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The Trinity Review THE TRINITY REVIEW For though we walk in the flesh, we do not war according to the flesh, for the weapons of our warfare [are] not fleshly but mighty in God for pulling down strongholds, casting down arguments and every high thing that exalts itself against the knowledge of God, bringing every thought into captivity to the obedience of Christ. And they will be ready to punish all disobedience, when your obedience is fulfilled. (2 Corinthians 10:3-6) Number 357 Copyright 2020 The Trinity Foundation Post Office Box 68, Unicoi, Tennessee 37692 April, May 2020 Email: [email protected] Website: www.trinityfoundation.org Telephone: 423.743.0199 Fax: 423.743.2005 Did John Calvin Teach a Doctrine of Secondary Justification? Refuting Steven Wedgeworth on Secondary Justification By Daniel H. Chew Editor’s Note: The following article first appeared in a version of a “judgment by works” by theologians such as much briefer form at the author’s blog, Daniel’s Place – Mark Jones,2 who has likewise defended John Piper puritanreformed.blogspot.com, February 16, 2020. It from the charge of works-righteousness.3 According to has been expanded by the author, an M.Div graduate of Jones, all that Piper has striven to do was to defend the Westminster Seminary California. It has slightly been necessity of works for salvation, which he asserted was edited for The Review. taught by Reformed theologians and the Reformed faith.4 Works lead us to the “possession of life” not the Introduction “right to life,” and therefore for Jones there is nothing In the modern Reformed world, there have been raging wrong in asserting that works are necessary for controversies over issues like the Law-Gospel salvation, when understood according to the manner he distinction, and charges of neo-nomism versus has prescribed.5 antinomianism as it relates to the Federal Vision, The focus on works is understandable in the Norman Shepherd, John Piper, and the disgraced pastor Christian’s desire for holiness and for honoring the Law Tullian Tchividjian.1 Most worrying is the push for some of God, and for some it shows that we “need to better understand the Word of God to our own holiness of heart and life before the Lord.”6 As Christians, we must affirm 1 On the Norman Shepherd issue, see Norman Shepherd, The Call of Grace: How the Covenant Illuminates Salvation and Evangelism, P & R, 2000; Mark W. Karlberg, Federalism and Piper, see John Piper, Future Grace, Multnomah, 2005; John the Westminster Tradition: Reformed Orthodoxy at the W. Robbins, “Pied Piper,” The Trinity Review, June, July Crossroads, Wipf and Stock, 2006. On the Federal Vision, see 2002; Timothy F. Kauffman and Tim Shaughnessy, “John Guy Prentiss Waters, The Federal Vision and Covenant Piper on Final Justification By Works,” The Trinity Review, Theology: A Comparative Analysis, P & R, 2006; Jeong Koo November, December 2017; and Carlos E. Montijo, “When Jeon, Calvin and the Federal Vision: Calvin’s Covenant Protestants Err on the Side of Rome: John Piper, “Final Theology in Light of Contemporary Discussion, Wipf and Salvation,” and the Decline and Fall of Sola Fide at the Last Stock, 2009; R. Scott Clark, editor, Covenant, Justification Day,” The Trinity Review, July-September 2018. and Pastoral Ministry: Essays by the Faculty of Westminster 2 Mark Jones, “Judgment According to Works – Reformed Seminary California, P & R, 200); Sean Gerety and John W. Style,” The Calvinist International, November 6, 2017, Robbins, Not Reformed at All: Medievalism in “Reformed” accessed March 14, 2020, https://calvinistinternational.com/ Churches, Trinity Foundation, 2004. On the controversy over 2017/11/06/judgment-according-to-works-reformed-style/. the Law-Gospel distinction, see for example Bryan D. Estelle, 3 Mark Jones, “In Defense of Piper,” Reformation 21, J.V. Fesko and David VanDrunen, editors, The Law is Not of September 24, 2015, accessed March 14, 2020, Faith: Essays of Works and Grace in the Mosaic Covenant, P https://www.reformation21.org/blogs/in-defense-of-piper.php. & R, 2009; Andrew M. Elam, Merit and Moses: A Critique of 4 See note 3 above. the Klinean Doctrine of Republication, Wipf and Stock, 2014. 5 See note 3 above. On concerns over antinomianism, see Kevin Deyoung, The 6 Shane Anderson, “Mark Jones on Justification, Good Works, Hole in our Holiness: Filling the Gap between Gospel Passion and Sanctification (Updated 2019) – A Compendium of and the Pursuit of Holiness, Crossway, 2014. Concerning John Online Posts,” The Daily Genevan, October 19, 2017, The Trinity Review / April, May 2020 that the Law of God is important for the Christian life justification is by works, as long as one holds to that and Christians ought to strive for holiness “without justification as a “secondary justification.” which no one will see the Lord” (Hebrews 12:14b). Yet Wedgeworth’s definition of “double justification” stating the necessity of holiness for the Christian life is therefore reflects an initial justification by faith alone, not the same as saying that holiness and good works are following which there is a subordinate justification that necessary for salvation. Logically, holding that good judges the fruit of that initial justification. Since for works is a necessary consequence of salvation is not the Wedgeworth, this subordinate justification is dependent same as believing that good works is a necessary on the initial justification and at the same time cannot condition for salvation. Jones’ weakness here is one of undo that initial justification, this “secondary logic, as he has proven over and over again that the justification” to him does not detract from the doctrine Reformed tradition teaches the necessary consequence of of justification by faith alone. In this manner, good works in the Christian life, and showed that Wedgeworth squared his view with the Reformed Christians are to do good works as part of the “means doctrine of justification by faith alone, since he can say and ways to salvation,”7 but all of that does not logically that secondary justification can never undo initial imply that good works are a necessary condition for justification, so once a man is justified by grace, works salvation. does not in any way save him. While Jones stews in his logical incoherence, fellow In response to Wedgeworth’s article, it must be asked Presbyterian Church in America pastor Steven whether his position is theological coherent and Wedgeworth has moved forward with his own historically grounded. The response here will be formulation of the doctrine of justification. According twofold, the first dealing with Wedgeworth’s theology to Wedgeworth, the Reformed tradition, from no less a and the second with his historical sources. First, is person than John Calvin, has taught the notion of a Wedgeworth’s position theologically sound? Second, did “subordinate order of justification.”8 While Jones had he accurately represent the teachings of John Calvin on insisted that there is only one justification,9 Wedgeworth the matter of justification? astonishingly asserts a “double justification.” What exactly does Wedgeworth mean by this, and how does The Roman Catholic View of Justification he square it with the Reformed faith? Before assessing Wedgeworth’s position theologically, it would be helpful to look at the Roman Catholic view of Wedgeworth’s Idea of “Double Justification” justification to better understand what the Reformed In the article putting forward his controversial position, tradition in its formulation of the doctrine of justification Wedgeworth asserts that John Calvin did in fact teach by faith alone had rejected. justification by faith alone, but alongside that he taught a The authoritative Roman Catholic view of justification secondary or “different kind of justification,” which is found in the Decrees of the Council of Trent. At Trent, “remains a forensic and declarative act,” that takes the Roman Church states the following concerning account of the “transformative work of regeneration,” justification and works: and “render(s) a sort of judgment on the spiritual fruit of sanctification.”10 This secondary justification is “built Of this Justification the causes are these: ...the atop” and “dependent on” the initial justification, and efficient cause is a merciful God who washes and thus it can be said that there is a sense in which sanctifies gratuitously, signing, and anointing with the [H]oly Spirit of promise, who is the pledge of our inheritance; but the meritorious cause is his most accessed March 14, 2020, www.thedailygenevan.com/blog/ 2017/2/17/mark-jones-on-justification-and-sanctification. beloved only-begotten, our Lord Jesus Christ…the 7 Mark Jones, “The ‘Means and Way’ to Salvation,” The instrumental cause is the sacrament of baptism…the Calvinist International, October 17, 2017, accessed March 14, alone formal cause is the justice of God, not that 2020, https://calvinistinternational.com/2017/10/17/means- whereby he himself is just, but that whereby he way-salvation/. maketh us just, that, to wit, with which we, being 8 Steven Wedgeworth, “John Calvin’s Subordinate Order of endowed by him, are renewed in the spirit of our Justification,” The Calvinist International, November 2, 2017, mind.… (Chapter VII, Decree on Justification, Sixth accessed March 14, 2020, https://calvinistinternational.com/ Session of the Council of Trent)11 2017/11/02/john-calvin-subordinate-order-justification/. 9 Mark Jones, “One Justification or Two Justifications,” Reformation 21, October 8. 2015, accessed March 14, 2020, 11 Philip Schaff, The Creeds of Christendom with a History https://www.reformation21.org/blogs/one-or-two- and Critical Notes: The Greek and Latin Creeds, with justifications.php. Translations, Volume 2, Harper Brothers, 1890, 96. Logos 10 See note 8 above. library. 2 The Trinity Review / April, May 2020 And whereas the Apostle saith, that man is CANON XXIV.
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