Federal Register/Vol. 81, No. 57/Thursday, March 24, 2016/Notices

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Federal Register/Vol. 81, No. 57/Thursday, March 24, 2016/Notices 15678 Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 57 / Thursday, March 24, 2016 / Notices Monday through Friday, except to be shipped, for processing purposes, Estimated Annual Number of holidays. To be sure someone is there to to a region where Newcastle disease Responses: 203. help you, please call (202) 799–7039 exists and then returned to the United Estimated Total Annual Burden on before coming. States. These provisions require the use Respondents: 205 hours. (Due to FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For of four information collection activities: averaging, the total annual burden hours information on the importation of live (1) A certificate of origin that must be may not equal the product of the annual poultry, poultry meat, and other poultry issued, including serial numbers that number of responses multiplied by the products from specified regions into the must be recorded; (2) maintenance of reporting burden per response.) United States, contact Dr. Magde records; (3) cooperative service All responses to this notice will be Elshafie, Senior Staff Veterinarian, agreements that must be signed; and (4) summarized and included in the request National Import Export Services, VS, certificates for shipment back to the for OMB approval. All comments will APHIS, 4700 River Road, Unit 40, United States. also become a matter of public record. Riverdale, MD 20737; (301) 851–3332. The information collection Done in Washington, DC, this 17th day of For copies of more detailed information requirements above are currently March 2016. on the information collection, contact approved by the Office of Management Kevin Shea, Ms. Kimberly Hardy, APHIS’ and Budget (OMB) for the importation Administrator, Animal and Plant Health Information Collection Coordinator, at of live poultry, poultry meat, and other Inspection Service. poultry products from specified regions (301) 851–2727. [FR Doc. 2016–06659 Filed 3–23–16; 8:45 am] under number 0579–0228, and U.S. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: BILLING CODE 3410–34–P Title: Importation of Live Poultry, origin poultry meat shipped, for Poultry Meat, and Other Poultry processing purposes, to a region where Products From Specified Regions. Newcastle disease exists and returned to DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OMB Control Number: 0579–0228. the United States under number 0579– Type of Request: Revision to and 0141. After OMB approves and Animal and Plant Health Inspection extension of approval of an information combines the burden for both Service collections under one collection collection. [Docket No. APHIS–2013–0044] Abstract: Under the authority of the (number 0579–0228), the Department Animal Health Protection Act (7 U.S.C. will retire number 0579–0141. Environmental Impact Statement; 8301 et seq.), the Animal and Plant We are asking OMB to approve our Animal Carcass Management: Record Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of use of these information collection of Decision the United States Department of activities, as described, for an additional Agriculture is authorized, among other 3 years. AGENCY: Animal and Plant Health The purpose of this notice is to solicit things, to prohibit or restrict the Inspection Service, USDA. comments from the public (as well as importation and interstate movement of ACTION: Notice. affected agencies) concerning our animals and animal products to prevent information collection. These comments SUMMARY: We are advising the public the introduction into and dissemination will help us: that the Animal and Plant Health within the United States of livestock (1) Evaluate whether the collection of Inspection Service has prepared a diseases and pests. To carry out the information is necessary for the proper record of decision for the programmatic mission, APHIS regulates the performance of the functions of the environmental impact statement titled importation of animals and animal Agency, including whether the ‘‘Carcass Management During a Mass products into the United States. The information will have practical utility; Animal Health Emergency.’’ regulations are contained in 9 CFR parts (2) Evaluate the accuracy of our DATES: Effective Date: March 24, 2016. 92 through 98. estimate of the burden of the collection ADDRESSES: You may read the In part 94, § 94.33 allows the of information, including the validity of importation, subject to certain documents referenced in this notice and the methodology and assumptions used; any comments we received in our conditions, of live poultry, poultry (3) Enhance the quality, utility, and reading room. The reading room is meat, and other poultry products from clarity of the information to be located in Room 1141 of the USDA certain regions, including Argentina and collected; and the Mexican States of Campeche, (4) Minimize the burden of the South Building, 14th Street and Quintana Roo, and Yucatan, that are free collection of information on those who Independence Avenue SW., of Newcastle disease. The conditions for are to respond, through use, as Washington, DC. Normal reading room importation require, among other things, appropriate, of automated, electronic, hours are 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday certification from a full-time salaried mechanical, and other collection through Friday, except holidays. To be veterinary officer of the national technologies; e.g., permitting electronic sure someone is there to help you, government of the exporting region that submission of responses. please call (202) 799–7039 before poultry and poultry products exported Estimate of Burden: The public coming. Those documents are also from one of these regions originated in reporting burden for this collection of posted with the comments we received that region (or in another region information is estimated to average 1 on the Regulations.gov Web site at recognized by APHIS as free of hour per response. http://www.regulations.gov/ Newcastle disease) and that before the Respondents: Federal animal health #!docketDetail;D=APHIS-2013-0044. export to the United States, the poultry authorities of certain regions that export FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For and poultry products were not live poultry, poultry meat, and other questions related to the carcass commingled with poultry and poultry poultry products; importers; pet bird management program, contact Ms. Lori products from regions where Newcastle owners; and zoological facilities. P. Miller, PE, Senior Staff Officer, disease exists. Estimated Annual Number of Science, Technology and Analysis In addition, the regulations in § 94.6 Respondents: 48. Services, VS, APHIS, 4700 River Road, include provisions that allow poultry Estimated Annual Number of Unit 41, Riverdale, MD 20737; (301) meat that originates in the United States Responses per Respondent: 4.229. 851–3512. For questions related to the VerDate Sep<11>2014 17:44 Mar 23, 2016 Jkt 238001 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\FR\FM\24MRN1.SGM 24MRN1 asabaliauskas on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with NOTICES Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 57 / Thursday, March 24, 2016 / Notices 15679 programmatic environmental impact Done in Washington, DC, this 17th day of Plant Health Programs, PPQ, APHIS, statement and record of decision, March 2016. 4700 River Road, Unit 133, Riverdale, contact Ms. Samantha Floyd, Kevin Shea, MD 20737–1231; (301) 851–2198. Environmental Protection Specialist, Administrator, Animal and Plant Health SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Cape ivy Environmental and Risk Analysis Inspection Service. (Delairea odorata), a native of South Services, PPD, APHIS, 4700 River Road, [FR Doc. 2016–06657 Filed 3–23–16; 8:45 am] Africa, has become one of the most Unit 149, Riverdale, MD 20737; (301) BILLING CODE 3410–34–P pervasive non-native plants to invade 851–3053. the coastal west region of the United SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: On DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE States, particularly in California and October 25, 2013, the Animal and Plant Oregon. Cape ivy is a weedy vine that Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Animal and Plant Health Inspection prefers moist, partly-shaded published in the Federal Register (78 Service environments along the Pacific coast; FR 63959, Docket No. APHIS–2013– [Docket No. APHIS–2015–0099] however, there are reports of 0044) a notice of intent to prepare a infestations at inland riparian locations. programmatic environmental impact Availability of an Environmental Fragments of the plant easily root, statement (PEIS) for the purpose of Assessment for the Biological Control which facilitates the spread of this analyzing the use of various carcass of Cape Ivy invasive plant. Overgrowth of cape ivy, management options during a mass AGENCY: Animal and Plant Health a climbing vine, causes native plants to animal health emergency. On August Inspection Service, USDA. die. The Animal and Plant Health 24, 2015, the Environmental Protection ACTION: Notice of availability and Inspection Service (APHIS) is proposing Agency (EPA) published in the Federal request for comments. to issue permits for the field release of Register (80 FR 51256) a notice of the a gall-forming fly, Parafreutreta regalis, availability of the draft PEIS. The public SUMMARY: We are advising the public into the continental United States to comment period for the draft PEIS was that the Animal and Plant Health reduce the severity of cape ivy 60 days. APHIS accepted comments on Inspection Service has prepared a draft infestations. environmental assessment relative to the draft PEIS during and after the the control of Cape ivy, Delairea APHIS’ review and analysis of the comment period until November
Recommended publications
  • Evaluation of a Plant-Herbivore System In
    EVALUATION OF A PLANT-HERBIVORE SYSTEM IN DETERMINING POTENTIAL EFFICACY OF A CANDIDATE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT, CORNOPS AQUATICUM FOR WATER HYACINTH, EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY of RHODES UNIVERSITY by ANGELA BOWNES December 2008 Abstract Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes Mart. Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae), a free- floating aquatic macrophyte of Neotropical origin, was introduced into South Africa as an ornamental aquarium plant in the early 1900’s. By the 1970’s it had reached pest proportions in dams and rivers around the country. Due to the sustainability, cost efficiency and low environmental risk associated with biological control, this has been a widely used method in an attempt to reduce infestations to below the threshold where they cause economic and ecological damage. To date, five arthropod and one pathogen biocontrol agents have been introduced for the control of water hyacinth but their impact has been variable. It is believed that their efficacy is hampered by the presence of highly eutrophic systems in South Africa in which plant growth is prolific and the negative effects of herbivory are therefore mitigated. It is for these reasons that new, potentially more damaging biocontrol agents are being considered for release. The water hyacinth grasshopper, Cornops aquaticum Brüner (Orthoptera: Acrididae), which is native to South America and Mexico, was brought into quarantine in Pretoria, South Africa in 1995. Although the grasshopper was identified as one of the most damaging insects associated with water hyacinth in its native range, it has not been considered as a biocontrol agent for water hyacinth anywhere else in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reproductive Biology, Natural Enemies and Biological Control of Delairea Odorata Lem
    The Reproductive Biology, Natural Enemies and Biological Control of Delairea odorata Lem. by Carol Ann Rolando Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the School of Botany and Zoology, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, March 2000 ABSTRACT Delairea odorata Lem., an asteraceous perennial vine indigenous to southern Africa, has become naturalised and invasive in many subtropical regions including California, South Australia and Hawaii. Biological control offers a potential long term solution to the management of this species in exotic locations. This study analysed aspects ofthe biology ofD. odorata in its native environment to determine its suitability to classical biological control. To this end an examination of the reproductive biology and natural enemies of D. odorata was made. A study of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid profile was also conducted. Reproductive biology: Delairea odorata reproduces both sexually by seeds and asexually by stolons. The flowering season occurs over the autumn months from April to June. Results ofthe pollination trials indicate thatD. odorata is a cross compatible species and an obligate outbreeder. There is no specialised pollination system and the predorninant pollinators belong to the families Apidae, Syrphidae and Calliphoridae. Following pollination, numerous small achenes are produced. Laboratory trials indicate that these achenes germinate readily between 10 and 25 QC and, although germination occurs in both the light and dark, light clearly stimulates seed germination. Greenhouse trials conducted to determine the effect of light on growth and reproduction indicate that D. odorata is a shade tolerant species which shows plasticity in terms ofgrowth form and deployment ofbiomass in response to changes in light intensity.
    [Show full text]
  • Dube Nontembeko 2019.Pdf (2.959Mb)
    UNDERSTANDING THE FITNESS, PREFERENCE AND PERFORMANCE OF SPECIALIST HERBIVORES OF THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN BIOTYPE OF CHROMOLAENA ODORATA (ASTERACEAE), AND IMPACTS ON PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND GROWTH RATE OF THE PLANT By NONTEMBEKO DUBE Submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirement of Doctorate of Philosophy In The Discipline of Entomology School of Life Sciences College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa 2019 PREFACE The research contained in this thesis was completed by the candidate while based in the Discipline of Entomology, School of Life Sciences of the College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg campus, South Africa, under the supervision of Dr Caswell Munyai, Dr Costas Zachariades, Dr Osariyekemwen Uyi and the guidance of Prof Fanie van Heerden. The research was financially supported by the Natural Resource Management Programmes of the Department of Environmental Affairs, and Plant Health and Protection of the Agricultural Research Council. The contents of this work have not been submitted in any form to another university and, except where the work of others is acknowledged in the text, the results reported are due to investigations by the candidate. _________________________ Signed: N. Dube (Candidate) Date: 08 August 2019 __________________________ Signed: C. Munyai (Supervisor) Date: 08August 8, 2019 ________________________________ Signed: C. Zachariades (Co-supervisor) Date: 08 August 2019 _________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Target Effects of Insect Biocontrol Agents and Trends in Host Specificity Since 1985
    CAB Reviews 2016 11, No. 044 Non-target effects of insect biocontrol agents and trends in host specificity since 1985 Roy Van Driesche*1 and Mark Hoddle2 Address: 1 Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-9285, USA. 2 Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. *Correspondence: Roy Van Driesche, Email: [email protected] Received: 6 October 2016 Accepted: 7 November 2016 doi: 10.1079/PAVSNNR201611044 The electronic version of this article is the definitive one. It is located here: http://www.cabi.org/cabreviews © CAB International 2016 (Online ISSN 1749-8848) Abstract Non-target impacts of parasitoids and predaceous arthropods used for classical biological control of invasive insects include five types of impact: (1) direct attacks on native insects; (2) negative foodweb effects, such as competition for prey, apparent competition, or displacement of native species; (3) positive foodweb effects that benefited non-target species; (4) hybridization of native species with introduced natural enemies; and (5) attacks on introduced weed biocontrol agents. Examples are presented and the commonness of effects discussed. For the most recent three decades (1985–2015), analysis of literature on the host range information for 158 species of parasitoids introduced in this period showed a shift in the third decade (2005–2015) towards a preponderance of agents with an index of genus-level (60%) or species-level (8%) specificity (with only 12% being assigned a family-level or above index of specificity) compared with the first and second decades, when 50 and 40% of introductions had family level or above categorizations of specificity and only 21–27 (1985–1994 and 1995–2004, respectively) with genus or 1–11% (1985–1994 and 1995–2004, respectively) with species-level specificity.
    [Show full text]
  • First Field Release of the Cape-Ivy Shoot Tip-Galling Fly Along the California Coast
    First field release of the Cape-ivy shoot tip-galling fly along the California coast Scott L. Portman & Patrick J. Moran Cape-ivy (Delairea odorata, Asteraceae) . Vine-like perennial. Native to South Africa. Flowers in the winter. Native range . Highly invasive in California! World distribution of Cape-ivy Cape-ivy distribution in California Found all along . Riparian habitats California coastline. Coastal scrub . Non-coniferous mountain forests . Urban/agricultural areas Big Sur, CA Half Moon Bay, CA Current Cape-ivy management methods Manual removal Herbicide treatments -Glyphosate -Triclopyr -Clopyralid Susan Schwartz, Friends of Five Creeks “Friends of Five Creeks” volunteers hand-pulling Cape-ivy. Are these methods working? . Cape-ivy grows and spreads too rapidly to be effectively managed with manual removal or herbicide treatments. Often found in locations that are Mar 2017, Humboldt too difficult or too hazardous to access. Biological control is a better way! Feb 2017, San Mateo Weed biological control equilibrium Introduce biocontrol Cape-ivy shoot tip-galling fly galled plant vs. healthy plant Parafreutreta regalis (Tephritidae) Cape-ivy shoot tips Galled shoot tips P. regalis field releases (25o C, 65% RH) Field cage . Flies released in field cages. Cages removed after 3-4 weeks. emergence . Plots surveyed for galls. holes . Moonstone – Humboldt Co. Moonstone Parafreutreta regalis Trinidad Land Trust releases 2017 . Elk – Mendocino Co. Elk Cove Inn & Spa . Timber Cove – Sonoma Co. Elk Harrison Ranch Timber Cove . San Francisco – San Francisco Co. The Presidio San Francisco Oakland . Oakland – Alameda Co. Fremont Leona Canyon Park Half Moon Bay . Fremont – Alameda Co. Mission Peak Park Big Sur . Half Moon Bay – San Mateo Co.
    [Show full text]
  • National Program 304 – Crop Protection and Quarantine
    APPENDIX 1 National Program 304 – Crop Protection and Quarantine ACCOMPLISHMENT REPORT 2007 – 2012 Current Research Projects in National Program 304* SYSTEMATICS 1245-22000-262-00D SYSTEMATICS OF FLIES OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPORTANCE; Allen Norrbom (P), Sonja Jean Scheffer, and Norman E. Woodley; Beltsville, Maryland. 1245-22000-263-00D SYSTEMATICS OF BEETLES IMPORTANT TO AGRICULTURE, LANDSCAPE PLANTS, AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; Steven W. Lingafelter (P), Alexander Konstantinov, and Natalie Vandenberg; Washington, D.C. 1245-22000-264-00D SYSTEMATICS OF LEPIDOPTERA: INVASIVE SPECIES, PESTS, AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS; John W. Brown (P), Maria A. Solis, and Michael G. Pogue; Washington, D.C. 1245-22000-265-00D SYSTEMATICS OF PARASITIC AND HERBIVOROUS WASPS OF AGRICULTURAL IMPORTANCE; Robert R. Kula (P), Matthew Buffington, and Michael W. Gates; Washington, D.C. 1245-22000-266-00D MITE SYSTEMATICS AND ARTHROPOD DIAGNOSTICS WITH EMPHASIS ON INVASIVE SPECIES; Ronald Ochoa (P); Washington, D.C. 1245-22000-267-00D SYSTEMATICS OF HEMIPTERA AND RELATED GROUPS: PLANT PESTS, PREDATORS, AND DISEASE VECTORS; Thomas J. Henry (P), Stuart H. McKamey, and Gary L. Miller; Washington, D.C. INSECTS 0101-88888-040-00D OFFICE OF PEST MANAGEMENT; Sheryl Kunickis (P); Washington, D.C. 0212-22000-024-00D DISCOVERY, BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF NATURAL ENEMIES OF INSECT PESTS OF CROP AND URBAN AND NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS; Livy H. Williams III (P) and Kim Hoelmer; Montpellier, France. * Because of the nature of their research, many NP 304 projects contribute to multiple Problem Statements, so for the sake of clarity they have been grouped by focus area. For the sake of consistency, projects are listed and organized in Appendix 1 and 2 according to the ARS project number used to track projects in the Agency’s internal database.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Control of Cape Ivy Project
    Biological Control of Cape-ivy Project 2005-2006 Biennial Research Report prepared by Joe Balciunas and Chris Mehelis United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service Western Regional Research Center - Exotic & Invasive Weed Research Unit 800 Buchanan St., Albany, California 94710 (510) 559-5975 FAX: (510) 559-5982 II Executive Summary by Dr. Joe Balciunas This is our second ‘electronic’ report, and most of you will receive our Biennial Report for 2005 and 2006 as PDF attachment to an email. We hope that this will make our report more easily accessible, since you may chose to store it on your hard disk. There are also a 58 pages of Appendices that supplement this report. They can be viewed / downloaded from our FTP dropbox at ftp://147.49.50.52/dropbox/Balciunas/. The good news is that by the end of 2006, we had reached the milestone of completing our host range testing of our two most promising potential biological control agents for Cape ivy, the gall fly, Parafreutreta regalis, and the stem-boring moth, Digitivalva delaireae. We have tested more than 80 species of plants, and neither of our candidate agents was able to complete development on anything other than their Cape ivy host.{See sections II & III] We have collated our results, and are preparing a formal ‘petition’ seeking permission to release both of these agents in the field. This ‘petition’ will be submitted to TAG during the second quarter of 2007. We hope to receive a positive recommendation from TAG within 6 months. The outlook for receiving a release permit from USDA-APHIS-PPQ has improved, but is still not clear.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Controls Investigated to Aid Management of Olive Fruit Fly in California
    UC Agriculture & Natural Resources California Agriculture Title Biological controls investigated to aid management of olive fruit fly in California Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0dg816pn Journal California Agriculture, 65(1) ISSN 0008-0845 Authors Daane, Kent M Johnson, Marshall W Pickett, Charles H et al. Publication Date 2011 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California REVIEW ARTICLE ▼ Biological controls investigated to aid management of olive fruit fl y in California by Kent M. Daane, Marshall W. Johnson, A B C Charles H. Pickett, Karen R. Sime, Xin-Geng Wang, Hannah Nadel, John W. Andrews Jr. and Kim A. Hoelmer The widespread and rapid establish­ ment of the olive fruit fl y in Califor­ nia required immediate changes in D E F integrated pest management (IPM) programs for olives. After fi nd­ ing that resident natural enemies did not provide adequate control, researchers began a worldwide search for parasitoids, with explora­ Parasitoids imported into California for quarantine studies include braconid parasitoids reared tion in the Republic of South Africa, from wild olive fruit fl y, (A)Psyttalia lounsburyi, (B) Bracon celer and (C) Utetes africanus, as well as braconid parasitoids reared on other fruit fl y species, including (D)Diachasmimorpha Namibia, India, China and other longicaudata, (E) D. kraussii and (F) Fopius arisanus. countries. Parasitoids were shipped to California, and most were studied which serve as reservoirs and contrib- the immature stages are protected from in quarantine to determine the best ute to the fl y’s reinvasion of treated most generalist predators. species for release.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Control of Cape Ivy Project 2004 Annual Research Report
    Biological Control of Cape ivy Project 2004 Annual Research Report prepared by Joe Balciunas, Chris Mehelis, and Maxwell Chau, with contributions from Liamé van der Westhuizen and Stefan Neser Flowering Cape ivy overgrowing trees and native vegetation along California’s coast near Bolinas United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service Western Regional Research Center - Exotic & Invasive Weed Research Unit 800 Buchanan St., Albany, California 94710 (510) 559-5975 FAX: (510) 559-5982 Executive Summary by Dr. Joe Balciunas This is our first attempt at an ‘electronic’ report, and most of you will receive our Annual Report for 2004 as PDF attachment to an email. We hope that this will make our report more easily accessible, since you may chose to store it on your hard disk. We made solid progress during 2004 towards our goal of completing our host range testing of our two most promising potential biological control agents for Cape ivy. We overcame a summertime ‘crash’ of our laboratory colonies, and by year’s end had strong colonies of both the gall fly, Parafreutreta regalis, and the stem-boring moth, Digitivalva delaireae. By the end of 2004, we had tested more than 80 species of plants, and neither of our candidate agents was able to complete development on anything other than their Cape ivy host. The single dark cloud has been the continuing downturn in external funds to support our Cape ivy research, especially that conducted by our cooperators in Pretoria, South Africa. While we have managed to maintain a small research effort there, our cooperators are no longer assisting us in our host range evaluations.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Target Effects of Insect Biocontrol Agents and Trends in Host Specificity Since 1985
    CAB Reviews 2016 11, No. 044 Non-target effects of insect biocontrol agents and trends in host specificity since 1985 Roy Van Driesche*1 and Mark Hoddle2 Address: 1 Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-9285, USA. 2 Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. *Correspondence: Roy Van Driesche, Email: [email protected] Received: 6 October 2016 Accepted: 7 November 2016 doi: 10.1079/PAVSNNR201611044 The electronic version of this article is the definitive one. It is located here: http://www.cabi.org/cabreviews © CAB International 2016 (Online ISSN 1749-8848) Abstract Non-target impacts of parasitoids and predaceous arthropods used for classical biological control of invasive insects include five types of impact: (1) direct attacks on native insects; (2) negative foodweb effects, such as competition for prey, apparent competition, or displacement of native species; (3) positive foodweb effects that benefited non-target species; (4) hybridization of native species with introduced natural enemies; and (5) attacks on introduced weed biocontrol agents. Examples are presented and the commonness of effects discussed. For the most recent three decades (1985–2015), analysis of literature on the host range information for 158 species of parasitoids introduced in this period showed a shift in the third decade (2005–2015) towards a preponderance of agents with an index of genus-level (60%) or species-level (8%) specificity (with only 12% being assigned a family-level or above index of specificity) compared with the first and second decades, when 50 and 40% of introductions had family level or above categorizations of specificity and only 21–27 (1985–1994 and 1995–2004, respectively) with genus or 1–11% (1985–1994 and 1995–2004, respectively) with species-level specificity.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploration for Olive Fruit Fly Parasitoids Across Africa Reveals Regional
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Exploration for olive fruit fy parasitoids across Africa reveals regional distributions and dominance of closely associated parasitoids Xingeng Wang1,4*, Vaughn M. Walton1,5, Kim A. Hoelmer2,4, Charles H. Pickett3, Arnaud Blanchet2, Robert K. Straser1,6, Alan A. Kirk2 & Kent M. Daane1* The olive fruit fy, Bactrocera oleae, has been a key pest of olives in Europe and North America. We conducted the largest exploration for parasitoids associated with the fy across Sub-Saharan Africa (Kenya, Namibia, and South Africa) including some of the fy’s adjoining regions (Canary Islands, Morocco, Réunion Island and Tunisia). From Sub-Saharan regions, four braconids were collected: Bracon celer, Psytallia humilis, P. lounsburyi, and Utetes africanus. Results showed that their regional dominance was related to climate niches, with P. humilis dominant in hot semi-arid areas of Namibia, P. lounsburyi dominant in more tropical areas of Kenya, and U. africanus prevalent in Mediterranean climates of South Africa. Psytallia concolor was found in the Canary Islands, Morocco and Tunisian, and the Afrotropical braconid Diachasmimorpha sp. near fullawayi on Réunion Island. Furthermore, we monitored the seasonal dynamics of the fy and parasitoids in Cape Province of South Africa. Results showed that fruit maturity, seasonal variations in climates and interspecifc interactions shape the local parasitoid diversity that contribute to the low fy populations. The results are discussed with regard to ecological adaptations of closely associated parasitoids, and how their adaptations impact biocontrol. Exotic insect pests ofen thrive in their invaded regions due to the absence of specialist natural enemies and lack of efective indigenous natural enemies1,2.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings California Invasive Plant Council Symposium 2007
    Proceedings California Invasive Plant Council Symposium 2007 Featuring Special Theme Sessions on “Communication and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Invasive Plant Management” Proceedings California Invasive Plant Council Symposium Volume 11:2007 Featuring Special Theme Sessions on “Communication and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Invasive Plant Management” September 20-22, 2007 Bahia Resort Hotel, San Diego, California 3 These Proceedings are available online at www.cal-ipc.org Contact Cal-IPC at [email protected] California Invasive Plant Council 1442-A Walnut St. #462 Berkeley, CA 94709 Copyright © 2007 by the California Invasive Plant Council. Recommended citation format: Chang, David. 2007. Invasive plant control and the California red-legged frog injunction. Proceedings of the California Invasive Plant Council. 10:pg. Cal-IPC, Berkeley, CA. The views and opinions expressed in the articles of this publication do not necessarily reflect the position of the California Invasive Plant Council. On the cover: Biological monitor Bonnie Peterson of Merkle and Associates in front of a treated Phoenix canariensis in Peñasquitos Canyon Preserve. Photo by Mike Kelly 4 Table of Contents * Indicates presenting author in multi-author papers. Foreward Building Lasting Coalitions (Invited Theme Session 1) 1 The California Rangeland Conservation Coalition 1 Kim Delfino, Defenders of Wildlife The California Horticultural Invasives Prevention (Cal-HIP) partnership and the PlantRight campaign 1 Betsy Peterson, California State Floral Association
    [Show full text]