INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SOIL MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
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OF THE
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING JUNE 22 to 26, 1936
VOLUME I
GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
(ALL RIGHTS RESERVED)
SECOND PRINTING PLANOGRAPH PRINTED BY SPAULDING-MOSS COMPANY BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A. FOREWORD
General Ramarks. The unexpectedly large number of contributions to the Conference and the fact that the majority of au thors, particularly of some of the most valuable papers, have partially disregarded one or the other of the conditions for contributions to the Conference, have made the work of the Editorial Board very difficult. Sinoe the majority of papers arrived after April 15th, and this volume had to be ready by the middle of May (to make it possible for partici pating members from Europe to reoeive their oopies before their departure), the resouroes of the Editorial Board and of its clerical staff have been taxed to the limit in preparing the volume for publication. The short time available made planograph reproduction the only possible method to use. The reader's indulgence is requested for mistakes that may have ocourred. The Secretary .of the Conference will greatly appreciate being informed of neoessary corrections. All corrections will be included in the last volume of the Proceedings. It was soon realized that it would he physically impossible to publish in so short a time all papers submitted. Therefore, it was deoided to print about one third of the contributions in a second volume, whioh is to be ready just prior to the Conference. Volume II will oontain the entire Seotion "A", whioh comprises all "Reports from Soil Meohaniss Laboratories on Testing Apparatus, Technique of Testing and Investigations in Progress". In addition. Volume II will include contributions which were delayed in their arrival, and papers which so grossly oonflioted with the condition» in regard to length or language requirements that it was necessary to request the authors to submit them in a revised form. Volume III, containing the Discussions and additional contributions of speoial merit, will not be printed before August of this year« The order in which the papers are printed essentially coincides with the order of arrival. In some instances it was chosen for technical reasons to facilitate and speed up the preparation of this volume. Papers whioh represent con tributions to more than one section, if submitted as one unit* are classified in that section to whioh the oontributian seemed to add most. The last section oontains chiefly papers which, for technical reasons, were not ready for printing at the time the respective sections were closed. In the editing of the papers only important mistakes in syntax or the use of words, whioh might lead to misunderstandings, were corrected. Discussions» This volume will reach most of the Members sufficiently in advance of the Conference to permit study of the contributions and preparation of discussions. It is particularly desirable that Members, (and also non-members)who have not contributed papers to the Conference and who have had extensive experience in one or the other of the subjeots covered by the Conference, participate in the discussions, either in oral or written form. Written disoussions must reach the Secretary not later than August 1, of this year. A brief introductory remark should clearly define the subject of the discussion. It should be stated whether addi tional information is furnished of a nature not yet presented in the contributions, whether the information supports and supplements material already presented, or whether the discussion oontains information that contradicts statements con tained in a paper. In the latter case all differences in the conditions, particularly as to the character of the soil, should be emphasized, to permit a reader to formulate his conclusions. All discussions should be specific, presented in a concise style, and must not exceed 1200 words. It is requested that generalities (complimentary remarks or otherwise) be omitted. Complete Papers have been submitted by only a limited number of authors. It is, at present, not possible to say which of the contributions, contained in this volume, will be available in a more detailed form. Authors were requested to send one copy each of their complete papers, in English, French or German, to the following addresses »
1) Professor F. Schaffernak, Tachnische Hochschule, Vienna, Austria 2) Mr. Aage Bretting, Chief Engineer, Christian! k Nielsen, 77 Raadhusplads, Koperihagen, Denmark 3) Mr. G. Tschebotareff, The Foundation Soils Research Laboratory, Egyptian University, Giza-Cairo, Egypt U) Dr. Oscar Faber, President of Structural Engineers, 10 Upper Belgrave Str., London S.W.l, England 5) Mr. K. Langer, Laboratoire d 'Etude du Sol et des Fondations, Ministere de 1 'Education Nationale, 12 Rue Brancion, Paris XVe, France 6) Professor A* Agatz, Technische Hochschule, Berlin, Germany 7) Mr. Giovanni Rodio, Corso Venezia ll|., Milano (3) Italy 8) Professor N. M. Gereevanoff, Soljanka, 1. "WJOS", Moscow, USSR 9)àl0) Two copies should be sent to the Secretary of the Conferenoe, U. S. A.
These addresses represent the centers from which the full papers may be borrowed. It is evident that such oenters could not be established in every country. However, it is believed that their locations are conveniently chosen. It is suggested that Members and Absentee Members of the Conference or other interested persons who wish to borrow such papers, should send their request to the nearest of the above addresses. It is urgently requested that these pa pers should not be kept longer than one week, so that as many as possible may have an opportunity to study them prior to the Conference. Their primary purpose is to stimulate the contribution of discussions. Arrangements will also be made to permit the loan of these papers to interested persons after the Conference. Cost of Proceedings. In view of the faot that the printing costs for the entire three volumes will be more than double those estimated, the Committee on Organization has decided that the registration fee for Conference members applying af ter May 15, 1936 shall be ten dollars, and that this shall also be the price for sale of any sets of the Proceedings which may remain after all the members of, and contributors to, the Conferenoe have been supplied. Contributors of pa pers to the Conference, who are not members thereof, may purchase one set of the Proceedings for five dollars but must pay ten dollars per set for all additional sets desired. Reprints. Many requests for reprints have been received. On account of technical difficulties, particularly the large variation in number of reprints desired, they cannot be printed at the same time as the Proceedings, but will be ordered after the Conference. A notice will be sent to all contributors informing them of the cost of reprints.
Cambridge, Massachusetts EDITORIAL BOARD May 51 1936 Arthur Casagrande Philip C. Rutledge John D. Watson Ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Seotion Bi EXPLORATION OF SOIL CONDITIONS AND SAMPLING OPERATIONS Page v B-l Exploration of Soil Conditions and Sampling Operations. Submitted by Laboratory of Soil Mechanics, Delft (Netherlands) 1-2
4 B-2 Sampling and Testing Undisturbed Sands from Boreholes. J. P. -van Bruggen (Netherlands) 3-6
^ B-3 Short Description of a Field-Testing Method with Coneshaped Sounding Apparatus. P. Barentsen (Netherlands) 7-10
v B-I4. Exploration of Soil Conditions and Sampling Operations. William S. Hanna (Egypt) 10-11
'i B-5 Exploration of Soil Conditions and Sampling Operation. L. F. Cooling and D. B. Smith (England) 12
1 B-6 An Improved Type of Soil Sampler for Exploration of Soil Conditions and Sampling Operations. Thomas E. Stanton (U.S.A«) 13-15
1/ B-7 Description of An Apparatus to Register Graphically the Settlements^of a Plane Plate Resting upon a Subsoil and Charged with a Constant or Increasing Load. J. L. A. Cuperas (Netherlands) 16-22
Seotion C> REGIONAL SOIL STUDIES FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES
V C-l Regional Soil Studies for Engineering Purposes. William S. Hanna (Egypt)^ 23-2h
C-2 Soil Survey of the Flushing Meadow Park Site, Long Island, New York. George L. Freeman (U.S.A.) 25-30
■/ C-3 Relation between the CJiamioaLj'Composition and the Physical Characteristics of Some Hawaiian Soils. Carl B. Andrews (Hawaii) 30-32
Seotion D: SOIL PROPERTIES y D-l Comparison Between Consolidation^ Elastlo/ and Other Soil Properties Established from Laboratory Tests and from Observations of Structures in Egypt. Gregory Tschebotareff (Egypt) "f 33-36
J D-2 The Shearing Resistance of Soils. L. F. Cooling, D# B. Smith (England) 37-41
V D-3 Report on the Investigation of the Cgmpres sibllltyjof the Ground of the Hydro- Eleotric Power Plant Svir 3 and on the Application of the Test Results to the Computation of the Settlements. A. Frey Samsioe (Sweden) 41-47 / . \T D-4 Improved Methods of Consolidation Test)and of the Determination of Capillary . Pressure in Soils. NTGersevanoff (USSR) / 47-50 v D-5 Long Duration Consolidation Tests. J. H. van der Burght (Netherlands) 51
V D—6 The Chemical, Nature of Soils. K* Endell and U. Hoffmann (Germany) 51-54
V D-7 The Shearing Resistance of Saturated Soils and the Angle between the Planes of Shear. Karl v. Tereaghi (Austria) 54-56
Section E: STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN SOILS
V E-l Relation between Observed Inequalities of Settlement^of Buildings/in Egypt and Theoretical StressDistribution, Based on Bousslnesq Formulas.ffregory ■j' Tsehebotareff” fEgypt") ' ' ' i ^ 57-61
^ E-2 The Stress Distribution/} round a Pile«/ F. E. Relton (Egypt) 61-63 - ■ - . - - - ^ ^ E-3 Tangential Stresses under a Spread Foundation. D. P. Krynine (U.S.A.) 63-66 1 IV
(Seotion E Continued) Page v E-1+ Determination of Stresses?Within a Two Dimensional Elastic and Isotropic Earth Mass. D. P. Krynine (U.S.A.) 66-70
'J E-5 Studies of Soil Pressures^and Soil Deformations by Means of a Centrifuge. G. I. Pokrovsky and ll'~5^ Fedorov (USSR) 70-70
Section F t SETTLEMENT OF STRUCTURES
J F-l Settlement^Observations of Buildings in Egypt. William S. Hanna and Gregory Tsohebotareff (Egypt) "<( 71-77
V F-2 Movements of Building Footings Due to Earthquake Loads. Frederick J. Converse (U.S.A.) f X 77-80
V F-3 Settlement^of Exhibits Buildings/at the Texas Centennial Central Exposition. Raymoncf"F\ Dawson (U.S.XT) 80-85
V F-4 Settlement.¿Records of the Mississippi River Bridge at New Orleans. William P. KimEail~fu.S.A.) / 85-92
A Case of Bridge Abutment Movement. C. L. Nord (U.S.A.) 93-100 / F-5 - y
V t -6 A Case of Settlement^ of a Bridge Pier^ D, P. Krynine and C. L. Nord (U.S.A.) 100-103
v f-7 Results of Long Duration Settlement Tests. A. S. Keverling Buisman (Netherlands) IO3-IO5
v' F-8 Measuring Groundwater/Pressures in a Layer of Peat/ Caused by an Imposed Load. J. C. N. Ringeling~~(Netherlands) ' 106-111
F-9 Direct Measuring of Internal Water Pressures in Clay. C. Biemond (Netherlands) 111-115
\/ F-10 Sntt.\gg]gTrM of the Soil Surface around the Foundation Pit^during the Construction of the LocOcs^at Vreeswijk Resultant on the Sinking of the Groundwater. / W. H. Bririkhbrst (Netherlands) * 115-119
■y F-ll The National Theatre Building and Efforts made to Prevent its Further Sinking^ Jose" G. Ledesma (Mexico)1 j 119-123
Section G: STABILITY OF EARTH AND FOUNDATION WORKS AND OF NATURAL SLOPES
V G—l On Bank Slides in the Whangpoo River. Wang Yen (China) 124-133
>/ G-2 The Control of Landslides. Robert G. Hennes (U.S.A.) 133-135
7 G-3 Foundation Investigation of Fort Peck Dam Closure Seotion. T. A. Middlebrooks (U.S.A.) 135-145
G—ij. Uplift Pressure on Weirs of Simple and Complex Designs. E. MoKenzie Taylor and V. J. Vaidhianathan■ (India) I2j6-149
V °-5 Determination of Groundwater/ Tensions: A Necessary Element in Investigating the Stability of Slopes. G.' H. van Mourik Broekman and A. S. Keverling Buisman (Netherlands; I5O-I56
G-6 Critical Height and Factor of Safety of Slopes Against Sliding. Karl v. Terzaghi (Austria) I56-I6I
V G-7 Stability of Slopes of Natural Clay. Karl v. Terzaghi (Austria) I6I-I65
Seotion H : BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES
V H-l Theory of Lateral Bearing Capacity of Piles. Paul E. Raes (Belgium) 166-169
-J H-2 On the Computation of Piles! Based on the Theory of Axial Impact. A. A. Kanschin and A. AT^iutalcsw (USSR) 169-173 (Seotion H Continued) Page j H-3 The Carrying Capacity of Piles as Computed from Pile Loading and Pulling Tests. C. Franx (Netherlands) 173-180
Section I: PILE LOADING TESTS
* 1-1 The Predetermination of the Required Length and the Prediction of the Toe Resistance of Piles./ Submitted by Laboratory of Soil Mechanics, Delft (Netherlands) 181-181+ i J 1-2 Pile Loading Tests at Zwijndrecht, Holland. G. C. Boonstra (Netherlands) 185-194-
'I-3 Records of Some Pile Tests in Shanghai. S, E, Faber (China) 194-199
Section J: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST RETAINING WALLS, EXCAVATION SHEETING, TUNNEL LININGS, ETC.
* J-l The Distribution of Normal Pressurej'on a Retaining Wall Due to a Concentrated Surface Load. M. G. Spangler (U.S.A.) ^ 200-207
M J-2 The Correlation of Soil Mechanics Studies with the Design and Construction of Retaining Walls^ Robert F. Legget (Canada) 207-211
^ j-3 Distribution of the Lateral Pressure of Sand on the Timbering of Cuts. Karl v. Terzaghi (Austria) j / 2II-215
M «*“4 Effect of the Type of Drainage of Retaining Walls on the Earth Pressure. Karl v. Terzaghi (Austria) ~ ' " ? 215-218
V J-5 A Fundamental Fallaoy in Earth Pressure/ Computations. Karl v. Terzaghi 328-336 Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, April, 1936.
Seotion K: GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT AND SEEPAGE
V K-l Electric Investigation of Underground Water _Flow NetB. C. G. J. Vreedenburgh and 0. Stevens (Netherlands Indies) " 219-222
V K -2 On the Steady Flow of Water Percolating through Soils with Homogeneous- anisotropic Permeability. C. G. J. Vreedenburgh (Netherlands Indies) 222-225
^ K-3 Seepage^under an Earth Dam. Submitted by Laboratoires du Bâtiments et des travaux Publics, Ministere de L'Education Nationale, Paris (France) 225-227
^ K-4 The Law of Distribution of Moisture in Soils and Methods for the Study of the Same. N. A, Ostashev (USSR) 227-228
Seotion L: SOIL PROBLEMS IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING INCLUDING FROST ACTION IN SOILS
V L-l Studies of Fill Construction Over Mud Flats Including a Description of Experimental Construction Using Vertioal Sand Drains to Hasten Stabilization. O.J. Porter (U.S.A.) 229-235 / - r y V L-2 Experimental Road/for Heavy Traffic on a very Compressible Soil (Peat-Bog-Ground). J. A. Royer (Netherlands) 235-238
V L-3 Vertical and Lateral Displacements of a Reinforced Concrete Culvert Under a High Earth Embankment. M. G. Spangler (U.S.A.) 238-2ij3
v L-4 The Application of Soil Mechanics to Highway Foundation Engineering. John 0. Morton (U.S.A.) / 243-247
• V L- 5 Soil Profile Field Methods in New Hampshire. John 0. Morton (U.S.A.) 247-247
V l-6 The Soil Survey as used by the Miohigan State Highway Department. Olaf Stokstad (U.S.A.) 21+8-262 VI
Seotion M : METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS FOR ENGINEERING PUR POSES, INCLUDING RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONSTRUCTING AND COMPACTING EARTH FILLS Page M-l A New Method of Impermeabilizing and Improving the Physical Properties of Pervious Subsoils by Injecting Bituminous, Emulsions. J. Ph. Pfeiffer (Netherlands) 263-266 / V M-2 Earth Embankments/for the Pickwick Landing Dam. C. M. Weston (U.S.A.) 266-273
V M-3 Electrochemical Hardening of Clay Soils. K. Endell and U. Hoffmaim(Germany) 273-275
Section N: MODERN METHODS OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATIONS
V N-l Foundation for the Palace of the Soviets: Designing a rigid Heavy Foundation on Com pressible Materials through the Use of Soil Meohanics. Carlton S. Prootor (U.S.A.) 276-278
V N-2 Foundations of the New Telephone Building, Albany, New York. George W. Glick (U.S.A.) 278-284
N-3 Some Features in Connection with the Foundation of Svir 3 Hydro-Eleotrio Power Development. Prof. H. Graftio, Leningrad, in collaboration with Vattenbyggnadsbyran, VBB, Stockholm (Sweden) 284-290
N-l; A Special Foundation Method for Bridge Piere, Adopted in Danish fjords. Prof. Anker Engelund (Denmark) “ ' ’ 291-294
* N-5 -The Floating Foundation of the New Building for the National Lottery of Mexioo: An Actual Size Study of the Deformations of a Floooulent-struotured deep Soil by Jose A. Cuevas (Mexioo) 294-301
Section Zt MISCELLANEOUS
j Z-l Soil Mechanios as a Practical Scienoe. William P. Kimball (U.S.A.) 302-306
J Z-2 Note on the Physioal Characteristics of Mud from the Entrance Bar of the Yangtze River. Herbert Chatley (China) 3°6-307
v z-3 Stress Distribution!in Dry and in Saturated Sand Above a Yielding Trap-Door. Karl vT^TeraaglGn[5lus tr ia) 307“3H
^ z-4 Investigation of the Bearing-Power of the Subsoil (Especially iforain^) with 25 x 25 nun Pointed Drill Weighted with 100 kg without Samples. 0. Godskesen"(Denmark) 311-314
v z-5 Soil Studies for the Storstrom Bridge,^Denmark. A. E. Bretting (Denmark) 314-327
AUTHOR INDEX
1 Andrews c-3 v Freeman C-2 v Proctor N-l / Barentsen B-3 i> Gersevonoff D-4 v Raes H-l J Biemond F-9 v Glick N-2 v Relton E-2 v Boonstra 1-2 'S. Graftio N-3 -, ^ Ringeling F-8 J Bretting z-5 / Hanna‘S : B-4,C-l,]fc-l v‘ Royer L-2 ''Brinkhorst F-10 v Hennes G-2 ■J Sansioe D-3 v Broekman G-5 ^ Hoffmann D-6.M-3 •s Smith B-5,D-2 v van Bruggen B-2 ^ Kansohin H-2 / Spangler J-l.L-3 v Buisman F-7,0-5 v Kimball f -4,z -i / Stanton b-6 ■f van der Brught D-5 Krynine E-3,E-4»F-6 H Stevens K-l v Chatley Z-2 v Ledesma F-ll •f Stokstad 6 ■* Converse F-2 ^ Legget J-2 v Taylor G—4 J Cooling B-5,D-2 Middlebrooks G-3 ^ Terzaghi D—7 . G—6 , G—7 ^ Cuevas N-5 Morton L-4.L-5 J-3.J-4.J-5 v Cuperas B-7 v Nord F-5,F-6 z-3 v Dawson F-3 ^ Ostashev k -4 J Tschebotareff D-1,E-1,F-1 'f Endell D-6.M-3 v Pfeiffer M-l * Vaidhianathan g—4 J Engelund n -4 tr Plutalow H-2 v Vattenbyggnadsbyran N-3 ( Faber 1-3 'J Pokrovsky E-5 ^ Vreedenburgh K-l,K-2 7 Fedorov E-5 •f Porter L-l ■/ Wang Yen G—1 v Frame H-3 v Weston M-2 PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON
SOIL MECHANICS AND
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
JUNE 22 to 26, 1936
SB
GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CAM BRIDGE. M ASS.
( ALL RI GHTS RESERVED)
SECOND PRINTING PLANOGRAPH PRINTED BY SPAULDING-M OSS COM PANY BOSTON, M ASSACH USETTS, U.S.A. FOREWORD
General Information* In addition to the general remarks and the inf carnation on reprints oontalned In t he Foreword of Vol ume I» tiie Editorial Board wishes to aanounoe that a number of contributions submitted In languages other than English oould not be aooepted for publioation* The only exoeptlons we re descriptions of Soil Meohanios Laboratories* For these reports the rule that all contributions must be in English waa disregarded, in order to permit the presentation of as oamplete a reoord as possible cm the existing Soil Ueohanics laboratories* From several laboratories no reports were submitted and therefore suoh laboratories are not represented in this volume* Sinoe a number of contributions t o Seotion nAn foll owed the outline suggested in the original printed information for contributors, the outline is repeated here to acqua int the readers wi t h the arrangement of many of the se reports* 5 . Soil Testing Procedures: (a) Tools and procedures for taking undisturbed samples. Dimensions REPORTS FROM SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORIES ON TESTING APPARATUS, r 1 /t’ l. •• -r • l • _i r * of samples. (To be omittedj if separate report is submitted for r TECHNIQUE OF TESTING AND INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS divisionj* • • «i? hxploration 1 ol Soilo -i Conditions j- ■ and jo Samplin .• g Opera-/-> 1 . Name of institution, organization or firm supporting the laboratory; its tions. ) location and year established. (b ) Field testing methods. Loading tests, usual size of loaded area; loading tests in holes; vibration methods; etc. Name and title of person in charge of laboratory; number of persons on (c) Laboratory testing methods for tests outlined in (4). regular staff and average number of temporary employees or students engaged in research. Note: For points (4) and (5 ) give references to publications describing _ . . . . , . , , . . . , . , . apparatus and procedures. If such references are not available, give 3 . Principal purpose for which laboratory is equ.pped (research, instruc- short description> induding drawings. Always state dimensions of soil tion or consulting service). sam ples used.
4 . Description of equipment: 6 Short description of the most important types of soils in the working (a) Total floor area, deducting office space. Humid room and constant region of the laboratory, including geological name, natural water temperature room; type of equipment for humidification and tem- content, Atterberg limits, compressive strength in the undisturbed and perature control. remolded states, etc. (To be omitted if separate report is submitted for (b ) Apparatus for the classification of soils according to grain size dis- division “ Regional Soil Studies for E ngineering Purposes.”) tribution grain shape, porosity relative density, water content, air short statement of the subj ects 0; scicntific investigations. When per- content lime content content of organic matter, specific gravity of formed? where blished? u still in pr0gressi approximate date when mineral matter, Atterberg limit tests, consistency. investigation will be finished with brief statement of most important (c) Apparatus for shearing tests. rcsults ;ound s0 far. (d) Apparatus for compressive strength tests. _ ,. A . .. , . 8. Short statement or the most important practical investigations. Subiect, M Apparatus for consolidation tests. types of soi,s encountered| most important results. {J) Apparatus for permeability tests, for the determination of capillary rise and of maximum capillary pressure. 9- Observations on existing structures under the direction of the laboratory. (*) Apparatus for investigation of frost action. Customary number of observation points, type of observation points on the structure and in the ground, methods for surveying the points. (h) Apparatus for earth pressure investigations. T ype and number of observed structures. (0 Apparatus for special investigations. _ . . , , 10 . bxpenence regarding the difference between predicted and observed behavior of structures. E mpirical rules which were derived from such studies. Complete Papers. Among the contributions oontalned In Volumes I and II of the Proceedings, the followi ng t went y papers have been submitted In a more oomplete farm. Copies of t hese papers have been sent to the addresses listed in the Foreword of Vol ume I, and may be borrowed by any one Interested in them.
PAI ER BO. ATJTHCR ADD TI TI E
L -6 Houael, W. S., Report from Soil Ueohanies Laboratory, University of Michigan A-8 Hartman, J. P., Report of Soils Testing laborat ory, U. S. Engineer Office, Fort Peok, Montana A -£h Report from the Soli Ueohanios Laboratory at the Teohnlsohe Hoohsohul e i n Vienna, Aust ri a C-2 Freeman, G. L., Soil Survey of the Flushing Mea dow Park Site, Long Island, New York D-10 Buisson, M., Shearing Tests. Compressive Tests on Cylinders. Comparison of Results In Vi ew of Det ermining t he Angl e of Friction and the Settlements in Soils D-ll Hvorslev, M. J., A Ring Shearing Apparatus for the Determination of the Shearing Resistance and Plastio Flow of Soils E-2 Reltan, F. E, , The Stress Distribution Around a Pile F-2 Converse, F. J., Movements of Building Footings due to Lateral Loads on the Superstructure F-b Kimball, W. P., Settlement Reoords of the Mississi ppi Ri ver Bridge at New Orleans F-9 Biemond, C., Direct Measuring of Internal Water pressures in Clay C-2 Hezmes, R. G., The Ccntrol of Landslides G~3 Middlebrooks, T. A., Foundation Investigation of Fort Peok Dam Cl osure Seot i on H-2 Kansohin, A. A., and Plutalow, A. S., On the Computation of Piles Based on t he Theory of Axial Impact J-l Spangler, M. G., The Distribution of Normal Pre ssure on a Retaining Wal l due to- a Concentrated Surface Load J-2 Legget, R. F., The Correlation of Soils Meohsnl os Studies wi t h the Design and Construction of Reta i ni ng Wal l * K~3 Mayer, A., and Mendel, Seepage Under an Garth Da m L-3 Spangler, M. G., Vertioal and Lateral Displacements of a Reinforoed Concrete Culvert under a High Ear t h Embankment L-6 Stokstad, 0. L., The Soil Survey as Used by the Miohl gan St at e Hi ghway Depart ment M-l Pfeiffer, J. P., A New Method of Impermeabillzl ng and Improving the Phy^ioal Properties of Pervious Subsoils by Inj eot i ng Bi t uminous Emul si ons Z-l Kimball, W. P., Soil Meohanics as a Praotioal Sol enoe
Discussions. It is hoped that experienced engineers (i ndudi ng non-members) who have not yet contribute d papers to tbs Conference, and who are in possession of additional valuable Information on the many subjects oorered by the contributions to the Conference, -will make them available in for m of written discussions, to be published in Volume III of the Prooeed- ings. Written discussions must reach the Seoretary not later than August 15, 1936, should be presented in a oonolse style, and should not exoeed 1200 words in length. No rest riction is placed on the number of neoessary tables and figures. It is requested that generalities (complimentary remar ks or otherwise) be omitted. A brief Introductory s tatement should clearly define the subject of the disousslon. It should be stated whether additional information is furnished of a nature not yet presented In the contributions, whether the Information is intended to support or supplement material already pre sented in the Proceedings, or whether the disousslon oontains information that oontradlots statements oontalned In one o r several contributions. In the latter oase all diffe rences In the conditions, particularly as to the oharaoter of the soil, should be emphasized to permit the reader to formul ate his oonolusions. Volume III will be ready for distribution In September 193&* EDI TORI AL BOARD Cambri dge, Massachuset t s Art hur Casagrande June 12, I936 Philip C. Rutledge John D. Wat son Ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Se ot i on Ai HEPOfi TS FROM SOI L MECHANI CS LABORATORI ES ON TESTI NG APPARATUS, TECHNI QUE OF TESTI NG AND I NVESTI GATI ONS I N PROGRESS Page A^-l General Report from the Laboratory of the Egyptian University In Cairo. Charles Andreaa. (Egypt). 1-3 A-2 Report on Testing Apparatus, Teohnique of Testi ng and Investigations in Progress. Submitted by the Laboratory of Soil Meohanics, Delf t (Holland). 3- 12 k -3 Report from Soil Mechanics Laboratory on Testing Apparatus, Technique of Testing, and Investigations in Progress. Submitted by Buildi ng Research Station, Garston, Herts (England). 12-16 Ar-l|. Report on an Apparat us for Consumat e Investi gation of the Mechanical Properties of Soils. Walter Kjellman. (Sweden). 16-20
A f-5 The Soil Meohanios Laboratory at Yale University. D. P. Krynine. (U.S.A.). 20- 2U
A -6 Report from the Soil Mechanics Laboratory at the University of Michigan on Testing Apparatus, Technique of Testing, and Investigations in Progress. W. S. Housel. (U.S. A. ). 21+-28 Af-7 Cornell University Soil Mechanics Laboratory. H. T. Jenkins. (U.S.A.). 28-29 A -8 Report of Soils Testing Laboratory Fort Peck Distr ict, U. S. Engineer Office at Fort Peck, Montana. J. P. Hartman. (U.S.A.). 29- 33 Ai-9 Report on the Laboratoire du Sol et das Fondat ions. Submitted by the Laboratoires du Batiment et des Iravaux Publics, Uinistere de l' Education Nationale, Paris (France). 3U- 36 Arl O Apparatus for Testing Compressibility and Capi ilary’/iProperties of Soils. V. Boul i ohev. 1' (USSR). 37- 38 A-11 The Spring-Scale Cone. A Pocket Apparatus for Determining the Firmness of Clay. 0. Godskesen. (Denmark). 38- 1+0
Ap-12 Recent Progress of Researoh Works on Soil Meohanios in Japan, espeoially about some Soil Meohanics Laboratories. N. Yamaguti. (Japan). U0-U2 A-13 A New Met hod for Det ermini ng the Rel at i ve Cons istency^of Soils. Donald M. Burmi st er » (U.S.A.). U3- 1+7 A-ill Soil Engineering in the Tennessee Talley. Eva n W. Vaughan. (U.S.A.). i +8-1+9 A-15 Report on Work of the Ameri oan Society for Tes ting Materials. C. A. Hogentogler and W. S. Housel. (U.S.A.). 1+9- 52 Ar-l6 Soil Meohanics Laboratory at the Thayer School of Civil Engineering. W. P. Kimball. (U. S. A. ). 52- 51* 7 A-17 The Soil Mechanios Division of the Preussische Versuohsanstalt fflr Wasserbau and Sohiffbau in Berlin. (Geraany). 55- 56 A^-18 The Soil Mechani cs Laborat ory at t he Mini ng Academy of Freiberg. (Germany). 56- 58 A-19 The Soils Laboratory of the Division of Tests, U. S. Bureau of Public Roads. (U. S. A.). 58-62 A-20 The Division for Soil Mechanios of the Franzius-Institute for Foundations and Hydraulios at the Technical University in Hanover. (Germany). 62-66 A-21 Determination of the Wat er Content of Soil Samples by Means of Xylol. Begemann. v' (Germany). 66-67 A-22 The Institute of the German Research Society f or Soil Meohanics (Degebo) at the Teohnisohe Hoohsohule in Berlin. (Germany); 68-72 A-23 The Soil Meohanios Laborat ory of the U. S. Wat erways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. S. J. Buohanan." (U.S.A.). 72-81 t-Pl| The Soil Meohani os Laboratory at the Teohnisc he Hoohsohule in Vienna. (Austria). 81-85
A-25 The Soil Mechani cs Laborat ory at Harvard Unive rsity. P. C. Rutledge. (U.S.A.). 85- 97 IV
Se c t i on Bi EXPLORATI ON OF SOI L CONDI TI ONS AMD SAMPLI NG OPERATI ONS Page B-8 Preliminary Results of Coring.,'in Loose Strata. H. Fehlmann. (Switzerland). 98-101
Se ot i on C » REGI ONAL SOI L STUDI ES FOR ENGI NEERI NG PURPOSES
C-I4 . Bibliography of Shanghai Soils and Foundations. Submitted by Engineering Society of China. 102 C-5 Testing the Subsoil for the New Drinking Water Reservoir of the City of Vienna at the Lainz Game Preserve. R. Tillmann. (Austria). 102-107 C-6 Regional Soil Study of Clays from Chioago, Illinoi s. P. C. Rutledge. (U.S.A.). 10 7-111
Se ot i on D» SOI L PROPERTI ES
D-8 On the Influenoe of Soale-like Shape of Clay Parti cles on the Pr 0003s of Shear in Soils. George Ter-Stepanian. (USSR). 112-116 D-9 The Influence of the Speed of Loading Inorement on the Pressure Void Ratio Diagram of Undisturbed Soil Samples. Earl Langer. (Franoe). 116 -120 D-10 Sheari ngJEggtg./j Compressi ve Tests on Cylinde rs. Comparison of Results in View of Determining the Angle of Friotion and the Settlements in Soils* Maurice Buisson/ (France). 121-125
D-ll A Ri ng Sheari ng Apparat us i t or the Determination of the Shearing Resistance and Plastic Flow of ^SoileT^^jTjuulTHvorslev. (Austria). 125- 129 D-12 An Investigation of Jflrgensen' s Squeeze Test. Arpad Warlam. (Hungary). 129- 133 D-13 Progress Report on an Investigation of the She aring Resistano^/of Cohasionless Soils. J. D. Parsons. (U.S.A.). — '/ 133- 138 D-ll; Progress Report on Research on the Consolidat ion of Fine-Grained Soils. Hamilton Gray. (U.S.A.). 138-l i A
Sect i on E 1 STRESS DI STRI BUTI ON I N SOI LS
E -6 A Rational Method for the Determination of the Ver tioal Normal Stresses under Foundations. W. Steinbrenner. (Austria). H+2- HI 3 E-7 A Method of Representing the Distribution of St ress^in Ground. Charles Fischer. (Austria). HO* E -8 Influence of Rigidity of a Ciroular Foundation Slab on the Distribution of Pressures^ over the Contact Surface. Hubert Borowioka. ’' (Aust ria). H4JU-H+.9
E-9 The Measurement of Soil Pressures*on the Lining of the Midt own Hudson Tunnel/ 1 G. M. Rapp and A. H. Baker ^~^XCCS7Ar ) T~ 150 -156 E-10 Stress^Distribution, in Elastic Solids. Hamilt on Gray. (U.S.A.). 157-168 E-ll Correlation of Surface Loading Tests with Unconfi ned Compressi on Tests' ^ for Cohesi ve Soils. Austin B. Mason. (U.S.A.). 169-173
Se ot i on F i SETTLEMENT OF STRUCTURES
F-12 Settlement Reoords and Loading Dat a for Various Buildings Ereoted by the Public Works Department, Municipal Counoil, Shanghai. N. W. B. Clarke and J. B. Watson. (China). 17U- 185 F-13 Foundation Data. J. A. Favret. (China). 185-186 F-l U Foundation Soil Testing and Settlement Measuri ng. Charles Fischer. (Austria). 186- 191 F-15 Securing a Vi enna Tenement House against Injur ious Settlement by Reducing the Soil Pressure and Draining^,the Underground. R. Tillmann. (Austria). 191- 193
Se c t i on Gi STABI LI TY OF EARTH AND FOUNDATI ON WORKS AND OF NATURAL SLOPES
G—8 On the Stability of Foundations of Embankments^ Le o Jflrgenson. (Estonia). 194-200 G—9 Stability of Earth Slopes. Joseph Jdiy. (Hungar y). 200-207 V
Se c t i on Hi BEARI NG CAPACI TY OF PI LES Page H-i| Conditions for the Stability of PiTes.') B. M. Lozovsky. (USSR). 208- 211 H- 5 Dynamic Formul a for Determining the Resistance of Piles.^ B. M. Lozovsky. (USSR). 212-216 H -6 Notes on the F.ilflJQEivijij^Formula Inoluded in the Proposed Bost on Bui l di ng Code. J. Stuart Crandall* (U.S.A.). 216-220
Se c t i on I i PI LE LOADI NG TESTS i -4 Pile Driving^and Test-loading/Records. N. W. B. Cla rke and J* B. Watson. (China). 221-227 1-5 Load Test /on a Wood Pile Driven into the Ground. R. Tillmann. (Austria)* 227-229 1-6 Pile Loading Tests^ Bonnet Carre Floodway. J. P. De an and J. C. Baehr* (U.S.A.). 229- 253 _ - ^
Se c t i on J i EARTH PRESSURE AGAI NST RETAI NI NG WALLS, EXCAVATI ON SHEETI NG, TUNNEL LI NI NGS, ETC.
J-6 Relation between Relative Density/and Earth Pressur e^ Hans Pet er mmny'- (Germany). 254- 255
Se ot i on L t SOI L PROBLEMS I N HI GHWAY ENGI NEERI NG I NCLUDI NG FROST ACTI ON I N SOI LS
L- 7 Observations of the Texas State Hi ghway Department on the Subsequent Effects of the Uni formit y and the Non-Uni formit y of Foundat i on Soi l-Types on Pavements; and also the Effects of Uniformity and Non-Uniformity of Moistur e Content Fluctuations in Soil Foundations of High Volumetric Change. Henry C. Por ter. (U.S.A*). 256-260 L- 8 Progress Report cm an Investigation of' Ifost^Action in Soils. A. Maokintosh./ (U.S.A.). ' 260-262
Se c t i on M» METHODS FOR I MPROVI NG THE PHYSI CAL PROPERTI ES OF SOI LS FOR ENGI NEERI NG PURPOSES, I NCLUDI NG RECENT DEVELOPMENTS I N CONSTRUCTI NG AND COMPACTI NG EARTH FI LLS
M-4 Soil Consolidation Works Effected near Elne, France on a Bricfge 'Jbver the Tech River. P. Baohy/ (France). 263
Se ot i on N» MODERN METHODS OF DESI GN AND CONSTRUCTI ON OF FOUNDATI ONS n-6 The Failure of BriSge Piers*) due to Soour. Karl v. Terzaghi. (Austria). 264 264-267 h -7 Concrete Filled Steel Cylinders for Foundations. Ha rry T. Immerman. (U.S.A.). N-8 Foundations of 4° Wall St., New York City. Harry T. Immerman. (U.S.A.). 267-272 N- 9 Cofferdams..* Lazarus White. (U.S.A.). 272- 279
Se ot i on Zi MISCELLANEOUS
z-6 Principles Governing Interpretation of Results Obta ined Through Expl orat i on of Soils for Foundation Purposes. J. M. Abeleff. (USSR). 280- 282 2-7 About the Protection of Structures from the Existenoe of Radiating Elastic Waves in the Soil. D. D. Barkan/ (USSR). 283- 281+ Z-8 Field Investigations of the Theory of Vibration of Massi ve Foundatijpn/under Machi nes^ D. D. Barkan.° (USSR). * 285-288 Z- 9 A Method of Determining the Rate of Deformation in Soi l Mas 6 by Means of Eleotricity. j G. I. Pokrowski. (USSR). 289- 290 Z- 10 Consolidation of Maxirie^Cl y<; 0. K. Froehlich (Aus tria). 290-294 Z-ll Pretest Shoring of Retaining Wall/) Harry T. Immerman. (U.S.A.). 294-296 Z- 12 The Alexander Darn* Soil Studies and Settlement Obs ervations. Joel B. Cox. (U.S.A.). 296-298 [/ z-13 Experi ment s wi t h Model s for Det ermini ng t he Deforma tion and Tensions in Foundations on Plastic Ground. Ad. Pogany. (Poland). 298- 299 VI Page Z -lh Water Supply Sources for Metropolitan Boston, Frank E. Winsor. (U.S.A.). 300 Z-15 Foundat i ons and Embankment s of Quabbi n Dams* Stanley M. Dore. (U.S.A.). 300- 307 Z- l 6 Soil Meohanics Laboratory at the Teohnical Univers ity of Budapest, Hungary. 307 Joseph Jaky* (Hungary). Z-17 Proposed New Bost on Bui l di ng Code - Chapter an Foundations. Gilbert Small. (U. S. A. ). 308-318 Z-18 Practical Soil Meohanics at Muskingum. Theodor e T. Knappen and Robert R. Phillipe. (U.S.A.). Appendi x (reprint) Z-19 Improved Soil Testing Methods* Gl ennan Gilboy* (U.S.A.). Appendi x (reprint) Z-20 Simple Tests Determine Hydrostatic Uplift. Kar l v. Terzaghi. (Austria). Appendi x (reprint) Z-21 Field Test for Identification of Soils Capable of Frost Heaving. Leo Appendi x Jtlrgenson. (Estonia). (reprint)
AUTHOR I NDEX
Abel eff Z-6 Froehl i ch Z- 10 Parsons D- 13 Andr eae A- l Gi l boy Z- 19 Pet er mann J-6 Z- 18 v Bachy m -4 Godskesen A-ll Phillipe
■' Baehr 1- 6 Gray D-II+, E- 10 Fogany Z- 13 A -8 Pokr owski Z- 9 * Baker E- 9 V Har t man ■ Bar kan Z- 8 , z 4 Hogent ogl er A- 15 Porter L- 7 6 j Begemann A- 21 Housel A- , A-15 Rapp E- 9 C-6 ■’ Bor owi cka E -8 Hvorsl ev D-ll Rut l edge A-25, v Boul i chev A- 10 I mmer man N-7, N-8, Z-11 Smal l Z- 17 9 E -6 •f Buchanan A- 23 Jaky G- , z-16 St ei nbrenner D-8 v Bui 6eon D- 10 Jenki ns A- 7 Ter-St epani an 1 Burmist er A- 13 Jtirgenson G- 8, Z-21 Terzaghi n-6 . Z- 20 Crandal l H -6 Ki mbal l A- 16 Tillmann C-5, F-15, 1-5 4 Vaughan A-lit. Cl arke F-12, , i-u Kj el l man A-I . Cox Z- 12 Knappen Z- 18 VYar l a m D- 12 Dean 1- 6 Kryni ne A- 5 Wat son F-12, i-U Dor e Z- 15 Langer D- 9 Whi t e N- 9 Favret F- 13 Lozovsky H-4, H-5 Winsor z-iU Fehl mann B-8 Macki nt osh L-8 Yaraagut i A - 12 Fi scher E-7, F- l U Mas on E-ll PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON
SOIL MECHANICS AND
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
JUNE 22 to 26, 1936
VOLUME in
GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
(ALL RIGHTS RESERVED) P LANOGRAPH PRINTED BY SPAULDINC-M OSS COMPANY BOSTON, M ASSACH USETTS, U.S.A. II
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Secretary*e Report» A. Casagrande (U.S.A.). 1^8 Treasurer's Report. P. C. Rutledge. (U.S.A.). 8-10
ADDRESSES
Opening Remarks. A. Casagrande. (U.S.A.). 11
Address of Welcome. Jome6 B. Conant. (U.S.A.). 11-12
Relation Between Soil Meohanics and Foundation Engineering, Karl v. Terzaghi. (Austria). 13-18 Address» Daniel E. Moran. (U.S.A.). 18-19
Soil Study and Engineering* F. E. Sohmitt. (U.S.A.). 19-21
Farewell Address. A. Agatz. (Germany). 21-22
Closing Address of the President. Karl v. Terzaghi. (Austria). 22-23
Section B« EXPLORATION OF SOIL CONDITIONS AND SAMPLING OPERATIONS
B-9 Opening Discussion. Henry A. Mohr. (U.S.A.). 2l±
B-10 Dieoussion. Daniel E» Moran. (U.S.A.), 2U-25
B-ll Discussion» Earl F. Bennett» (U.S»A.). 26
B-12 Discussion. A Method for Determining the Representative Character of Undisturbed Samples and Something of the Disturbance Caused by the Sampling Operation» Donald M. Burmister» (U.S.A.). 26-28
B-13 Discussion» Harold E. Russell» (U.S.A.). 29
B-ll; Discussion. Spencer J. Buchanan. (U.S.A.). 29
B-15 Disoussion. Evan W. Vaughan. (U.S.A.). 29-30
B-16 Comments on Various Papers. (B-3# B-6# B-7)« 30
Seotion D« SOIL PROPERTIES
D- 15 Opening Discussion. Donald T IT . Taylor» (U.S.A.). 31-33
D-l6 Disoussion. Soil Properties as Functions of General Soil Formation Processes» H. F. Winterkorn. (U.S.A.). 33
D- 17 Discussion of Paper C-2. Interpretation of Some of the Results of the Soil Survey of the Flushing Meadows Park Site. Donald M. Burmister. (U.S.A.). 33“36
D-18 Discussion. William P. Kimball. (U.S.A.). 37
D-19 Disoussion. G. Tsohebotareff. (Egypt). 37-38
D-20 Discussion. C. A. Hogentogler. (U.S.A.). 38-39 D-21 Discussion. George E, Ekblaw. (U.S.A.). 39
D-22 Disoussion. L. F. Cooling. (England). 39^40 Ill
Page D-23 Discussion of Paper D-6 (By Letter)« The Chemioal Nature of Clays« H, F. Winterkorn. (U.S.A.; 40-lj2 D~2k Discussion (By Letter)« Apparatus for Testing Soils in Compacted State« C. A. Hogentogler, Jr. (U.S.A.).
D-25 Disoussion (By Letter). Permeability Device for Undisturbed Sand Samples. Joseph Szily. (Hungary). bk-h 6 D-26 Disoussion (By Letter). New Apparatus for Volumetrio Determination of Carbonates and Water Contents in Soils. Iadislav C. Smolik. (Czechoslovakia). h7-bB D-27 Discussion (By Letter). Relation Between Void Ratio and Effective Prinoipal Stresses for a Remoulded, Silty Clay. Leo Rendulio. (Germany). ha- 5 1 D-28 Disoussion (By Letter)« Conditions of Failure for Remoulded Cohesive Soils. M. Juul Hvorslev. (Austria). 51-53 D-29 Disousslons (By Letter). Maurice Buisson. (France). 53-56 D-30 Disoussions (By Letter). Carl B. Andrews. (Honolulu). 56-57
D- 31 Disoussion of Paper D-6 (By Letter). T. A. Middlebrooks. (U.S.A.). 57
D-32 Discussion. I«.zarus White. (U.S.A.). 58 D-33 Discussion (By Letter). Notes on the Shearing Resistanoe and the Stability of Cohesionless Soils and their Relation to the Design of Earth Dams. Arthur Casagrande. (U.S.A.). 58-60
D-314. Disoussion (By Letter). The Determination of the Pre-Consolidation Load and Its Praotioal Significance. Arthur Casagrande. (U.S.A.). 60-61;
D-35 Comments on Various Papers. (D-l, C-6). 6h
D-36 Disoussion (By Letter). Bror Fellenius. (Sweden). 65
Seotion Et STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN SOILS
II E-12 Opening Disoussion. Pressure Distribution. Franz Kogler. (Germany). 66-70
E- 13 Disoussion on the Distribution of Stress around a Pile. Raymond D. Mindlin. (U.S.A.). 71
E-lZ|. Disoussion. A Graphioal Method of Determining the Distribution of Stress in the Underground Due to Foundation Loads. Donald M. Burmister. (U.S.A.). 71-73 E- 15 Discussion. D. P. Krynine« (U.S.A.). 73-71+
E-l6 Discussion. Benjamin K. Hough, Jr. (U.S.A.). 75
E- 17 Disoussion (By Letter). Stress Distribution a3 a Problem in Attraction. George W. Glick. (U.S.A.). 76-77
E-18 Comments on Various Papers. (E-9). 77 E-19 Disoussion (By Letter)« Thomas A. Middlebrooks. (U.S.A.). 78
E-20 Disoussion of Paper No. E—¿j. (By Letter). D. P. Krynine« (U.S.A.) 78
Seotion F t SETTLEMENT OF STRUCTURES F-l6 Opening Disoussion. Karl v. Terzaghi. (Austria)« 79-87
F- 17 Discussion. Interpretation of Loading Tests for Footings. Donald M. Burmister. (U.S.A.) 87-88 IV
Pago
F-18 Oisoussion. Additional Experience on Situ-Cast Concrete Piles* Rudolf Tillman* (Austria)• 89
F-19 Diaoussion of Paper F-2* Rudolf Tillman* (Austria). 89-90
F-20 Discussion* Wilhelm Loos. (Germany). 90-92 F-21 Diaoussion of Papers No* F-12 and F- 13 (By Letter). On Settlement of Structures in Shanghai, China. Karl v. Terzaghi. (Austria). 92-96
F-22 Diaoussion on the Movements of the Piers of the Mississippi River Bridge, Paper No. F-i;, Karl v. Terzaghi. (Austria), and William P. Kimball. (U.S.A.) 9&”98
F-23 Diaoussion of Paper F-l; (By Letter). Settlement Reoords of the Mississippi River Bridge at New Orleans. William P. Kimball. (U.S.A.). 98-99
F-2I+ Discussion* William S. Housel* (U.S.A.). 9^*101
F-25 Disoussion on Paper No. F-8. (By Letter). Maurice Buisson. (France). 101
F-26 Discussion (By Letter). Soil Testing and Observation in the Design and Construction of Rotunden-Bridge Across the Danube River in Vienna. Charles Fischer. (Austria). 102-103
F-27 Discussion of Paper No. F-6 (By Letter). Thomas A. Middlebrooks. (U.S.A.). 103
F-28 Discussion (By Letter). Settlement Observations on Structures of the "Reichsautobahnen". Leo Casagrande. (Germany). IOI4.-IO6
F-29 Disoussion (By Letter). Comparison of Computed and Observed Settlements. Ernst von Gottstein. (Germany). 107-110
F-30 Comments on Various Papers (F-2, F-li;). 110
Section G» STABILITY OF EARTH AND FOUNDATION WORKS AND OF NATURAL SLOPES
G-10 Opening Discussion. Frank A* Marston* (U.S.A.). 111-112
G-ll Opening Discussion. Stability of Embanlaaent Foundations. G. Gilboy. (U.S.A.) 112
G-12 Discussion. T. T. Knappen. (U.S.A.). 112- 113
G-I 3 Discussion. A Method for Determining the Shearing Resistance of Fill Materials, Earth Embankments, etc. in Place by Means of a New Shear Apparatus* Donald M, Burmister* (U.S.A.). III4.-II6
G -ll; Disoussion. Joachim Ehrenberg. (Germany). 117-118
G-15 Disoussion on Gilboy*s Presentation of Jurgenson* s Method of Foundation Analysis. T. A. Middlebrooks. (U.S.A.). 118
G-16 Discussion. Notes on the Stability of Slopes. Donald V/. Taylor. (U.S.A.). 118-122
G-17 Discussion (By Letter). Two Examples Concerning Underground Sliding Caused by Construction of Embankments and Statio Investigations of the Effectiveness of Measures Provided to Assure their Stability. Ernst von Gottstein. (Germany). 122-128
G-18 Discussion of Paper No. G- 3 (By Letter)* Arahag G. Solakian. (U.S.A.) 128-129
G-19 Discussion (By Letter). Robert G. Hermes. (U.S.A.). 129 G-20 Comments on Various Papers. (G-l, G-2, G-3, G-l;)* 130 V
Page Seotion Hi BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES
H-7 Opening Discussion. J. S. Crandall. (U.S.A.). I3I-I32 H-8 Discussion on Sections H and I. John G. Mason. (U.S.A.). 132-136
H-9 Discussion. R. Pietkow6ki. (Poland). 136-137
H-10 Discussion. Lazarus White. (U.S.A.). 137-138
H-ll Discussion on the lateral Resistance of Piles, Paper No. H-l. Paul Raes (Belgium) and A. E. Cummings. (U.S.A.). 138-lUO
H-12 Discussion on Sections H and I. W. S. Hanna and Gregory Tschebotareff. (Egypt). H|0-lUl H-13 Discussion. Carlton S. Prootor. (U.S.A.). 1)|1
II-11; Discussion. Kjetil Eaugeto. (U.S.A.). lljl-lliS
H- 15 Disoussion (By Letter). Some References to Pile Driving and the Supporting Power of Piles in British Technical Publications. Robert F# Leggett. (Canada). Ilj2-ll;3
H-l6 Discussion of Paper No. H-5 (By Letter). Dimitri P. Krynine. (U.S.A.). l^-lljlj.
E- 17 Discussion of Paper No. H-2 (By Letter). Calculation of Piles According to the Theory of the Longitudinal Flow. B. B. Kretsohmer. (USSR). Iijl|.-lll5
H-18 Report on Special Meeting of the Committee on Bearing Value of Pile Foundations, Waterways Division, American Society of Civil Engineers. 11*5-151
H-19 Comments on Various Papers. (I-5 ). 151
Section Js EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST RETAINING WALLS. EXCAVATION SHEETING, TUNNEL LININGS, ETC.
J-7 Opening Discussion. Arthur Casagrande. (U.S.A.) 152
J-8 Discussion. Karl v. Terzaghi, (Austria). 152-155
J-9 Discussion. Pressure Distributions on Retaining Walls. Raymond D. Mindlin. (U.S.A.) 155-156
J-10 Disoussion of Paper J-3« Jeremiah E. B. Jennings. (U.S.A.). I57-I58 j - 11 Discussion of Paper No. J-l (By Letter). A, E. Cummings. (U.S.A.). 158-159 j-12 Discussion of Paper No. J-l (By Letter). D. P. Krynine. (U.S.A.). 159-1&0
J- 13 Disoussion (By Letter). Some References to lateral Earth Pressure in British Technical Publications. Robert F. Leggett. (Canada). 160
Seotion Ka GROUND WATER MOVEMENT AND SEEPAGE
K-5 Opening Discussion. Joel D. Justin. (U.S.A.). l6l
K-6 Discussion. William P. Creager. (U.S.A.). 161-162
K-7 Disoussion. A Practical Application of the Flow Net Method of Analysis to the Design of Cofferdams. Donald M. Burmister. (U.S.A.). 162-161;
K-8 Disoussion of Paper K-3 (By Letter). Direct Measurement of the Permeability of the Ground. J. P. Daxelhofer. (Franoe). l6l;-l65
K-9 Discussion. 0. Stevens. (Netherlands Indies). I65-I66 VI
Page Seotion Ls SOIL PROBLEMS IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING INCLUDING FROST ACTION IN SOILS
1-9 Opening Discussion. Soils for Highway Uses. C. A. Hogentogler. (U.S.A.). 167-I68 L-10 Discussion. H. F. Winterkorn. (U.S.A.). 168-169
U li Discussion. Muck Settlement Under Highway Fills. Earl F. Bennett. (U.S.A.). 169-170
1-12 Discussion (By Letter). Effect of Freezing and Thawing of Soil under Foundations of Cold Storage Warehouse. E. A. Dockstader. (U.S.A.). 171-173 L- 13 Frost Action in Soils and Its Relation to Highway Engineering. Gunnor Beskow. (Sweden). 173
Seotion Mt METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES, INCLUDING RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONSTRUCTING Aim COMPACTING EARTH FILLS
M-5 Comparative Studies of the Effectiveness of Different Methods for Compacting Cohesionless Soils. Wilhelm Loos. (Gerfnany). 17^-179
K-6 Opening Discussion. Karl v. Terzaghi. (Austria). 180-ie2
Section N> MODERN METHODS OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATIONS
N-10 The Foundations of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. Carlton S. Proctor. (U.S.A.) 183-193
N-ll Foundation of Modem Bridges in Denmark. Aage E. Bretting. (Denmark). 193-201
N- 12 Experiences in the Construction and Working of Mercantile Harbours at Bremen and Bremerhaven and their Value in the Design of New Structures. A. Agatz. (Germany). 201-215
W-13 The Foundation of the Building "le. Balaise" in Lugano, Switzerland Involving Modern Methods in Deep Foundation Teohnique. G. D» Rodio. (Italy). 215-225
N-ll; Opening Discussion. I^zarus White. (U.S.A.). 226-228
K- 15 Discussion on the Movements Within Foundation Pits During Construction. J. A. Cuevas (Mexico), I«.zarus White (U.S.A.) and Karl v. Terzaghi (Austria). 228-231
N-l6 Discussion. Paul E. Raes. (Belgium). 231-233
N-17 Foundation Conditions in Mexico City. Jose A, Cuevas. (Mexico). 233-237
Seotion Z: MISCELLANEOUS
Z-22 Discussion. Karl v. Terzaghi. (Austria). 238
Z-23 Discussion of Paper No. N-6 (By Letter). Irving B. Crosby. (U.S.A.). 238-239
Z-2U Disoussion (By Letter). Maurice Buisson. (France). 239-240 Z-25 Discussion (By Letter). Karl R. Kennison. (U.S.A.). 240
Z-26 Discussion of Paper No. Z-17 (By Letter). Proposed New Boston Building Code. Karl v. Terzaghi. (Austria). PJ|Q-P)|P Z-27 A Preliminary Investigation into the Subject of Foundations in the •Black Cotton' and 'Kyatti' Soils of the Mandalay Distriot, Burma. D. Wooltorton. (India). 21)2-256
Z-28 Discussion of Paper No. Z-27 (By Letter). W. E. Simpson. (U.S.A.). 257 VII
Page Z-29 Report on a Joint Meeting of the Committee on Foundations and Soil Mechanics of the Sooiety for the Promotion of Engineering Education and of the Committee on the Standardization of Symbols and Conventions. 258
Z-2Ça Opening Discussion. A. Casagrande. (U.S.A.). 258-261
Z-29b Discussion on Instruction in Soil MeohanicB. Karl v. Terzaghi. (Austria). 261-263
Z-29C Discussion. Herbert Ensz.1 (U.S.A.). 261;
Z-29d Discussion. E. E. Bauer. (U.S.A.). 26^-265
Z-29e Discussion. W. P. Kimball. (U.S.A.). 265 Z-29f Disoussion. Frederick J. Converse. (U.S.A.). 265-266
Z-29g Discussion. D. Krynine. (U.S.A.). 266
Z-29h Discussion. Robert G. Hennes. (U.S.A.). 266-267
Z-29i Discussion. Donald M. Burmister. (U.S.A.). 267-266
Z.30 Discussion of Paper No. Z-ij. (By Letter). 0. Godskesen. (Denmark). 268
List of Participating and Absentee Members Appendix L I S T O F P A P E R S D I S C U S SED
Paper No. Author Discussion Paper No. Author Discussion Contained in Contained in A-25 Rutledge Z-24 F- 13 Favret F-21 1 F-30 B-3 Barentsen B-l6 F- [; Fischer B-6 Stanton B-13 , B-16 G—1 Wang G-20
B-7 Cuperas B-l6 G-2 Hennes G-19, G-20 C-2 Freeman D-17 G-3 Middlebrooks G-18, G-20 c-3 Andrews D-30 G-J+ Taylor & Vaidhianathan G-20 c-6 Rutledge D-35 G— 6 Terzaghi G-l6 D-l Tschebotareff D-19 , D-29, D-30, D-35 G-9 Jaky G-l6 ru2 Cooling & H-l Raes H-ll Smith D-22, D-29 H-2 Kanschin & Plutalow H- 17 n-U Gerservanoff D-29 H-5 Lozovsky H-16 D-6 Endell & Hoffmann B-31 1-5 R. Tillman H-19 Terzaghi D- 31 D-7 J-l Spangler J-9» J-ll, J-12 E-l Tschebotareff E- 13 J-3 Terzaghi J-10 E-2 Relton E- 13 K-2 Vreedenburgh K-9 E-i+ Krynine E-20 K-3 Mayer K-8 F-2 Converse F-30 N-6 Terzaghi Z-22, Z-23 F-h Kimball F-22, F-23 z- 17 Committee Z-26 F-6 Krynine & Z-18 Knappen & Nord F-27 Phillipe Z-ai; F-8 Ringeling F-25 Z-27 Wooltorton Z-28 F-12 Clark & Watson F-21 Vili
COMPLETE AUTHOR INDEX FOR VOLUMES I, II, & III
Abelaff z-6 Fehlmann B-8 Parsons D- 13 Agatz Vol. Ill, p. 21 Felleniu3 D-36 Petermann J-6 N-12 Fisoher E-7 , F-14.F-26 Pfeiffer lt-1 Andreae A-l Franx H-3 Phillipe Z-18 Andrews c- 3, D-30 Freernan C-2 Pietkowski H-9 Baohy M-I4. Froehlioh z-io Plutalow H-2 Baehr 1-6 Gersevanoff Pogany Z- 13 Bakenhus H-18 Gilboy G-ll. Z-19 Pokrovsky E-5, z-9 Baker E-9 Gliok E-17 , N-2 Porter L-l, L-7 Barentsen B-3 Godskesen A-ll.ZJ4.Z-29 Proctor H-13.N-1.N-10 Barkan Z-8, Z-9 Gott3tein F-29, G- 17 Raee H-1,H-11.N-16 Bauer Z-30d Graftio N-3 Rapp E-9 Begemann A-21 Gray D-lli. E-10 Relton E-2 Bennett B-ll, L-ll Hflnnfl B-4.C-1.F-1. Rendulio D-27 Beskow L-13 H-12 Ringeling F-8 Biemond F-9 Hartman A- 8 Rodio N- 13 Boonstra 1-2 Haugeto H-llj. Royer L-2 Borowicka E-8 Hannes G—2.G-19 .Z~30h Russell B- 13 Bonlichev A-10 Hoffmann D-6, M-3 Rutledge Vol. Ill, p. 8, Bretting Z-5, N-ll Hogentogler A-15.D-20.L-9 A-25, C-6 Brinkhorst F-10 Hogentogler,Jr. D-2k Samsioe D-3 Broekman G-5 Hough E-16 Schmitt Vol. Ill, p. 19 van Bruggen B-2 Housel A-6,A-15,F-21j. Simpson Z-28 van der Brught °-5 Hvoralev D-ll. D-28 Small Z- 17 Buchanan A-23, B-ll; Inmerman N-7.N-8,Z-11 Smith B-5. D-2 Buisman F-7» G-5 Jaky G-9. z-16 Smolik D-26 Buisson D-10,D-29,F-25, Jenkins A-7 Solakian G-18 Z-2I; Jennings J-10 Spangler J-l, L-3 Burmister A-13.B-12.D-17, Jurgenson G-8. Z-21 Stanton B-6 E-lU.F-i7 .G-i3 , Justin K-5 Steinbrenner E-6 K-7, Z-29Ì Kansohin H-2 Stevens K-l, K-9 Casagrande, A. Vol. Ill, p. 1, Kennison Z-25 Stokstad 1-6 p. 11 , D-33, Kimball A-l6.D-18.F-2;, Szily D-25 D-jl+.J-y.Z-SOa F-22.F-23.Z-1. Taylor d-15 .g-1;,g-i6 Casagrande, L. F-28 Z-30e Ter-Stepanian D-8 Chatley Z-2 Kjellman A-l; Terzaghi Vol. III. p. 13 Clarke F-12. I-l; Knappen G-12, Z-18 p. 22. D-7, Conant Vol. Ill, p. 11 Kogler E-12 F-16.F-21.F-22, Converse F-2, Z-30f Kretschmer H- 17 G-6.G-7.J-3. Cooling B-5.D-2.D-22 Krynine A-5.E-3.E-i;, J—I;. J—5. J—8. Cox Z-12 &-15.E-20.F-6, M-6.N_6.N-15, Crandall H-6, H-7 H-l6,J-12,Z-30g Z-3.Z-20.Z-22. Creager K-6 langer D-9 Z-26, Z-30b Crosby z-23 Ledesma F-ll Tillmann c-5,F-i5,F-ie Cuevas N-5.N-15 .N- 17 Leggett H-15.J-2.J-13 F-19 , 1-5 Cummings H-ll. J-ll Loos F-20, M-5 Tsohebotareff D-1.D-19.E-1, Cuperas B-7 Lozovsky H-l;. H-5 F-l, H-12 D&v/son F-3 Mackintosh 1-8 Vaidhianathan G—1; Daxelhofer K-8 Marston G—10 Vattenbyggnadsbyran N-3 Dean 1-6 Hason, A.B. E-ll Vaughan A—11;, B- 15 Dockstader L-12 Mason, J.G. H-8 Vreedenburgh K-l, K-2 Dore Z- 15 Middlebrooks D-3i.E-i9.F-27. Wang Yen G—1 Ehrenberg G-lL; G-3 . G- 15 Warlam D-12 Ekblaw D-21 Jilindlin E-13 , J-9 Watson F-12, I-U Ende11 D-6, M-3 Mohr B-9 Weston M-2 Engelund N-I4. Moran Vol. Ill, p. 18 White D-32,H-10,N-9 Ensz Z—3O0 B—10 N—li;, N-I5 Faber 1-3 Morton L-ht L-5 Winsor Z—li; Favret F- 13 Nord F-5. F-6 Winterkorn D-16,D-23,L-10 Fedorov E-5 Ostashev K-J; Wooltorton Z-27 Yamaguti A-12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Corrections and Additions for Vol I and II
Paper No« Vol Page and Line Correction or Addition ^ In the Author Index add 0. Godskesen Z-i; s_nd change 0. Stokstad from K-6 to L-6 . C-l 23 The author of this paper. Dr. W. S. Hanna, is Head of the Foundation Soils Research laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Egyptian University, Giza, Cairo»
C-l 2i4. 2 Should read 0.1; to 1.1|. kg/cm^
C-3 31 I4. The Plasticity Index in column #7 should read 60.1.
D-l 33 The author of this paper, Dipl. Ing. G. Tsohebotareff, 16 Research Engineer in the Foundation Soils Research laboratory. Faculty of Engineering, Egyptian University, Giza, Cairo»
D-l 3l* 52 Should read Kamal Khalifa Eff.
D-l; ¿48 63 Should read q = q^
V-h 50 1 Should read ^
D-k 50 17 Should read £ +■ — — — . (R+S+U) = const» 1 +2 J d -6 53 The position of the two X-ray photographs should be reversed» In Table II referenoe should be made to Fig. 3 instead of Fig. 2.
D-13 133 The investigation was carried out with a grant of $500 which the Harvard Graduate School of Engineering reoeived from the Committee on Earths and Foundations of the American Society of Civil Engineers of which Mr. Lazarus White is Chairman»
E-IO I59 For the three equations at the bottom of this page the quantity appearing under the radical should be« +" Txz F-6 100 32 Paragraph 3» The sentenoe should read "The bridge is a double leaf basoule span".
G-2 I3I1. Fig. 1. The legends in German for L0 and Lf are reversed and should be revised to correspond with the facts and with the English legends.
G-3 I 137 15 Fig. 15 should read Fig. 1I4.. 1±3 & LiU Titles for Figs. lq. and 15 are reversed G—5 I 150 53 "Deducted" should read deduced.
G-8 II 199 59 Should read c j_ ^ a B l£ G-3 II 199 5k Should read p = 2 ( ^ + 2 ) 0
G-8 • II 200 U Should read c _ P a P a B L ( L + ir a) — B
J-l I 207 Formula (2) should read as follows: 2 ho= 2^ * P * H T (w h e D m ~ 2 ^...... (2 ) r*' M -l 263 Add the following! All the operations at the Asaitrt Dam were carried out by Messrs. Coohrane of London, and the injeotion work was subcontracted to the Franoois Cementation Co*, in Doncaster, Great Britain.
M-3 271+ 2 Should read "Atterberg*e liquid limit and the angle of inter nal friction are deoreased by treatment» LIST OF PARTICIPATING AND
ABSENTEE MEMBERS
OFFICERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON SOIL MECHANICS
AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
H onorary President: James B ryant C onant, President of H arvard University
President: K arl von Terzaghi, Professor, Technische H ochschule, Vienna, Austria
Vice President: O scar F aber, President of the British Institution of Structural E ngineers
Vice President: D aniel E . M oran, Consulting E ngineer, U.S.A.
Vice President: G iovanni R odio, Consulting E ngineer, Italy
Vice President: Lazarus W hite, Consulting E ngineer, U.S.A.
COMMITTEE ON ORGANIZATION
Chairman: H arry E . C lifford , Dean of the Graduate School of E ngineering, H arvard U niversity
Secretary: A rthur Casagrande, Graduate School of E ngineering, H arvard University
Treasurer: Philip C. R u tledge, Graduate School of E ngineering, H arvard University
CHAIRMEN OF NATIONAL COMMITTEES
A ustria F. Schaffernak Mexico J. A. C uevas
Denmark A . E. B rettin g N etherlands A. S. K. Buism an
E ngland 0 . F aber Sweden P. G. H oernell
Germany A . A gatz Sw itzerland A. Stucky
H ungary J- Jaky U.S.S.R. N. G ersevanoff
Italy G. Rodio U.S.A. D. E. M oran o> 1 rt (D G ■i_)o CQA ~0 TD O * 2 bO c G •E 60 -G rs o> o o rt b 3 .2 D bfl ’o v n .2 .5 *-4-1 « rG *u rt c/T r-
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