundwater for its source of potable water. Although The stratigraphic framework and structural geology of the unfit for large-scale farming, this stony region is ideally study area is based primarily on fieldwork conducted by suited for apple orchards and sugar-maple groves.
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