Glossary Acropolis - Castellum Acropolis the Fortified Height of an Ancient Baroque a Term Signifying Art and Architecture for Vehicular Traffic

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Glossary Acropolis - Castellum Acropolis the Fortified Height of an Ancient Baroque a Term Signifying Art and Architecture for Vehicular Traffic Landscape Design A Cultural and Architectural History 1 Glossary acropolis - castellum acropolis The fortified height of an ancient Baroque A term signifying art and architecture for vehicular traffic. The word boulevard is Greek city, a citadel sited upon a prominent ele- that is robust, boldly sumptuous, grandly orna- derived from boulevart, meaning bastion vation overlooking a surrounding plain and mental, curvaceously plastic, and therefore full fortification, the town walls upon which the first sometimes the sea. of movement and the play of light and shade. boulevards were built in the seventeenth Baroque design forms originated in Italy at the century. agora In a Greek polis, or city, an important end of the sixteenth century and flourished open public space around and in which impor- brownfields Former industrial sites that are there and in Germany, Austira, and Spain dur- tant civic and commercial functions took place. candidates for ecological reconstitution and ing seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. conversion into green fields, i.e. natural areas arbor A garden construction of open lattice- A highly theatrical approach to design, the or recreational parkland, by means of bioreme- work or rustic work created to support climbing Baroque sensibility penetrated but never domi- diation. plants and provide shade. nated the art and architecture of France or England. buffet d’eau A table-like architectural arrange- arboretum A place where a collection of trees ment of bowls, basins, and troughs set against and other woody plants are arranged as botani- bedding out The Victorian practive of arranging a wall or placed in a niche in order to animate cal specimens for scientific study, educational plants, usually brightly colored floral annuals, in the flow of water in an ornamental manner. instruction, and ornamental display. either abstract designs or pictorial patterns. bunker A sand-filled depression on a golf allée A tree- or hedge–bordered walk, usually belvedere A structure, usually elevated, course intended as a hazard for the player, also of gravel or grass. Allées are a common compo- designed for observing the surrounding land- referred to as a trap. nent of French garden design where a desired scape. The term is derived from the Italian bel geometrical layout is achieved by straight axes (beautiful) and vedere (to see). bupingeh In the Tewa language of some outlined by paths with perspective-reinforcing Puebloan peoples, the plaza around which the berceau An arched trellis for climbing plants side elements such as palissades, parterres de adobe dwellings of the Pueblo are centered. similar to a pergola, also closely planted trees broiderie, closely spaced trees, or compartments trained to form an arched foliage-covered walk- cabinet The French term for a secluded com- of lawn. way. This French term is derived from the word partment within a garden. archaeoastronomy The investigation of archae- for cradle, probably because antique cradles cabinet of curiosities A collection of specimens ological sites with the intent of discerning the have a similar deeply arched form. such as were sought when it was still believed relationship of certain features to summer and bioremediation The human-assisted regenera- possible to comprehensively assemble in a sin- winter solstices, maximum and minimum tion of natural ecosystems and their corre- gle room or garden representative samples of moon set points, constellations, and other sponding biological life. various forms of natural history. astronomical phenomena. borrowed scenery The design principle of tak- carpet bedding The arrangement of low-grow- automata Mechanically propelled garden fea- ing into account scenic views beyond the con- ing foliage plants of the same height in intricate tures, such as singing birds and various kinds fines of the garden and planning the garden carpetlike patterns of contrasting leaf color or of mobile statuary, which were sometimes built with reference to them. Chinese garden design- floral hue. with waterworks in order to combine the move- ers frequently used borrowed scenery, jie jing, in ment of water with that of various sculptural caryatid A supporting column in the form of a their designs. Japanese gardeners imaginatively parts. female figure. exploited the same design technique and term, avenue A tree-lined approach to a mansion or which they pronounced as shakkei, and some casino, casina A term referring mostly to a other important structure that is sufficiently Western landscape architects, such as the small pavilion or lodge on the grounds of an wide to accommodate carriages. Brazilian Roberto Burle Marx, have adopted a Italian villa garden. Usually casino denotes a similar approach, composing gardens that summerhouse for dining and refreshment axis-mundi An imaginary vertical axis running include within their visual frame natural scenery some distance from the principal villa resi- as a center pole from the zenith of the sky outside their boundaries. dence; but in cases where a villa might be used through the ground, uniting heaven, Earth, and simply for a day’s sojourn, it signifies the plea- the Underworld. bosco The Italian term for a wooded grove sure pavilion that serves as its principal archi- within a garden. azulejos The Spanish term for glazed tiles, the tectural structure. The term was adopted by production and use of which were derived from boschetto Within an Italian garden a small English-speaking people and used to denote Islamic culture. Azuelos were incorporated into compartment of trees, usually found near the certain ornamental pavilions and refreshment the ornamentation of Spanish and Portuguese house and often planted according to a regular structures in gardens and parks in Britain and buildings and gardens. plan. America. It is also used to signify a gaming hall where gambling and other forms of entertain- bagatelle The French term for a small, elegant bosquet The French term for a wooded grove ment take place. house built in the eighteenth century to house a within a garden. mistress. castellum The Latin term for castle or fortress; botanical garden A didactic garden in which used also to denote a large architectural display balustrade A row of balusters topped with a families of plant specimens are arranged and fountain constructed as a rule to signal an continuous rail, usually of stone, employed to labeled according to taxonomic categories of aqueduct’s formal point of entry into the city. form a parapet on terraces and to encase stairs. genus and species. Typically in Rome, where several such fountains baradari An open-sided pavilion in a Mughal boulevard A French term that has been appro- were built, they commemorated the emperor or garden. priated into English, signifying a landscaped the pope who had commissioned the particular roadway designed for promenading as well as aqueduct marked by the castellum. Landscape Design A Cultural and Architectural History 2 Glossary catena d’acqua - geoglyph catena d’acqua The Italian term for water conifer, coniferous A needle- or scale-leaved, add visual interest to the garden and to evoke chain, an ornamental inclined channel designed cone-bearing, generally evergreen tree or shrub poetic associations with the past and with exot- to catch and animate the water falling from one such as a pine, spruce, and fir. The adjective ic locales. shallow basin into another. coniferous is used to describe plants of this faubourg The French term originally used for category. ceque A sight line emanating from Cuzco, the areas of urban development on the outskirts of capital of the Inca emperors, like a sun ray and conservatory A building with heat and ample the city; a suburb lying immediately outside the used as a path of pilgrimage. natural daylight, usually from south-facing town walls. Today certain old Parisian faubourgs windows, for the indoor protection and conser- such as the Faubourg St. Germaine are fashion- chabutra A raised square stone dias in the cen- vation of tender plants in the winter; a green- able city neighborhoods. Like a faubourg, for- ter of the cross-axis of a chahar bagh designed house or glass house. In the nineteenth merly an outer-edge neighborhood, a banlieue, to serve as a platform upon which pillows were century, although many conservatories were which in France is usually synonymous with an arranged to accommodate one or two people important, domed, freestanding glass struc- industrial, working-class area, is a zone of set- who could enjoy from this central position the tures large enough to accommodate the growth tlement on the urban fringe. garden's water-cooled breezes and surrounding of tall palm trees, the term conservatory also scenery. feng shui Translated from the Chinese as “wind came to denote a glass-covered extension of a and water,” feng shui is the practice of profes- chadar In Mughal gardens, an artificial cascade house, accessible from a principal room, where sional geomancers who divine beneficial and of masonry with ramplike surfaces carved in a exotic plants are displayed. malign influences within a particular location, faceted pattern in order to animate better the corso An Italian term signifying a principal thereby determining favorable sites and align- movement of water and reflective light. thoroughfare, corso assumed new meaning as ments for buildings and gardens while also chahar bagh The fourfold Timurid garden, driving became a fashionable recreation in neutralizing objectional aspects of the land- which became the design paradigm for other Rome and elsewhere after the appearance of scape in question. Islamic gardens, chahar meaning “four,” and spring-hung carriages in the early seventeenth ferme ornée The French term for ornamental bagh being the Turkish word for “garden.” The century. farm used by the English after Stephen Switzer variant spelling char bagh denotes the Mughal cours The French term for a wide thoroughfare appropriated it in The Nobleman, Gentleman, garden of India, whereas the spelling form capable of accommodating a daily parade of and Gardener’s Recreation (1715) to promote the chahar bagh is used in referring to the gardens carriages.
Recommended publications
  • English Turf Labyrinths Jeff Saward
    English Turf Labyrinths Jeff Saward Turf labyrinths, or ‘turf mazes’ as they are popularly known in Britain, were once found throughout the British Isles (including a few examples in Wales, Scotland and Ireland), the old Germanic Empire (including modern Poland and the Czech Republic), Denmark (if the frequently encountered Trojaborg place-names are a reliable indicator) and southern Sweden. They are formed by cutting away the ground surface to leave turf ridges and shallow trenches, the convoluted pattern of which produces a single pathway, which leads to the centre of the design. Most were between 30 and 60 feet (9-18 metres) in diameter and usually circular, although square and other polygonal examples are known. The designs employed are a curious mixture of ancient classical types, found throughout the region, and the medieval types, found principally in England. Folklore and the scant contemporary records that survive suggest that they were once a popular feature of village fairs and other festivities. Many are found on village greens or commons, often near churches, but sometimes they are sited on hilltops and at other remote locations. By nature of their living medium, they soon become overgrown and lost if regular repair and re-cutting is not carried out, and in many towns and villages this was performed at regular intervals, often in connection with fairs or religious festivals. 50 or so examples are documented, and several hundred sites have been postulated from place-name evidence, but only eleven historic examples survive – eight in England and three in Germany – although recent replicas of former examples, at nearby locations, have been created at Kaufbeuren in Germany (2002) and Comberton in England (2007) for example.
    [Show full text]
  • The American Lawn: Culture, Nature, Design and Sustainability
    THE AMERICAN LAWN: CULTURE, NATURE, DESIGN AND SUSTAINABILITY _______________________________________________________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University _______________________________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Landscape Architecture _______________________________________________________________________________ by Maria Decker Ghys May 2013 _______________________________________________________________________________ Accepted by: Dr. Matthew Powers, Committee Chair Dr. Ellen A. Vincent, Committee Co-Chair Professor Dan Ford Professor David Pearson ABSTRACT This was an exploratory study examining the processes and underlying concepts of design nature, and culture necessary to discussing sustainable design solutions for the American lawn. A review of the literature identifies historical perceptions of the lawn and contemporary research that links lawns to sustainability. Research data was collected by conducting personal interviews with green industry professionals and administering a survey instrument to administrators and residents of planned urban development communi- ties. Recommended guidelines for the sustainable American lawn are identified and include native plant usage to increase habitat and biodiversity, permeable paving and ground cover as an alternative to lawn and hierarchical maintenance zones depending on levels of importance or use. These design recommendations form a foundation
    [Show full text]
  • National China Garden Foundation
    MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT AMONG THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER, THE NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION, AND THE NATIONAL CHINA GARDEN FOUNDATION REGARDING THE NATIONAL CHINA GARDEN AT THE U.S. NATIONAL ARBORETUM, WASHINGTON, D.C. This Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) is made as of this 18th day of November 2016, by and among the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), the District of Columbia State Historic Preservation Officer (DCSHPO), the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC), and the National China Garden Foundation (NCGF), (referred to collectively herein as the “Parties” or “Signatories” or individually as a “Party” or “Signatory”) pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), 16 U.S.C. §470f and its implementing regulations 36 CFR Part 800, and Section 110 of the NHPA, 16 U.S.C. § 470h-2. WHEREAS, the United States National Arboretum (USNA) is a research and education institution, public garden and living museum, whose mission is to enhance the economic, environmental, and aesthetic value of landscape plants through long-term, multidisciplinary research, conservation of genetic resources, and interpretative gardens and educational exhibits. Established in 1927, and opened to the public in 1959, the USNA is the only federally-funded arboretum in the United States and is open to the public free of charge; and, WHEREAS, the USNA, located at 3501 New York Avenue, NE, is owned by the United States government and under the administrative jurisdiction of the USDA’s ARS and occupies approximately 446 acres in Northeast Washington, DC and bound by Bladensburg Road on the west, New York Avenue on the north, and M Street on the south.
    [Show full text]
  • The Elements Are Simple
    THE ELEMENTS ARE SIMPLE Rigid, lightweight panels are 48 inches wide and 6 ft, 8 ft, 10 ft, 12 ft, 14 ft long and can be installed either vertically, horizontally, wall mounted or freestanding. In addition to the standard panel, the greenscreen® system of green facade wall products includes the Column Trellis, customized Crimp-to-Curve shapes, panel trims and a complete selection of engineered attachment solutions. Customiziation and adaptation to unique project specifications can easily become a part of your greenscreen® project. The panels are made from recycled content, galvanized steel wire and finished with a baked on powder coat for durability. National Wildlife Federation Headquarters - Reston, VA basic elements greenscreen® is a three-dimensional, welded wire green facade wall system. The distinctive modular trellis panel is the building block of greenscreen.® Modular Panels Planter Options Custom Use for covering walls, Planter options are available for a Using our basic panel as the building freestanding fences, screens variety of applications and panel block, we are always available to and enclosures. heights. Standard 4 ft. wide fiberglass discuss creative options. Panels planter units support up to 6' tall can be notched, cut to create a Standard Sizes: screens, and Column planters work taper, mitered and are available in width: 48” wide with our standard diameter Column crimped-to-curve combinations. length: 6’, 8’, 10’, 12’, 14’ Trellis. Our Hedge-A-Matic family of thickness: 3" standard planters use rectangle, curved and Custom dimensions available in 2" Colors square shapes with shorter screens, increments, length and width. for venues like patios, restaurants, Our standard powder coated colors See our Accessory Items, Mounting entries and decks.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas for Smart
    Biodiversity and ecosystem services in urban areas for smart Title adaptation to climate change: “Do you Kyoto”? Author(s) Morimoto, Yukihiro Citation Landscape and Ecological Engineering (2011), 7(1): 9-16 Issue Date 2011-01 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/143757 The final publication is available at www.springerlink.com; This is not the published version. Please cite only the published Right version.; この論文は出版社版でありません。引用の際に は出版社版をご確認ご利用ください。 Type Journal Article Textversion author Kyoto University 1 2 3 4 Yukihiro Morimoto 5 6 7 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas for Smart Adaptation to 8 Climate Change: “Do You Kyoto?” 9 10 11 Laboratory of Landscape Ecology and Planning, 12 Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, 13 Kyoto University 14 15 Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan 606-8502 16 17 [email protected] 18 19 TEL: +81-75-753-6084, FAX: +81-75-753-6082 20 21 Introduction: Why Kyoto? 22 23 The local government of Kyoto, the city where the Kyoto Protocol was 24 adopted, proposed to work towards becoming a low-carbon society by asking 25 people, “Do you Kyoto?” (Kyoto City 2009). However, beyond the reduction of 26 carbon dioxide emissions, we should pay more attention to the biodiversity 27 that has been the basis of this sustainable city celebrating ecosystem 28 services. To obtain an ecosystem-dependent design solution, biodiversity is 29 an essential natural capital that must be reassessed from the viewpoint of 30 smart adaptation to climate change. The “21st Century Environment Nation 31 Strategy” (Japanese Government 2007), in which I was involved in the 32 discussions, was the official statement of the Japanese government pointing 33 out the importance of comprehensive measures to integrate the three aspects 34 of a sustainable society: a Low Carbon Society, a Sound Material-Cycle 35 Society and a Society in Harmony with Nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Vacuum Appropriation Strategies Between Patio and Pavilion Archetypes Hybridization in Two Classical Masters Works of Modern Architecture
    Athens Journal of Architecture - Volume 4, Issue 1– Pages 7-30 Vacuum Appropriation Strategies between Patio and Pavilion Archetypes Hybridization in Two Classical Masters Works of Modern Architecture By Simone Solinas Patio and pavilion, understood as archetypes, may appear as opposing principles in the construction of space. However, we can see through the analysis of some of the proposed cases that the overlap of these principles takes place very frequently, because they both arise from the need to delimit the vacuum by giving to it the character of space. The vacuum is not space, although space may be empty. The vacuum exists without us, whereas space does not. The architect, in designing enclosed space, encapsulates a portion of the vacuum, indistinct and formless, understood as Nature. This is a fragment of Paradise that everyone has right to possess, by binding an idea to the image of the patio and pavilion. From their combined use, there are several cases in which these elements take shape in architectural projects. In some projects, one principle dominates the other, but it is evident that there are a large variety of mixed proposals between the two extremes. The two principles do not exclude one another and can coexist together in a complementary way by appearing in the same project. The two figures as archetypes are taken as the main reference points of different poles that seem to be conflicting and irreconcilable ideas, but that instead build together the complexity of architecture. Full | empty, outside | inside, empty space | full-space, stereotomic | tectonic, vertical | horizontal, centrifugal | centripetal, works together to build space.
    [Show full text]
  • £75,000 Awarded to Browne's Folly Site
    Foll- The e-Bulletin of The Folly Fellowship The Folly Fellowship is a Registered Charity No. 1002646 and a Company Limited by Guarantee No. 2600672 Issue 34: £75,000 awarded to January 2011 Browne’s Folly site Upcoming events: 06 March—Annual General Meeting starting at 2.30pm at athford Hill (Wiltshire) is a leased the manor at Monkton Far- East Haddon Village Hall, B haven for some of our rar- leigh in 1842 and used the folly as Northamptonshire. Details est flora and fauna, including the a project for providing employment were enclosed with the Journal White Heleborine and Twayblade during the agricultural depression. and are available from the F/F website www.follies.org.uk Orchid, and for Greater Horseshoe He also improved the condition of and Bechstein‟s Bats. Part of it is the parish roads and built a school 18-19 March—Welsh Week- owned by the Avon Wildlife Trust in the centre of the village where end with visits to Paxton‟s who received this month a grant of he personally taught the girls. Tower, the Cilwendeg Shell House, and the gardens and £75,000 to spend on infrastructure After his death on 2 August grotto at Dolfor. Details from and community projects such as 1851, the manor was leased to a [email protected] the provision of waymark trails and succession of tenants and eventu- information boards telling visitors ally sold to Sir Charles Hobhouse about the site and about its folly. in 1873: his descendants still own The money was awarded from the estate.
    [Show full text]
  • REAL CEDAR PROJECTS for OUTDOOR LIVING WESTERN RED CEDAR Outdoor Living
    REAL CEDAR PROJECTS for OUTDOOR LIVING WESTERN RED CEDAR Outdoor Living Western Red Cedar is suitable for a broad range of functional and decorative applications. In general, applications can be classified into two broad end use groups: first, for those structures such as large buildings in which both the strength and the appearance of exposed wood members are of equal importance; and second, in landscape, park and garden structures where appearance is paramount. For both use-groups, Western Red Cedar offers the advantages of natural beauty, design flexibility, exceptional dimensional stability and long term durability. Cedar has a long history of withstanding the rigors of time and weather. It is also a recognized structural material Photo by: www.gardenstructure.com with known mechanical and physical properties. Photo by: www.gardenstructure.com Photo by: www.gardenstructure.com Photo by: www.gardenstructure.com WESTERN RED CEDAR - OUTDOOR LIVING Bench 7a 5a MATERIAL LIST 7 71 8 " 1 4”x4” x 10’ 1 2”x6” x 10’ 27" 3 2”x6” x 12’ 1 2”x4” x 8’ 1 2”x4” x 10’ 18" 12 3” #8 Deck Screws 60 2½” #8 Deck Screws 24 7”x 3/8” galvanized carriage bolts w/nuts and washers 3 16 " small container of waterproof glue (optional) Method Note "E" 8a 10a 1a 2a 9a 2a 1a INSTRUCTIONS 8a Method Note "D" Item No. Description Material Qty. 1. Shop for, gather and organize your materials. 11. Optional Method—countersink the screws securing the bench 1a Post 4”x4” 6 planks a little deeper (3/8”) and use the tapered plug cutter on a drill 3a 4a 2a Support 2”x6” 6 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Trsteno Arboretum, Croatia (This Is an Edited Version of a Previously Published Article by Jadranka Beresford-Peirse)
    ancient Pterocarya stenoptera (champion), Thuyopsis dolobrata and Phyllocladus alpinus ‘Silver Blades’. We just had time to admire Michelia doltsopa in flower before having to leave this interesting garden. Our final visit was to Fonmom Castle, the home of Sir Brooke Boothby who had very kindly invited us all to lunch. We sat at a long table in a room orig- inally built in 1180, and remodelled in Georgian times with beautiful plaster- work and furnishings. After lunch we had a tour of the garden which is on shallow limestone soil, and at times windswept. We admired a large Fagus syl- vatica f. purpurea planted on the edge of the escarpment in 1818, that had been given buttress walls to hold the soil and roots. There was a small Sorbus domes- tica growing in the lawn and we learnt that this tree is a native in the country nearby. We walked through the closely planted ornamental walled garden into the large productive walled vegetable garden. This final visit was a splen- did ending to our tour, and having thanked our host for his warm hospitality, we said goodbye to fellow members and departed after a memorable four days, so rich in plant content and well organised by our leader Rose Clay. ARBORETUM NEWS Trsteno Arboretum, Croatia (This is an edited version of a previously published article by Jadranka Beresford-Peirse) Vicinis laudor sed aquis et sospite celo Plus placeo et cultu splendidioris heri Haec tibi sunt hominum vestigia certa viator Ars ubi naturam perficit apta rudem. (Trsteno, 1502) The inscription above, with its reference to “the visual traces of the human race” is carved onto a stone in a pergola at the Trsteno Arboretum, Croatia, a place of beauty arising like a phoenix from the ashes of wanton destruction and natural disasters.
    [Show full text]
  • Another World Lies Beyond Three Chinese Gardens in the US by Han Li
    Another World Lies Beyond Three Chinese Gardens in the US By Han Li Moon door entrance to the Astor Court garden in New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art. Source: Wikimedia Commons at https://tinyurl.com/y6w8oggy, photo by Sailko. The Astor Court fter more than a decade in the making, a groundbreaking ceremo- Located in the north wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Astor ny took place for a grand classical Chinese garden in Washington, Court is the smallest yet arguably the most exquisite Chinese garden in DC, in October 2016. The US $100 million project, expected to be the US. The garden project was initiated for practical purposes. In 1976, Acompleted by the end of this decade, will transform a twelve-acre site at the Met purchased a set of Ming dynasty (1368–1644) furniture and con- the National Arboretum into the biggest overseas Chinese garden to date. templated a proper “Chinese” place to exhibit the new collection. This idea Interestingly, the report allures that the garden project is meant to implant of building a garden court was enthusiastically endorsed by Mrs. Brooke “a bold presence” of China near the US Capitol and “achieve for Sino-US Astor (1902–2007), a Metropolitan trustee and Astor Foundation chair- relations what the gift of the Tidal Basin’s cherry trees has done for Japa- person, who spent part of her childhood in Beijing due to her father’s nese-American links.”1 It is clear that such overseas Chinese gardens, in ad- naval posting. Thus, the genesis of the Astor Court project stems from dition to showcasing Chinese artistic and cultural expressions, also reflect the convergence of an institutional maneuvering and a sense of personal the particular social-historical circumstances under which they were con- nostalgia.2 The project was delegated to two Chinese architectural expert structed.
    [Show full text]
  • Designing Parterres on the Main City Squares
    https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p66 Professional paper DESIGNING PARTERRES ON THE MAIN CITY SQUARES Milena Lakićević , Ivona Simić , Radenka Kolarov University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Novi Sad, Serbia Abstract: A “parterre” is a word originating from the French, with the meaning interpreted as “on the ground”. Nowadays, this term is widely used in landscape architecture terminology and depicts a ground- level space covered by ornamental plant material. The designing parterres are generally limited to the central city zones and entrances to the valuable architectonic objects, such as government buildings, courts, museums, castles, villas, etc. There are several main types of parterres set up in France, during the period of baroque, and the most famous one is the parterre type “broderie” with the most advanced styling pattern. Nowadays, French baroque parterres are adapted and communicate with contemporary landscape design styles, but some traits and characteristics of originals are still easily recognizable. In this paper, apart from presenting a short overview of designing parterres in general, the main focus is based on designing a new parterre on the main city square in the city of Bijeljina in the Republic of Srpska. The design concept relies on principles known in the history of landscape art but is, at the same time, adjusted to local conditions and space purposes. The paper presents the current design of the selected zone – parterre on the main city square in Bijeljina and proposes a new design strongly influenced by the “broderie” type of parterre. For creating a new design proposal we have used the following software AutoCad (for 2D drawings) and Realtime Landscaping Architect (for more advanced presentations and 3D previews).
    [Show full text]
  • The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance
    •••••••• ••• •• • .. • ••••---• • • - • • ••••••• •• ••••••••• • •• ••• ••• •• • •••• .... ••• .. .. • .. •• • • .. ••••••••••••••• .. eo__,_.. _ ••,., .... • • •••••• ..... •••••• .. ••••• •-.• . PETER MlJRRAY . 0 • •-•• • • • •• • • • • • •• 0 ., • • • ...... ... • • , .,.._, • • , - _,._•- •• • •OH • • • u • o H ·o ,o ,.,,,. • . , ........,__ I- .,- --, - Bo&ton Public ~ BoeMft; MA 02111 The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance ... ... .. \ .- "' ~ - .· .., , #!ft . l . ,."- , .• ~ I' .; ... ..__ \ ... : ,. , ' l '~,, , . \ f I • ' L , , I ,, ~ ', • • L • '. • , I - I 11 •. -... \' I • ' j I • , • t l ' ·n I ' ' . • • \• \\i• _I >-. ' • - - . -, - •• ·- .J .. '- - ... ¥4 "- '"' I Pcrc1·'· , . The co11I 1~, bv, Glacou10 t l t.:• lla l'on.1 ,111d 1 ll01nc\ S t 1, XX \)O l)on1c111c. o Ponrnna. • The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance New Revised Edition Peter Murray 202 illustrations Schocken Books · New York • For M.D. H~ Teacher and Prie11d For the seamd edillo11 .I ltrwe f(!U,riucu cerurir, passtJgts-,wwbly thOS<' on St Ptter's awl 011 Pnlladfo~ clmrdses---mul I lr,rvl' takeu rhe t>pportrmil)' to itJcorporate m'1U)1 corrt·ctfons suggeSLed to nu.• byfriet1ds mu! re11iewers. T'he publishers lwvc allowed mr to ddd several nt•w illusrra,fons, and I slumld like 10 rltank .1\ Ir A,firlwd I Vlu,.e/trJOr h,'s /Jelp wft/J rhe~e. 711f 1,pporrrm,ty /t,,s 11/so bee,r ft1ke,; Jo rrv,se rhe Biblfogmpl,y. Fc>r t/Jis third edUfor, many r,l(lre s1m1II cluu~J!eS lwvi: been m"de a,,_d the Biblio,~raphy has (IJICt more hN!tl extet1si11ely revised dtul brought up to date berause there has l,een mt e,wrmc>uJ incretlJl' ;,, i111eres1 in lt.1lim, ,1rrhi1ea1JrP sittr<• 1963,. wlte-,r 11,is book was firs, publi$hed. It sh<>uld be 110/NI that I haw consistc11tl)' used t/1cj<>rm, 1./251JO and 1./25-30 to 111e,w,.firs1, 'at some poiHI betwt.·en 1-125 nnd 1430', .md, .stamd, 'begi,miug ilJ 1425 and rnding in 14.10'.
    [Show full text]