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GÅRDAR I DALSLAND - En Bebyggelsehistorisk Versikt

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GÅRDAR I DALSLAND - En Bebyggelsehistorisk �Versikt GÅRDAR I DALSLAND - en bebyggelsehistorisk versikt Gårdar i Dalsland - en bebyggelsehistorisk versikt Länsstyrelsen i Västra Gtalands län, publikation 2008:85 ISSN 1403-168-X ISBN 978-91-633-3899-1 Bebyggelsestudie, fältinventering och text: Marie Odenbring Widmark Grafisk form, redigering och kartbearbetning: Andreas Hansen Använda frkortningar vid foto m.m: NM = Nordiska Museet, RAÄ = Riksantikvarieämbetet, DFH = Dalslands Fornminnes- och hembygdsfrbund, RMVG = Regionmuseum Västra Gtaland (nu en del av Västarvet), OE = Ola Erikson, OH = Olle Homman, GvS = Gsta von Schoultz, MH = Margareta Hallin, ML = Maria Lfgren, CAA = Christian Aarsrud, AB = Anni Bergstrm, MOW = Marie Odenbring Widmark, KAK = Karl-Arne Karlsson, LB = Lars Bergstrm, DW = Dag Widmark, LA = Lennart Andersson, YB = Ylva Blomberg, BAL = Bengt A Lundberg, PNN = Pål Nils Nilsson, NIS = Nils Ivan Svensson, CC = Claes Claesson, EB = Erik Bjrnänger, BA = Birgitta Andreasson, HF = Hanna Ferlin Fotograf fr gårdsdelens bilder är Marie Odenbring Widmark med fljande undantag: Bilderna till gårdarna 3, 10 och 13 samt interirbilden gård 26, s 186 har fotograferats av Ola Erikson. Gård 8, s 116 stora bilden har fotograferats av Sven Sil- lén. Gård 17, s 148 nedersta bilden har fotograferats av Birgitta Andreasson. Gård 13, s 134 nedersta bilden tillhr familjen Lundgren. Uppmätning och ritning gård 7, s 110, 112 Anders Andén och Margareta Hallin. Bild framsidan: Collage av Dalslandsgårdar Ola Erikson och Marie Odenbring Widmark Bild baksidan: Kalvar i uthus vid sjn Råvarp i Tisselskog, foto Ola Erikson Referensgrupp: Karl-Arne Karlsson, Lars Bergstrm och Erik Holmstrm, Västarvet, Thomas Engel, Länsstyrelsen i Västra Gtalands län Utver referensgruppen har fljande deltagit som referenspersoner: De olika gårdsägarna, Andreas Hansen (Västarvet), Ann-Katrin Larsson (Länsstyrelsen i Västra Gtalands län), Ylva Blomberg (Agronom med frflutet vid Lantbruksnämnden och Hushållningssällskapet, nu Västfastigheter) Bakgrundskartor: © Lantmäteriet 2000/2820-0 Tryck: Rydins Tryckeri AB, Nossebro 2008 Frord enna rapport berättar om bondgårdsmiljöer i Dalsland. Den är den sista i en serie om fyra som beskriver och pekar ut bondgårdarnas kultur- Dhistoriska värden i Västergötland, Bohuslän och Dalsland. Rapporten är en redovisning av projektet Agrar bebyggelse med särskilda kulturvärden i Dalsland. Projektet ingår i en strre satsning kring det agrara landskapets histo- ria i Västra Götaland. Arbetet med odlingslandskapets kultur- och naturvärden är prioriterat sedan ett antal år. Såväl det äldre landskapets värden som den agrara bebyggelsen har hamnat i fokus. Mycket görs fr att slå vakt om odlingslandskapets värden, exempelvis genom miljöstden till jordbruket, miljmålen och den nya mjlig- heten att inrätta kulturreservat som Miljöbalken erbjuder. Inte minst finns också ett stort intresse bland fastighetsägare att slå vakt kulturarvet i den egna närmiljön. Gårdsrapporterna ger en versikt ver bondgårdarnas bebyggelsehistoria och är tänkta att fungera som information samt som vägledning i prioriteringar av insatser fr bevarande och vård. Agrar bebyggelse med särskilda kulturvärden i Dalsland har genomfrts som ett samarbete mellan Länsstyrelsen i Västra Götalands län och Västarvet. Ett särskilt tack riktas till alla fastighetsägare som bidragit med värdefull kunskap om gårdar och bygd! Karolina von Mentzer Länsantikvarie Länsstyrelsen i Västra Götalands län 3 Innehåll 1. Inledning 9 Bakgrund och problem 9 Syfte och frågeställningar 10 Avgränsning och urval 10 Inventeringsområdet 10 Vad menas med bondgård? 10 Strävan efter helhet 10 Urvalskriterier 10 Tidsmässiga ramar 11 Metod och material 11 Disposition 12 Tidigare studier och forskning 12 2. Den dalsländska bondgården – en bebyggelsehistorisk versikt 14 NÅGOT OM FÖRHÅLLANDENA FÖRE DEN AGRARA REVOLUTIONEN 14 Översiktligt om jordnaturer, marker och odlingssystem 14 Bebyggelsemnster 16 Byns form 16 Gårdens form 17 EN ÅTERBLICK PÅ DEN MEDELTIDA BEBYGGELSEN 17 Från expansion till agrarkris 17 Ommblering i landskapet 18 Hustyper 18 Enkelstugor och hgloftsstugor 20 Ekonomibyggnader 20 Byggnadsteknik och material 21 TIDIGMODERN TID 1540-1750 22 Nyodling och reduktion 22 Hus för boende och förvaring 23 Parstugan 24 Framkammarstugan 24 Nattstugan 24 Utrymmen i långa längor 24 Hus för djurhållning och förvaring 25 Funktioner i långa längor 25 Utrymmen fr småfän 26 Med skeckor fick man mera plats 27 Fristående frvaring – lador och bodar 27 Byggnadsteknik och materialval 28 Stommen – timmer i gran och fur 28 En sorts panel – resved och ris 28 Torv på taken 29 Sten i husen 29 EXPANSIVA TIDER – 1750-1870 30 Skiften och havreodling 30 Frändrade bebyggelsemnster 31 5 Bostadshusen 32 Ökad standard 32 Sidokammare med långkök 33 Den andra våningen 33 Rikare planlsningar och sidokammarstugor 34 Djurhållning 34 Häststall 35 Sommarfähuset 36 Hus fr frädling och förvaring 36 Linbastun – kölnan – rian 36 Det hemliga huset 37 Brygghuset 38 Bodar och magasin 39 Byggnadsteknik och materialval 40 Stomme och klädsel 40 Fasaderna får färg 40 Tak – halm, skiffer och tegel 41 JORDBRUKET I INDUSTRISAMHÄLLET 1870-1945 42 Från spannmål till djurhållning 42 Ett utvecklat boende 44 Från enkel till dubbel bredd 45 Mönsterritningar 46 Influenser från Amerika 47 Egnahem och villaideal slår igenom 48 Kök och uppvärmning 49 Djurhållning 50 Ladugården utvecklas 50 Foderbord fr enklare utfodring 51 Den viktiga mjölken 51 Hönshus 53 Förädling och förvaring 54 Gdseln får komma under tak 54 Trskningen mekaniseras 55 Från htjuga till hiss 55 Elektrifieringen revolutionerade hhanteringen 55 Från smedja till gårdsverkstad 56 Magasin 57 Källare 57 Rum fr redskap – lider, garage och maskinhall 58 Lador fr hö och havre, löv och torv 59 Sjönära bodar och uthus 59 Teknik och materialval 60 Stommen av trä 60 Andra material än trä 60 Tak 61 Färg på husen 62 Hus utanfr gården 63 Kvarnar 63 Mejerier och slakterier 64 Lantmannafreningar 65 NÅGOT OM FÖRHÅLLANDENA EFTER 1900-TALETS MITT 66 Mot storskalighet och specialisering 66 Bostadshusen 67 De gamla husen hänger med 67 Kataloghusen tar ver 68 6 Hus för djurhållning 68 Flexibla äldre ladugårdslängor 68 Från hghus till låghus 69 Grisar, höns och får 70 Hus fr frvaring och förädling 71 Torkar 71 Ensilage 71 Maskinhallar 71 Gdselbrunnen 72 Gårdens form 72 Byggnadsteknik och materialval 73 Bevarandeläget i Dalsland idag 74 Dalslandsstugan som lokal identitetsskapare 76 Nya inriktningar ger nya hustyper 77 3. Dalsland – landskapsregioner och gårdar 78 Region 1. Vänerns maritima miljer 79 1. MELLERUD BODANE 1:2 och BODANE 1:13 82 2. ÅMÅL ÖSTRA BODANE 1:2, 1:12 88 Region 2a. Dalboslätten 93 3. MELLERUD SKÅKERUD 1:42 Slätten 97 4. MELLERUD SVECKLINGEBYN 1:39 99 5. MELLERUD ÅSNEBYN 1:8, 1:11 102 6. VÄNERSBORG BRÄNNEBERG 1:34 106 7. VÄNERSBORG BÖN 1:38 Granbacken 110 8. VÄNERSBORG EKENÄS SÖDRA 24:2 114 9. VÄNERSBORG FAGERHULT 1:9 117 Region 9b. Dalslands skogs- och bruksbygder 123 10. BENGTSFORS BÖN 1:38 Lugnabo 127 11. BENGTSFORS KESNACKEN 1:49 Bäcken 129 12. BENGTSFORS LAXARBY-HEDEN 3:29 Västerhögen 132 13. BENGTSFORS NORRA LUND 1:50 Skåkene 134 14. BENGTSFORS TISSELSKOG-HEDEN 1:20 137 15. DALS ED BODANE 1:14 Butorp 139 16. DALS ED GÄSERUD 1:17 och GÄSERUD 1:21 141 17. DALS ED RÖRVIKEN 1:54 Sörgården 145 18. MELLERUD ANOLFSBYN 1:22, 1:45 Nol i stugan 149 19. ÅMÅL BRÄCKETORP 1:1 152 20. ÅMÅL LÅBYN 1:3 Hagen 155 Region 10a. Dalslands dalbygder 159 21. DALS ED DJUPEDALEN 1:9, KOLSÄTER 3:35 Hageberget 163 22. FÄRGELANDA HÅVESTEN 2:5 Ängarne 168 23. FÄRGELANDA SÖDRA KYLSÄTER 2:5 Södra Kylsäter, Norra Kylsäter 171 24. FÄRGELANDA SKALLSJÖ 1:30 Södra Skallsj 177 25. FÄRGELANDA SKÄLLSÄTER 1:5 Dammen 179 Region 10b. Kroppefjäll 182 26. FÄRGELANDA VINNSÄTER 1:33 185 27. MELLERUD FLATHULT 1:3 189 4. Arkiv- och litteraturfrteckning 194 5. Register ver beskrivna gårdar 198 7 Socknar och härader i Dalsland (OE) 8 1. Inledning Bakgrund och problem av Bohusläns bondgårdar under perioden 1750- Jordbrukets bebyggelse utgör en viktig del av bygg- 1950, presenterat i rapporten Bohuslänska gårdar nadsbeståndet i det dalsländska landskapet. Senare – byggnadstraditioner i ett föränderligt agrarsam- års kade intresse fr landsbygdens bebyggelse har hälle .4 År 2007 utkom Gårdar kring Göteborg – en emellertid tydliggjort den kunskapsbrist som finns bebyggelsehistorisk versikt som presenterar 12 när det gäller den agrara bebyggelsens historia och gårdar i Göteborg, Härryda, Mlndal och Partille då kanske främst det som rör 1900-talets jord- kommuner tillsammans med en versiktlig agrar- bruksbyggnader. historisk genomgång samt nedslag i denna regions agrarproduktion och bebyggelsetradition.5 Inom kulturmiljövården finns ett behov av kad kunskap om jordbruksbebyggelsens kulturvärden. Under arbetets gång har också en mindre informa- Såväl det äldre odlingslandskapet som jordbrukets tionsskrift tagits fram som ett gemensamt projekt byggnader har alltmer hamnat i fokus i bevarande- mellan länsstyrelsen och de regionala museerna. diskussionen. Odlingslandskapets värden har ställts Bondens hus – En skrift om lantbrukets äldre eko- i centrum, t.ex. genom miljöstden till jordbruket, nomibyggnader i Västra Götaland riktar sig till de nya miljmålen och den nya mjlighet att inrätta lantbrukare och andra ägare av äldre jordbruks- särskilda kulturreservat som Miljöbalken erbjuder. bebyggelse. 6 Ansökningar om bidrag fr vård av kulturhistoriskt värdefull bebyggelse berör i stor utsträckning den För att få ett heltäckande kunskapsunderlag och ett agrara bebyggelsen vilket kräver prioriteringar, jämfrbart
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