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ARCOLA MOUNDS (22WS516) and MISSISSIPPIAN CEREMONIALISM in the SOUTHERN YAZOO BASIN by JESSIC

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ARCOLA MOUNDS (22WS516) and MISSISSIPPIAN CEREMONIALISM in the SOUTHERN YAZOO BASIN by JESSIC HIERARCHY, SCALE, AND COMPLEXITY: ARCOLA MOUNDS (22WS516) AND MISSISSIPPIAN CEREMONIALISM IN THE SOUTHERN YAZOO BASIN by JESSICA ANNE KOWALSKI JOHN H. BLITZ, COMMITTEE CHAIR IAN W. BROWN LISA J. LECOUNT VERNON JAMES KNIGHT, JR. H. EDWIN JACKSON A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCLAOOSA, ALABAMA 2019 Copyright Jessica Anne Kowalski 2019 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT This dissertation examines ancient complexity among Mississippian mound centers in the Southern Yazoo Basin of the Lower Mississippi River Valley using an integrated landscape and historical approach. Combining a regional settlement pattern analysis, field investigations at the multiple-mound center of Arcola (22WS516), and a ceramic functional analysis including additional contexts from Rolling Fork (22SH506), and Winterville (22WS516), mound centers are best characterized as low-density residential ceremonial centers. Dispersed populations were integrated through mound construction activities and group gatherings at these large sites. Settlement pattern analysis indicates that large, multiple-mound centers are located in close proximity, likely precluding the presence of buffer zones, an attribute of competitive chiefly polities. Hinterland residents, possibly aligned with different polities, likely interacted regularly across the basin. While there are examples of size hierarchies within four distinct mound center pairings, the pairings are between three and six hours apart overland, extraordinarily close if these polities were organized as complex chiefdoms. Field investigations at the Arcola Mounds, consisting of geophysical survey, controlled artifact surface collection, and testing of geophysical anomalies, delineated two residential areas at the site, north and south of Mound A. Excavations encountered diverse contexts dated to different times in the site’s history, between AD 1350 and 1500, indicating low population density at any one point in time. Although ceramic styles are diverse, ceramic inventories are ii homogenous between sites and through time suggesting a high amount of social integration across the region and the lack of boundaries to exchange. Ceramic functional analysis, combining data sets from three sites, indicates a basin-wide preference for bowls at the mound centers with different kinds of bowls appropriate for different kinds of group activity. These patterns in mound use and ceramic vessel use have a deep history in the basin, reminiscent of Late Woodland Coles Creek mound centers and the large Early Mississippian centers in the region. With little evidence of warfare pressure or elite manipulation of long- distance exchange networks, polity integration appears based upon ideological principles, rooted in communal practice. The persistence of communality in the Southern Yazoo Basin suggests that some local traditions endured despite changes in the subsistence base, and that strongly corporate traditions can be associated with large scales of monumental construction. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the members of my dissertation committee, John H. Blitz, Ian W. Brown, Lisa J. LeCount, Vernon J. Knight, Jr., and H. Edwin Jackson, for their support of this dissertation project. A special thanks to my committee chair, John H. Blitz, for trusting me to see this project through and providing me with well-timed and tactful advice. I would also like to thank H. Edwin (Ed) Jackson for his help and guidance over the years. Ed Jackson introduced me to Southern Yazoo Basin archaeology, trained me as a field archaeologist, provided me with many opportunities to work on interesting projects, and has always treated me like family. Speaking of field archaeologists, the direction of my dissertation was heavily influenced by two courses I took early in my graduate career at the University of Alabama, Analytical Archaeology and the Archaeology of Complex Societies, both taught by Vernon J. Knight, Jr. This research was supported by the University of Alabama through a Graduate Council Research Fellowship and through the University of Alabama Department of Anthropology’s David and Elizabeth DeJarnette Endowed Scholarship in Anthropology. Work at the Arcola Mounds in 2013 and 2014 was made possible through the Mississippi Mound Trail Project. Pam Edwards Lieb, former chief archaeologist in Mississippi, helped make that project happen. John O’Hear kindly set aside the funds for the radiocarbon dates at Arcola. Also thanks to John O’Hear and Ed Jackson, I was able to afford to feed myself a little better than usual for a few summers while writing about the Mississippi Mound Trail Project excavations. iv I am incredibly fortunate that the Mississippi Mound Trail Project also funded the geophysical work at Arcola. Jay Johnson, Samuel H. Butz, and Todd McLeod with the University of Mississippi Center for Archaeological Research conducted the magnetometer survey, a cornerstone of this dissertation project. The Mound Trail Project also demonstrated that Mississippi archaeology, and delta archaeology in particular, is a small world. Jay Johnson, along with Erin Nelson, introduced me to archaeology at Parchman Place Mounds in 2004 when I was an undergraduate student at Ole Miss. I am forever grateful for that formative experience. Erin Nelson has provided much welcome advice over the years and has been a source of knowledge about delta archaeology. Students with the University of Southern Mississippi’s archaeological field school in 2013 and 2014 helped with the first professional excavations at Arcola. Ronald Wise, Stephanie Guest, Aaron Shook, Brian Flynt, Elizabeth Hunt, Sarah Beth Grant, Zachary Myers, and Alice Ivas are the plank owners at the site. Zachary Myers and Mitchell Furr were my field assistants for the dissertation excavations. They stuck with me long after I could no longer afford to pay them, and I count them both as very dear friends. I was also fortunate to have had a host of volunteers from many places. Nicholas Glass, Elizabeth Hunt, Lynn Funkhouser, Kareen Hawsey, Lee Ann Fitzpatrick, Rob Bonney, Nathan Brown, Nikki and Henri Castillo, James A. Nyman, Jason Ervin, Lee Margadant, and Jason Levins spent a considerable amount of time at the site. My parents, Mary and Gary Kowalski, also volunteered their time and labor in the field at Arcola and beyond. Gary Kowalski built the screening tripods, allowed me to use his truck and trailer in exchange for my old, tiny two-door car, and was a general sounding board for all things technical. v James A. Nyman helped secure access to the artifact collection from Rolling Fork. Rachel-Stout Evans offered her expertise in soil science and John Connaway offered his expertise in delta archaeology. Members of the 2014-2015 University of Alabama Anthropology Club surface collected at Arcola, and washed artifacts in the Black Warrior River on a very cold day in early March 2016. Erik Porth suffered through ice-beard conditions in the delta, helping prepare for the club visit. Lauren Pratt, Wade Tidwell, Rob Barlow, and Brandon Boatright helped with the lab work, as well students who took Anthropology 466 Advanced Laboratory Methods in Archaeology in the Spring 2017. Erik Porth, Daniel LaDu, Brooke Persons, Lisa Marie Malischke, and Max Stein, dear friends and colleagues, offered their sage advice throughout my graduate experience, helping me navigate this process. Lynn Funkhouser encouraged me to return to graduate school, and without her perspective, friendship, and superior cat-sitting services, I absolutely would not have made it through this program. Finally, I want to extend a very heartfelt thanks to the Aldridge family for granting me permission to explore Arcola, and offering shelter, food, and drink, while my crew and I experienced life in the Mississippi delta. A special thanks to Robin Aldridge, Sloan McKellar, the Late Mrs. Shearer Aldridge, Kendall Butler, Mary Helen Aldridge, and the communities of Estill and Arcola, Mississippi, for welcoming us into the fold. Without the support of the Aldridge family, this project would not have been possible, and I would have not have had the same memorable Mississippi delta experience. vi CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 Organization of the Dissertation ................................................................................................. 3 Approaches to Complexity in Archaeology ................................................................................ 3 Mississippian Political Organization .......................................................................................... 6 An Integrated Landscape and Historical Approach .................................................................. 13 Research Objectives .................................................................................................................
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