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Rock Mechanics-Achievements and Current Problems Mehanika Stijena-Dostignuća I Aktualni Problemi

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Rock Mechanics-Achievements and Current Problems Mehanika Stijena-Dostignuća I Aktualni Problemi Rock mechanics-achievements and current problems Mehanika stijena-dostignuća i aktualni problemi Prof. em. Ivan Vrkljan Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Rijeka President of Croatian Geotechnical Society ISRM Vice President at Large (2011-2015) Content Foundation of the ISRM Some of actual rock mechanics and rock engineering problems - Rock behaviour characterisation - In situ stress and residual stress in intact rock - What is the Strength of a Rock Mass? Rock mechanics position in Eurocode 7 Polemics in rock mechanics community Expectations of rock mechanics and ISRM Conclusions Foundation of the ISRM Circumstances in which the rock mechanics has been recognized Geology Engineering geology Rock mechanics Malpasset, 1958 450 people were killed Circumstances in which the rock mechanics has been recognized For rock mechanics recognition, next circumstances are specially important: Critical mass of knowledge about the behavior of rock masses have been reached. Technologies of excavation and stabilization have begun to significantly affect on the rock engineering and rock mechanics. The hardline of experts in the field of soil mechanics that rock mechanics should be developed within the soil mechanics. Circumstances in which the rock mechanics has been recognized Bjerrum, Terzaghi i Casagrande, august, 1957. (ISSMFE officers) Circumstances in which the rock mechanics has been recognized The early 1960s were very important in the development of rock engineering world-wide. 1910-1964: 60 slides were recorded in cuts along the Panama canal. These slides were predominantly controlled by structural discontinuities. 1936: Karl Terzaghi on the first international conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering in 1936 : ‘The catastrophic slopes of the deepest cut of the Panama Canal showed that we were overstepping the limits of our ability to predict the consequences of our actions ....’ Circumstances in which the rock mechanics has been recognized Panama Canal Foundation of the ISRM Müller officially registered the ISRM with the name „Internationale Gesellschaft für Felsmechanik“ Correspondence between Bjeruma, as Vice ISSMFE President, shows that Müller registered Society only when Terzaghi gave his consent. Terzaghi was Müller’s professor and he wanted that new Society to be born with his agreement. Müller and ISMFE leadership wished that two Societies have a close collaboration. Foundation of the ISRM ISRM Constitutional Meeting, Salzburg, 25 May 1962. Voting. Foundation of the ISRM ISRM Constitutional Meeting, Salzburg, 25 May 1962. Head table with Müller and Pacher Foundation of the ISRM Prof. Josef Stini Prof. L. Müller Prof. Karl von Terzaghi Engineering geol. Rock mechanics Soli mechanics (1993-1958) (1908-1988) (1883-1963) It is truly remarkable that the founders of the disciplines of Engineering geology, Soil mechanics and Rock mechanics - each now represented by International Society were all from Austria. ISRM 50-years anniversary celebrations The celebrations of the 50th anniversary of the ISRM started in October 2011 in Beijing, had a peak during the Eurock2012 in Stockholm, and finish in October 2012 during the 61st Geomechanics Colloquy in Salzburg, the same city where it was formed in 1962. ISRM 50-years anniversary celebrations A number of activities took place during this year of celebrations, among which the publication of the ISRM 50th Anniversary Commemorative Book 1962-2012 ISRM 50-years anniversary celebrations Salzburg, 2012. Dr Franz Pacher, the only living member of the ISRM founders Leopold Müller Award Prof. Leopold Müller The award is made once every four years in recognition of distinguished contributions to the profession of rock mechanics and rock engineering Leopold Müller Award Recipients of the Müller Award Evert Hoek Neville Cook Herbert Einstein Charles Fairhurst CANADA, 1991 USA, 1995 USA 1999 USA, 2003 Ted Brown Nick Barton John A. Hudson AUSTRALIA, 2007 UN KINGDOM , 2011 UN KINGDOM , 2014 ISRM achievements of the past 50 years ISRM Suggested Methods • More than 50 Suggested methods have been published • 18 ISRM commission and 3 Joint Technical Committee are active John Franklin John Hudson ISRM achievements of the past 50 years ISRM Suggested Methods SUGGESTED METHODS are NOT standards They are explanations of recommended procedures to follow in the various aspects of rock characterisation, testing and monitoring. However, the SMs can be used as standards on a particular project if required, but they are intended more as guidance. ISRM achievements of the past 50 years ISRM Suggested Methods ISRM Suggested Methods are presented with standardized formats, each of which has the following contents: (1) Introduction and history of the suggested method, (2) Scope, (3) Apparatus, (4) Procedure, (5) Calculations, (6) Reporting, (7) Final credits, (8) Acknowledgments, and (9) References. ISRM achievements of the past 50 years ISRM Suggested Methods Yellow Book 1981 edited by E.T. Brown Rock characterization, testing & monitoring The first collection of the Suggested Methods of the ISRM was edited by Professor Ted Brown and published by Pergamon Press in 1981. ISRM achievements of the past 50 years ISRM Suggested Methods Blue Book Editors: R. Ulusay and J.A. Hudson. The Complete ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring: 1974-2006 40 methods Free for ISRM members! ISRM achievements of the past 50 years ISRM Suggested Methods Orange Book Editor, R. Ulusay SMs 2007 – 2014. 21 separate new and upgraded ISRM Sms ISRM achievements of the past 50 years Online lecture The ISRM Online Lecture series was launched in 2013. Every three months, experts in different fields of rock mechanics were invited to give a lecture on a specific topic. ISRM achievements of the past 50 years ISRM achievements of the past 50 years ISRM achievements of the past 50 years ISRM achievements of the past 50 years ISRM achievements of the past 50 years ISRM achievements of the past 50 years ISRM achievements of the past 50 years ISRM achievements of the past 50 years ISRM achievements of the past 50 years ISRM ISRM President 2015-2019. Dr. Eda Freitas de Quadros, Brazil First woman as president of ISRM or ISSMGE in 75 years FedIGS The aim of FedIGS The aim of FedIGS is enhance cooperation between international geo-engineering societies. FedIGS The three founding sister societies are 1. ISSMGE (International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering), 2. IAEG (International Association for Engineering Geology) and 3. ISRM (International Society for Rock Mechanics). More recently 4. IGS (The International Geosynthetics Society) joined the group and others are being invited to join. FedIGS The current position of the FedIGS FedIGS operates at low level of activity without secretarial assistance and with only 3 JTC’s. (Joint Technical Committee) JTC1 - Natural Slopes and Landslides JTC2 - Representation of Geo-Engineering Data JTC3 - Education and Training FedIGS The historic meeting of the Presidents of the sister Societies in Lisbon where it was decideed in principle FedIGS (2007) Some of actual rock mechanics and rock engineering problems Actual problems We are faced with several problems: We have a wide range applications to the rock mechanics and the design in rock engineering. We deal with natural material. Different behaviour of same rock in different conditions. Actual problems Wide range of applications • Foundation, • Slope, • Tunnel, • Mine (underground and open pit), • Geothermal energy, • Petroleum engineering, • Waste disposal. Actual problems Rock mass is natural material • Discontinuous • nhomogeneous I acronim: DIANE • Anisotropic • Not Elastic • Pre loaded Rock is unlike many other artificial materials, like concrete or steel, or soil, mainly due to discontinuous character. Actual problems Rock mechanics and structural geology We deal with deformed and fractured rock It is important to understand the sequence of fracturing Modeling and design techniques require structural geology information to be explicitly included in computer model Actual problems Rock mechanics and structural geology subject of interest Past FUTURE Structural Geology Interpretation of natural processes that Prediction of natural geohazards, such have created the rock structures we as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, see today landslips Rock Mechanics Interpretation of past engineering Prediction of the rock mass response practice: past successes, and past to engineering perturbations failures Hudson 2012, Beijing Actual problems Natural fracture Artificial fracture Rock slabbing and spalling Actual problems Different behavior of the same rock around shallow and deep tunnels Garvity induced failure Failure controlled by rock mass structure Stress induced failure causing slabbing and spalling, sqeezing Actual problems Gravity induced behavior – discontinuity controlled blocks Mechanism: gravity induced failing, sliding or rotating of blocks into the excavation, along discontinuities with potential for local shear failure. Important parameters: • number, orientation and distance of discontinuities or degree of fracturing, • waviness, • roughness persistence, • tension and shear strength in general, • strength and deformability of the rock material, • water pressure, • primary stress conditions. Actual problems Stress induced behavior Mechanism: the loading of the rock mass due to secondary stresses around the excavation exceeds the rock mass strength. Important parameters:
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