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Cultural Dilemmas in Public Service Broadcasting

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Cultural Dilemmas in Public Service Broadcasting CulturalCultural DilemmasDilemmas inin PublicPublic ServiceService BroadcastingBroadcastingBroadcasting Gregory Ferrell Lowe & PerPer Jauert& Jauert (eds.)(eds.)(eds.) RIPE @ 2005 NORDICOMNORDICOMNORDICOM T H E N O R D I C I N F O R M A T I O N C E N T R E F O R M E D I A A N D C O M M U N I C A T I O N R E S E A R C H Nordicom Provides Information about Media and Communication Research Nordicom’s overriding goal and purpose is to make the media and communication research undertaken in the Nordic countries – Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden – known, both throughout and far beyond our part of the world. Toward this end we use a variety of channels to reach researchers, students, decision-makers, media practitioners, journalists, information officers, teachers, and interested members of the general public. Nordicom works to establish and strengthen links between the Nordic research community and colleagues in all parts of the world, both through information and by linking individual researchers, research groups and institutions. Nordicom documents media trends in the Nordic countries. Our joint Nordic information service addresses users throughout our region, in Europe and further afield. The production of comparative media statistics forms the core of this service. Nordicom has been commissioned by UNESCO and the Swedish Government to operate The International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media, whose aim it is to keep users around the world abreast of current research findings and insights in this area. An institution of the Nordic Council of Ministers, Nordicom operates at both national and regional levels. National Nordicom documentation centres are attached to the universities in Aarhus, Denmark; Tampere, Finland; Reykjavik, Iceland; Bergen, Norway; and Göteborg, Sweden. NORDICOM Göteborg University, Box 713, SE 405 30 Göteborg Phone: +46 31/773 10 00 (vx) Fax: +46 31/773 46 55 E-mail: [email protected] 2 omslagsida 2_3.pmd 2 2005-11-22, 14:42 Cultural Dilemmas in Public Service Broadcasting titelsida.pmd 1 2005-11-22, 14:35 titelsida.pmd 2 2005-11-22, 14:35 Cultural Dilemmas in Public Service Broadcasting Gregory Ferrell Lowe & Per Jauert (eds.) NORDICOM titelsida.pmd 3 2005-11-22, 14:35 Cultural Dilemmas in Public Service Broadcasting RIPE@2005 Gregory Ferrell Lowe & Per Jauert (eds.) © Editorial matters and selections, the editors; articles, individual contributors; Nordicom ISBN 91-89471-32-6 Published by: Nordicom Göteborg University Box 713 SE 405 30 GÖTEBORG Sweden Cover by: Roger Palmqvist Cover photo by: Arja Lento Printed by: Livréna AB, Kungälv, Sweden, 2005 Environmental certification according to ISO 14001 titelsida.pmd 4 2005-11-22, 14:35 Contents Preface 7 Arne Wessberg Prologue: Quality, Accountability and Assessment 9 Per Jauert & Gregory Ferrell Lowe Public Service Broadcasting for Social and Cultural Citizenship. Renewing the Enlightenment Mission 13 PSB QUALITY, PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT AND ACCOUNTABILITY Marko Ala-Fossi Culture and Quality in Broadcast Media. Market Dynamics and Organizational Dependencies 37 Jo Bardoel, Leen d’Haenens & Allerd Peeters Defining Distinctiveness. In Search of Public Broadcasting Performance and Quality Criteria 57 Tomas Coppens Fine-tuned or Out-of-key? Critical Reflections on Frameworks for Assessing PSB Performance 79 Brian McNair Which Publics, What Services? British Public Service Broadcasting Beyond 2006 101 Eric Saranovitz Israeli Public Television and the Discourse of Program Quality. Broadcasting National History in a Multicultural Society 113 PSB LEGITIMACY IN CONTENT AND FUNCTIONS Paddy Scannell The Meaning of Broadcasting in the Digital Era 129 Hanne Bruun Public Service and Entertainment. A Case Study of Danish Television 1951-2003 143 5 contents.pmd 5 2005-11-22, 14:35 Unni From Domestically Produced TV-drama and Cultural Commons 163 Kim Christian Schrøder & Louise Phillips The Everyday Construction of Mediated Citizenship. People’s Use and Experience of News Media in Denmark 179 Robert K. Avery Public Service Broadcasting and Cultural Context. Comparing the United States and European Experience 199 EMERGING STRATEGIC ISSUES FOR PSB Graham Murdock Building the Digital Commons. Public Broadcasting in the Age of the Internet 213 Jeanette Steemers Balancing Culture and Commerce on the Global Stage. BBC Worldwide 231 Marc Raboy & David Taras The Trial by Fire of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Lessons for Public Broadcasting 251 Robert G. Picard Audience Relations in the Changing Culture of Media Use. Why Should I Pay the Licence Fee? 277 Kenton T. Wilkinson Language, Economics, and Policy. Challenges to PSB in North America and the European Union 293 Christian S. Nissen Epilogue: The Public Service Nun. A Subjective Tale of Fiction and Facts 317 About the Authors 327 6 contents.pmd 6 2005-11-22, 14:35 Preface This book is a maturing of work in the RIPE@2004 conference about cultural mission tensions and cultural service dilemmas in public service broadcasting [PSB]. The conference was organised jointly by the Danish Broadcasting Com- pany [DR] and the Department of Information and Media Studies, University of Aarhus. The 2004 conference materials may be reviewed at: www.yle.fi/keto/ripe. Re-Visionary-Interpretations of the Public Enterprise [RIPE] is an initiative es- tablished in 2001 to strengthen collaborative relations between media scholars and PSB practitioners. The focus of this initiative is the contemporary relevance of the remit for public service broadcasting, and public service media more generally. The organisers and participants for the 2004 conference express appreciation to DR and the Director General’s Office, to the Danish Research Council, the Aarhus University Research Foundation and to YLE’s Office for Corporate De- velopment (YLE Kehitystoiminta) for sponsorship and support. The conference greatly benefited from the work of the Conference Planning Group and their sponsoring institutions: Jo Bardoel (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Søs Holmdal (Danish Broadcasting Company), Taisto Hujanen (University of Tampere, Finland) and Henrik Søndergaard, (University of Copen- hagen, Denmark). We also received helpful comments and inputs from the panel of RIPE Advisory Associates: Christina Holz-Bacha (then at the University of Mainz, Germany), John Jackson (Concordia University, Canada), Horace Newcomb (The University of Georgia, USA) and Kenton Wilkinson (University of Texas at San Antonio, USA). On behalf of the entire Conference Planning Group, we wish to thank so many colleagues and friends that contributed papers and presentations in the 2004 conference. The editors extend warm thanks and best regards to the authors for their contributions to this volume. This book is the fruit of their respective and col- lective good work, and we certainly appreciate your patience, encouragement and unwavering support. Finally, we are pleased to announce that the RIPE@2006 conference will take place in Amsterdam and is co-sponsored by Netherlands Public Broadcasting and the Amsterdam School for Communications Research (ASCoR) at the Uni- versity of Amsterdam. The theme in 2006 will focus on programming and gen- res, on the legitimacy and necessity of public service programmes and production. Aarhus and Helsinki in November, 2005 Per Jauert Gregory Ferrell Lowe 7 preface.pmd 7 2005-11-22, 14:35 preface.pmd 8 2005-11-22, 14:35 Prologue Quality, Accountability and Assessment Arne Wessberg Today every society is struggling with a challenging duality of sub-culture and globalization; in practice this means dealing with fragmentation and seg- mentation on the one hand, and with homogenisation and synchronism on the other. PSB is fundamentally domestic in orientation and operation. It’s about serving the national life of a people in all their astonishing variety and complexity. What, then, adds up to a ‘national culture,’ and how do we nurture that while rigorously assuring that doing so isn’t the least bit about national- ism with its oppressive, repressive and regressive traits? Moreover, audiences are attending to international channels and imported programming. Those products are often of different quality standards when compared with domestic products, in part keyed to market size and invest- ment scale and in part to broad but differing cultural values inscribing the social context where programmes are produced. Domestic programming quite often can’t achieve parity in the look and feel because there is less resources to work with, or because doing so isn’t accepted as credible by audiences when domestically produced, even if popular when coming from abroad. Similarly, the public service ethic promises to provide ‘quality’ radio and television programmes – indeed, to guarantee that as a characteristic ingre- dient. Our services are intended to provide a benchmark for the quality of broadcasting overall, including especially the standards commercial competi- tors must achieve to be considered professional by national audiences. But it is extremely difficult to quantify what quality actually amounts to. Much of this is subjectively construed and rooted in cultural perceptions, them- selves often at odds across various groups. What one person sees as a fair and balanced news report, evidencing the highest standards of journalistic practice, another considers biased and manipulative – failing such standards. Moreover, the quality of the product may be quite a different matter com- pared to the quality of its environmental
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