DOCSLIB.ORG

Sierra Nevada Fire Severity Monitoring 1984-2004

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sierra Nevada Fire Severity Monitoring 1984-2004 United States Department of Agriculture Sierra Nevada Forest Service Pacific Southwest Fire Severity Monitoring Region R5-TP-027 1984-2004 August 2008 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Sierra Nevada Fire Severity Monitoring 1984 – 2004 Lead Agency: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region Authors: Jay D. Miller Remote Sensing Specialist Fire, Fuels and Aviation Management Pacific Southwest Region Hugh D. Safford Regional Ecologist Pacific Southwest Region August 2008 This page has no content. Sierr a Nevada Fire Sever it y Monitoring 1984 – 2004 Table of Contents Executive Summary..............................................................................................................1 Background......................................................................................................................1 Objectives........................................................................................................................1 Approach.........................................................................................................................1 Findings...........................................................................................................................2 Discussion........................................................................................................................3 Applications.....................................................................................................................5 Introduction..........................................................................................................................6 Background......................................................................................................................6 Objectives........................................................................................................................8 Approach.........................................................................................................................8 Spatial Extent and Time Period Covered......................................................................9 Wildland Fire Use fires.............................................................................................10 Ecological Stratification for Reporting.......................................................................11 Remot e Sensing and Field Calibrat ion Dat a................................................................12 Fire Severity Ratings Based on the Composite Burn Index..........................................13 Fire Severity Ratings Based on Tree Mortality............................................................15 Stratification by Vegetation Type..............................................................................16 Fire Regime Concept ................................................................................................18 Results ................................................................................................................................21 Summary of Fires Mapped..............................................................................................21 Fires from 2000 through 2004.........................................................................................21 Severity by Vegetation Type...........................................................................................22 Comparison of 1984-2004 fires with SNFPA FEIS analysis.........................................23 Current versus pre-settlement patterns in severity.......................................................25 Severity in Wildland Fire Use (WFU) vs. Wildfires (WF) .................................................26 Trend Analysis...............................................................................................................28 Trend in Severity by Vegetation Type 1984-2004.......................................................29 Trend in Fire Size and High Severity Patch Size 1984-2004........................................37 Trend in Fire Size and Burned Area 1908-2006..........................................................41 Fire Correlations with Climate...................................................................................44 Applications of Fire Severity Data ......................................................................................49 Appendix A: Methods.........................................................................................................51 Appendix B: Severity by Vegetation Type...........................................................................62 Appendix C: Individual Fire Results...................................................................................79 References...........................................................................................................................97 i Sierr a Nevada Fire Sever it y Monitoring 1984 – 2004 List of Tables Table 1. Number of acres by ownership in mapped fires................................................................................................................................10 Table 2. Number of fires within each latitudinal zone....................................................................................................................................12 Table 3. CBI based severity categories..............................................................................................................................................................14 Table 4. CALVEG dominance type groupings.................................................................................................................................................16 Table 5. Historic fire regime types for SNFPA vegetation types (adapted from Sugihara et. al. 2006)................................................20 Table 6. Number and percent acres burned 2000 through 2004 for conifer vegetation types by severity category............................22 Table 7. Number of acres from mapped 1984-2004 fires analyzed by regional vegetation type on U.S. Forest Service administered lands..........................................................................................................................................................................................23 Table 8. The average percent of acres burned by regional vegetation type, fires 1984-2004 vs. percentages used for the SNFPA FEIS..................................................................................................................................................................................................................25 Table 9. Fires used in WFU vs. WF comparison..............................................................................................................................................27 Table 10. Number and percent of acres burned for conifer vegetation types by severity category in WFU and WF fires on Forest Service administered land.............................................................................................................................................................................28 Table 11. Regression statistics for results of ARIMA time series modeling of trends in high severity fire and high severity patch size, 1984-2004...............................................................................................................................................................................................31 Table 12. Contiguous high severity conifer patches greater than 1000 ac. on U.S. Forest Service administered lands in 1984-2004 mapped fires....................................................................................................................................................................................................41 Table 13. Fire-climate regression results...........................................................................................................................................................47 ii Sierr a Nevada Fire Sever it y Monitoring 1984 – 2004 List of Figures Figure 1. Comparison of BAER soil burn severity map to vegetation based severity map.......................................................................7 Figure 2. Location and time period of fires with respect to Landsat path/row location.............................................................................9 Figure 3. Stratification of fires corresponding to latitudinal ecological zones...........................................................................................12 Figure 4. Example field plot photos of CBI based severity
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2017 Schaeffer Fire Sequoia National Forest, an Assessment of Fuels And
    2017 Schaeffer Fire Sequoia National Forest An Assessment of Fuels and Fire Behavior July 24, 2017 Prepared by: Fire Behavior Assessment Team (FBAT) Alicia Reiner, Enterprise Program, [email protected], Jennifer Anderson, Pacific Southwest Region Carol Ewell, Stanislaus National Forest Amy Ziegler, Six Rivers National Forest Summit Wildland Fire Module, Stanislaus National Forest Sequoia Wildland Fire Module, Sequoia National Forest Acknowledgements: We thank the people who dedicate their energy and careers to land and fire management with the Forest Service and other agencies. The firefighters FBAT has had the opportunity to work with on this assignment and others, not only inspire us to continue navigating the difficulties inherent to keeping FBAT operational, but also give us hope that our land management agencies and fire organizations will continue to improve and provide high quality land and fire management into the future. We thank the CA Central Coast Incident Management Team for supporting FBAT logistically and allowing us to accomplish monitoring work on this fire. We thank the Division Supervisors and other resources we worked with for working with us to access portions of the fire safely. We thank the Sequoia National Forest and Kern River Ranger District, for welcoming FBAT to their unit. A final thanks is to all members and supporters of FBAT, current and past, who have made this program, and the learning which comes from it, possible. 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Wildland Fire and Preparedness in San Diego County Working with North County Fire Protection District
    Understanding Wildland Fire and Preparedness in San Diego County Working with North County Fire Protection District Understanding the Threat of Wildland Fire The Threat of Wildland Fire in Our Area? – Gavilan Fire (February 10, 2002) – Cedar Fire (October, 2003) – Paradise Fire (October, 2003) – Rice Fire (October 22, 2007) – Cocos, Highway Fire (May 2014) Understanding the Threat of Wildland Fire • What Drives Wildland Fires in Your Area? – California’s Native Plants are among the most Flammable in the World – Topography – Hot, dry Santa Anna Winds – Year-round Fire Season 2012 Wildland Fire Frequency Mapping The Ready, Set, Go! Program (RSG) • RSG Personal Wildland Fire Action Plan – Family and Property Preparation The Goal is to learn how to improve your homes resistance to wildfires and prepare your family to leave EARLY in a safe manner. National Level Response • Creating Communities Adapted to the Fire Threat - Collaborative efforts at the community level - RSG and is a national tool for this effort - Learn more at www.iafc.org/FAC and www.FireAdapted.org Ready : Prepare your home and family • Home: Creating Defensible Space and Hardening the structure • Family: Create a Family Disaster Plan ReadySandiego.org Alert San Diego Wildland Fire Environment SD Counties Damage assessment team 2007 Rice Fire in Fallbrook: The two main reasons homes were lost: 1. Lack of Defensible Space (Homes overgrown with flammable vegetation) 2. Lack of Ignition Resistant Construction (Homes built to burn) Create Defensible Space Protecting your home from wildfire damage requires limiting the amount of fuel that could bring flames and embers dangerously close to your property.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Management.Indd
    Fire today ManagementVolume 65 • No. 2 • Spring 2005 LLARGEARGE FFIRESIRES OFOF 2002—P2002—PARTART 22 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Erratum In Fire Management Today volume 64(4), the article "A New Tool for Mopup and Other Fire Management Tasks" by Bill Gray shows incorrect telephone and fax numbers on page 47. The correct numbers are 210-614-4080 (tel.) and 210-614-0347 (fax). Fire Management Today is published by the Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. The Secretary of Agriculture has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the pub- lic business required by law of this Department. Fire Management Today is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, at: Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: 202-512-1800 Fax: 202-512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001 Fire Management Today is available on the World Wide Web at http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/fmt/index.html Mike Johanns, Secretary Melissa Frey U.S. Department of Agriculture General Manager Dale Bosworth, Chief Robert H. “Hutch” Brown, Ph.D. Forest Service Managing Editor Tom Harbour, Director Madelyn Dillon Fire and Aviation Management Editor Delvin R. Bunton Issue Coordinator The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communica- tion of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720- 2600 (voice and TDD).
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Fire Policy: Change Conventional Thinking of Smoke Management to Prioritize Long-Term Air Quality and Public Health
    Author's personal copy Air Qual Atmos Health DOI 10.1007/s11869-016-0405-4 Forest fire policy: change conventional thinking of smoke management to prioritize long-term air quality and public health D. W. Schweizer1 & R. Cisneros1 Received: 31 January 2016 /Accepted: 13 April 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 Abstract Wildland fire smoke is inevitable. Size and intensity Keywords Widland fire . Air quality . Policy . Public health . of wildland fires are increasing in the western USA. Smoke-free Smoke management skies and public exposure to wildland fire smoke have effective- ly been postponed through suppression. The historic policy of suppression has systematically both instilled a public expecta- Wildland fire has long been understood to perform many ben- tion of a smoke-free environment and deferred emissions eficial ecosystem functions (Kilgore 1981; Stevens et al. through increased forest fuel loads that will lead to an eventual 2014) including helping to maximize carbon sequestration in large spontaneous release. High intensity fire smoke is fire-prone areas (Hurteau et al. 2008). Recurring lower inten- impacting a larger area including high density urban areas. sity wildland fire additionally limits fire spread, reduces fire Policy change has largely attempted to provide the avenue for progression (Parks et al. 2015), and may provide an avenue to increased use of ecologically beneficial fire but allows for control high-severity emissions of smoke (Steel et al. 2015), continued reliance on suppression as a primary tool for a smoke localizing the subsequent health impacts, decreasing exposure averse population. While understanding the essential role of and population at risk.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Wildland Fire Season
    Pacific Northwest Fire and Aviation Management 2019 WILDLAND FIRE SEASON A cooperative effort between the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of the Interior 1 The 204 Cow Fire, ignited by lightning in August 2019 on the Malheur National Forest, was managed to reduce fuel build-up and restore forest health in an area dominated by beetle- killed trees that had not seen fire in 30 years. Photo Credit: Michael Haas Cover: The lightning-caused Granite Gulch Fire, which started in July 2019, burned in a remote part of the Eagle Cap Wilderness within the Wallowa- Whitman National Forest and was successfully managed to restore ecosystem resiliency. USFS Photo 2 A Season of Extremes: Opportunities in Oregon and Washington, Challenges in Alaska The 2019 fire season was short and inexpensive compared to past years in Oregon and Washington. Resources were on board and ready for an active fire year. Yet, the level of fire activity and resource commitment remained well below what has been experienced in recent years. Recurrent precipitation kept most of the geographic area at or below average levels of fuels dryness. The fuel moisture retention helped minimize severe wildfire activity and enabled firefighters to quickly contain hundreds of fires during initial attack. In Alaska, the situation was very different. Fire conditions warranted the highest preparedness level for an extended period of time. Resources from Oregon and Washington were sent to assist with a long and challenging season. While Alaska focused on wildfire suppression, Oregon and Washington seized opportunities to promote resilient landscapes through proactive fire management when conditions allowed.
    [Show full text]
  • AN ANALYSIS of WILDFIRE IMPACTS on CLIMATE CHANGE By
    AN ANALYSIS OF WILDFIRE IMPACTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE By: Taylor Gilson Mentor: Dr. Elaine Fagner 1 Abstract Abstract: The western United States (U.S.). has recently seen an increase in wildfires that destroyed communities and lives. This researcher seeks to examine the impact of wildfires on climate change by examining recent studies on air quality and air emissions produced by wildfires, and their impact on climate change. Wildfires cause temporary large increases in outdoor airborne particles, such as particulate matter 2.5 (PM 2.5) and particulate matter 10(PM 10). Large wildfires can increase air pollution over thousands of square kilometers (Berkley University, 2021). The researcher will be conducting this research by analyzing PM found in the atmosphere, as well as analyzing air quality reports in the Southwestern portion of the U.S. The focus of this study is to examine the air emissions after wildfires have occurred in Yosemite National Park; and the research analysis will help provide the scientific community with additional data to understand the severity of wildfires and their impacts on climate change. Project Overview and Hypothesis This study examines the air quality from prior wildfires in Yosemite National Park. This research effort will help provide additional data for the scientific community and local, state, and federal agencies to better mitigate harmful levels of PM in the atmosphere caused by forest fires. The researcher hypothesizes that elevated PM levels in the Yosemite National Park region correlate with wildfires that are caused by natural sources such as lightning strikes and droughts. Introduction The researcher will seek to prove the linkage between wildfires and PM.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Management Lessons Learned – Evolving Fire Management Programs 1
    Fire Management Lessons Learned Evolving Fire Management Programs on the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests of Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky and Sequoia National Forest and Giant Sequoia National Monument of California Prepared for U.S. Forest Service Washington Office and Wildland Fire Lessons Learned Center By Carol Ewell and David Kerr, with contributions by Scott Williams – Adaptive Management Services Enterprise Team (AMSET) and Frankie Romero and Tim Sexton – U.S. Forest Service November 2013 Fire Management Lessons Learned – Evolving Fire Management Programs 1 Contents Executive Summary…………………………………….………... 3 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 2. George Washington and Jefferson National Forests……………………………………… 7 Theme 1: Organizational Culture……………………………………………………………… 7 Theme 2: Safety……………………………………………………………………………………..… 19 Theme 3: Economics……………………………………………………………………………..…. 21 Theme 4: Natural Resource Effects and Data Modeling…………………….…….. 22 3. Sequoia National Forest and Giant Sequoia National Monument…………..……… 29 Theme 1: Organizational Culture……………………………………………………………… 29 Theme 2: Safety………………………………………………………………………………..……… 40 Theme 3: Economics…………………………………………………………………………..……. 40 Theme 4: Natural Resource Effects and Data Modeling………………………..….. 43 4. National Goals Tie Ecosystem Restoration Together with Fire and Fuel Management…………………………………………………………..………. 47 5. Lessons Learned…………………………………………………………………………………..……….. 48 6. Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………..…….……. 51 7. References……………………………………………………………………………………………..…….
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Fresno-Kings Unit Fire Plan
    Fresno-Kings Unit 5/03/2020 UNIT STRATEGIC FIRE PLAN AMENDMENTS Page Numbers Description Updated Date Section Updated Updated of Update By 4/30/20 Appendix A 36-38 Fire Plan Projects B. Garabedian 4/30/20 Appendix B 40-41 Added Wildland Activity B. Garabedian Chart 4/30/20 Appendix C 42 Update Ignition Data B. Garabedian 4/30/20 Various 103-119 2019 Accomplishment B. Garabedian i TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT STRATEGIC FIRE PLAN AMENDMENTS .................................................................................... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... ii SIGNATURE PAGE ............................................................................................................................... iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 1 SECTION I: UNIT OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................. 3 UNIT DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................................... 3 FIRE HISTORY ................................................................................................................................ 4 UNIT PREPAREDNESS AND FIREFIGHTING CAPABILITIES ..................................................... 4 SECTION II: COLLABORATION..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • CAL FIRE 2014 Madera Mariposa Merced Unit
    Last update: 1 Feb 2012 UNIT STRATEGIC FIRE PLAN AMENDMENTS Page Numbers Description Updated Date Section Updated Updated of Update By 4/14 Contents Page ii 2014 Update P4224 5/14 Signature Page 1 Annual Update C4200 4/13 Executive Summary 2 Re-Write C4200 5/13 I 3-6 Re-Write 4200 5/14 II 7-8 Update P4224 4/13 III 9-10 Re-Write NK 4/13 IV 11-19 Update B4220 5/14 V 20-38 Update All Battalions 4/14 Appendix A 39-43 Update F4207 4/14 Appendix B 44 Update C4200 4/13 Appendix C 45-49 Update JP 4/13 Appendix C-1 50 Update JP 4/14 Appendix D 51 Update C4201 4/14 Appendix E 52 Update B4220 4/14 Appendix F 55-56 Update B4211 4/14 Appendix G 57-60 Update B4212 4/14 Appendix H 57-60 Update B4214 4/14 Appendix I 61-62 Update B4215 4/14 Appendix J 63-65 Update B16 4/14 Appendix K 66 Update B17 4/14 Appendix L 67-68 Update B18 4/13 Appendix M 69 Update JP 4/13 Exhibits: Maps 70-77 Update JP 6/1 Accomplishments 78-80 Re-Write P4224 i Last update: 1 May 2014 Table of Contents Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... ii SIGNATURE PAGE .................................................................................................................... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 2 SECTION I: UNIT OVERVIEW .................................................................................................. 3 UNIT DESCRIPTION ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 July August September Statewide Fires Situation
    State Operations Center Situation Status Report 2020 July/August/September Statewide Fires September 20, 2020 – 1800 hours Report No. 33 Incident Summary The State Operations Center is activated to support and monitor ongoing wildfire activity occurring in multiple areas throughout the state. Confidentiality Notice This document is for the sole use of the intended recipient(s) and may contain confidential and privileged information. Any unauthorized review, use, disclosure, or distribution is prohibited without the express written consent of the Cal OES Executive Office. Situation Report 2020 July/August/September Statewide Fires Report Date: 9/20/2020 Report Time: 1800 Weather Summary – National Weather Service (NWS) Increasing southwest winds gusting up to 30 mph across the Southern California Mountains and much of the Sierra Range Monday through Wednesday. o Elevated to locally critical fire weather conditions are likely each day, especially across Southern California. A few showers could bring light rain to Del Norte and Humboldt Counties on Wednesday. Weather Watches and Warnings Northern California: o NSTR Southern California: o NSTR Northern California Valley Foothills/Mountains Temps: Lows: 55-65°F, Highs: 85-90ºF Temps: Lows 35-50°F, Highs: 65-75ºF Humidity: Night: 75-85%, Day: 20-30% Humidity: Night: 35-45%, Day: 15-25% Winds: Light and variable tonight, shifting south Winds: Terrain-driven 5-10 mph tonight, shifting to southeast 5-15 mph Monday. southwest 10-15 mph with gusts to 25 mph over the Sierra Monday. Winds along the coastal ranges mainly west to northwest 10-15 mph. Precipitation: Dry Precipitation: Dry Southern California Coast Inland Temps: Lows: 60-65°F, Highs: 75-85ºF Temps: Lows 65-75°F, Highs: 90-105ºF Humidity: Night: 90-100%, Day: 60-70% Mtns: Lows 50-60°F, Highs: 75-80ºF Winds: Light and variable tonight, becoming Humidity: Night: 20-40%, Day: 10-25% west to southwest 5-10 mph Monday.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Klamath Restoration Partnership: Somes Bar Integrated Fire Management Project Lower Middle Klamath River Watershed
    BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION For Threatened, Endangered, Proposed, and Sensitive Anadromous Fish Species That may be affected by: Western Klamath Restoration Partnership: Somes Bar Integrated Fire Management Project Lower Middle Klamath River Watershed * Ukonom Ranger District of the Klamath National Forest and Orleans Ranger District of the Six Rivers National Forest Klamath Province Humboldt and Siskiyou County, California April 20, 2018 Prepared by: _______________________ Date: April 20, 2018 LeRoy Cyr District Fisheries Biologist Reviewed by: ______________________ Date: April 20, 2018 Karen Kenfield Forest Level I Coordinator *Note: The Ukonom Ranger District is administratively managed by the Six Rivers National Forest. Somes Bar Integrated Fire Management Project – Fisheries BA/BE – April 2018 PROJECT NAME: Somes Bar Integrated Fire Management Project ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS: Klamath National Forest - Ukonom Ranger District and Six Rivers National Forest - Orleans Ranger District ANALYSIS WATERSHEDS: 4th field scale - Middle Klamath River: 984,709 acres 6th field scale - Ti Creek: 13,623 acres 6th field scale - Reynolds Creek: 34,611 acres 6th field scale - Boise Creek: 31,343 acres WATERSHED ANALYSES: Ishi-Pishi/Ukonom Ecosystem Analysis (USDA 1998) NEPA Documentation: Somes Bar Integrated Fire Management Project EA Expected signature date: May 2018 ESA LISTED SPECIES CONSIDERED: Southern Oregon/Northern California Coasts Coho salmon ESU (Oncorhynchus kisutch) ESA CRITICAL HABITAT: Southern Oregon/Northern California Coasts Coho salmon CH ESA DETERMINATIONS: The project may affect, not likely to adversely affect Southern Oregon/Northern California Coasts coho or their designated Critical Habitat. ESSENTIAL FISH HABITAT (EFH): The project may affect, not likely to adversely affect Chinook and Coho Salmon Essential Fish Habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading Fire Review
    Reading Fire Review Smoke rises north of Reading Peak on Sunday, August 4, 2012—one week after lightning ignites the Reading Fire. Left and middle Reading Fire suppression photos taken on August 16. Photo on right of firefighters gridding for spots is from August 15. Lassen Volcanic National Park December 18, 2012 Reading Fire Review • Lassen Volcanic National Park 1 The Reading Fire as seen from Mt. Harkness on August 6. Contents Executive Summary…………………………………..… 3 1. Introduction………………………………………….………………..……… 6 2. Background – Lassen Volcanic National Park Fire History…………...... 7 3. Summary – A Learning-Focused Review of this Incident……………..... 10 4. Reading Fire Chronology………………………….………………..……… 13 5. Fire Behavior Summary…………………………..…………………..……. 20 6. Key Factors and Lessons Learned by the Participants….………...…… 29 7. Key Factors and Lessons Learned by the Review Team….….…...…… 34 8. Recommendations……………………………………….…………………. 38 9. Commendations……………….....……………………….………………… 39 10. Review Team Members………….……………………………......…….…. 40 11. Appendices Appendix A – Reading Fire Compliance with Wildland Fire Management Policy……..……………....... 41 Appendix B – Review Team Delegation of Authority…………..…….... 43 Appendix C – Reading Fire Comprehensive Chronology…………….... 44 Appendix D – The Lassen Volcanic National Park Pocket Card…...….. 51 Appendix E – General Exhibited Fire Behavior Based on Live Fuel Moisture Values…….……………….. 52 Appendix F – Manzanita RAWS Wind Graph………………….…….….. 53 Cover page photo credits: Bottom left photo taken by Kim Lemke. All other photos provided by Lassen Volcanic National Park. Reading Fire Review • Lassen Volcanic National Park 2 Reading Fire Review Executive Summary On July 23, 2012, a lightning strike started the Reading Fire in the interior of Lassen Volcanic National Park. The fire, located at approximately 7,000 feet in elevation, was located in red fir with areas of rock and limited ground fuels.
    [Show full text]