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Pesticides and Their Application WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2006.1 PESTICIDES AND THEIR APPLICATION For the control of vectors and pests of public health importance Sixth edition Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases WHO Pesticide evaluation scheme (WHOPES) © World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Acknowledgements ........................................................................... vii 1. General considerations .................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 1 1.2 Scope and layout of the manual .............................................. 3 1.3 Selecting an appropriate chemical control strategy ................ 4 1.4 Pesticide formulations ............................................................ 4 1.5 Pesticide application equipment ............................................. 6 1.6 Pesticide resistance ................................................................. 9 2. Safe use of pesticides .................................................................... 11 2.1 General principles of safety measures .................................. 11 2.1.1 Toxicity and hazard ............................................. 11 2.1.2 Supplies and equipment ....................................... 12 2.1.3 Responsibility for safety ....................................... 12 2.1.4 Safety training ...................................................... 13 2.1.5 Medical surveillance ............................................. 13 2.1.6 Protective equipment ............................................ 13 2.1.7 Personal hygiene................................................... 14 2.1.8 Disposal of empty or nearly empty containers .... 15 2.2 Operational procedures ......................................................... 15 2.2.1 Preparation of spray materials ............................ 15 2.2.2 Specific precautions for particular insecticides ... 15 2.2.3 Larvicide treatments ............................................ 17 Contents 2.2.4 Rodenticide treatments ........................................ 17 2.2.5 Application by motorized equipment and aircraft .. 18 2.2.6 Application to people ........................................... 18 2.2.7 Special devices ..................................................... 18 2.2.8 Insecticide treatment of mosquito nets ................ 18 2.3 Diagnosis and treatment of insecticide poisoning ................ 19 2.3.1 Symptoms of poisoning ....................................... 19 2.3.2 First aid and decontamination ............................ 20 3. Mosquitoes .................................................................................... 22 3.1 Anopheles spp. ...................................................................... 22 3.1.1 Indoor residual spraying ...................................... 22 3.1.2 Insecticide-treated nets ........................................ 24 3.1.3 Space treatment ................................................... 27 3.1.4 Larviciding ........................................................... 29 3.2 Aedes spp. ............................................................................. 30 3.2.1 Larviciding ........................................................... 31 3.2.2 Residual treatment ............................................... 32 3.2.3 Space treatment ................................................... 32 3.3 Culex spp. ............................................................................. 35 3.3.1 Residual fumigation ............................................. 35 3.3.2 Space treatment ................................................... 36 3.3.3 Larviciding ........................................................... 36 3.4 Mansonia spp. ....................................................................... 37 Contents iii 4. Flies ............................................................................................... 38 4.1 Musca domestica and other fly species closely associated with humans ......................................................................... 38 4.1.1 Residual treatment ............................................... 38 4.1.2 Space treatment ................................................... 40 4.1.3 Larviciding ........................................................... 43 4.1.4 Baits ..................................................................... 44 4.1.5 Cords and strips................................................... 46 4.2 Glossina spp. (tsetse flies)..................................................... 46 4.2.1 Application of residual insecticide from the ground ... 47 4.2.2 Application of insecticide to traps and targets .... 47 4.2.3 Application of insecticide to domestic livestock .... 48 4.3 Simulium spp. (blackflies) ..................................................... 48 4.3.1 Larviciding ........................................................... 48 4.4 Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia spp. (sandflies)......................... 50 4.4.1 Insecticide residual spraying of resting sites ....... 51 4.4.2 Insecticide-treated material.................................. 51 4.4.3 Insecticide-treated animals .................................. 52 4.4.4 Space spraying with insecticides ......................... 53 4.5 Culicoides, Leptoconops and Lasiohelea spp. ....................... 53 4.5.1 Larval stages ........................................................ 54 4.5.2 Adults ................................................................... 54 4.6 Chrysops spp. and other tabanids ........................................ 55 Contents 5. Fleas ............................................................................................. 56 5.1 Xenopsylla spp. ..................................................................... 57 5.2 Pulex spp. ............................................................................. 58 5.3 Ctenocephalides spp. ............................................................ 59 5.3.1 Treatment of animals ........................................... 59 5.3.2 Treatment of premises ......................................... 60 6. Bed bugs: Cimex lectularius and C. hemipterus .......................... 62 7. Triatomine bugs: Triatoma, Panstrongylus and Rhodnius spp. ... 64 7.1.1 Target area ........................................................... 65 7.1.2 Insecticides .......................................................... 65 7.1.3 Application procedures ........................................ 66 7.1.4 Treatment cycle .................................................... 66 7.1.5 Precautions .......................................................... 66 8. Lice ................................................................................................ 67 8.1 Pediculus humanus ............................................................... 67 8.1.1 Dusting technique ................................................. 67 8.1.2 Treating clothing................................................... 68 8.2 Pediculus capitis ................................................................... 69 8.3 Phthirus pubis ....................................................................... 69 8.4 Precautions ........................................................................... 69 9. Cockroaches: Blattella spp. and other genera ............................ 70 9.1 Blattella spp. and other genera ............................................. 71 9.1.1 Target area ........................................................... 71 9.1.2 Insecticides .......................................................... 71 9.1.3 Application procedures ........................................ 71 iv 9.1.4 Treatment cycle .................................................... 73 9.1.5 Precautions .......................................................... 73 10.Ticks and mites ............................................................................ 74 10.1 Tick- and mite-borne pathogens of greatest importance to human health .................................................................... 75 10.2 Parasitic diseases caused directly by ticks and mites .......... 76 10.3 Interior residual application of acaricides ............................ 76 10.4 Exterior residual application of acaricides ........................... 77 10.5 Control of ticks on domestic animal hosts ..........................
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