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A S AC
A CO O ISM: ME ICA I A IO Y E MASSES I OS O I I IO AME ICA
b St ph n nd tn d
h d l z t n f A r t p ll pr nt d t p d n, d t r dr v n ph n n n. I r th t n th f l h l , th d l l v t th
n t l v l l t v f nd v d l h r d nt f n th lv
b r f Al h l An n . An d r pt n f th p p l r z t n f th d n pt f l h l th t d n t t nt nt th ff rt f th nd v d l n l nt. M th tt pt t n rp r t th nd v d l nt th h t r l n rr t v .
If r t f n th ff rt f Al h l An n n fr n
l h l d , th 0 r pr nt r l t rn n p nt. In ,
r h b t n br ht t n nd. In , th f nd r f A.A., W ll
W l n nd b rt S th, t f r th f r t t nd b n r n th th r
l h l . In , th f r t d t n f Alcoholics Anonymous p bl h d.
h r f v nt r t l t nd r t nd n th d l z t n f l h l
n pt n, nd h t d l h l h p th br n d . h p r d b t n r pr nt d th t rn n p nt h n p t nt f n ll t th n t t v t r nt r t th lv nt n tr t b d f n n
n br t d . v r, th t n bl d l d l nt n d t r l
p n r l nd rp nn n . h t n n th f f t d . ALCOHOLISM: MEDICALIZATION BY THE MASSES IN POST-PROHIBITION AMERICA
by Stephen Raymond Patnode
A Master's Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of New Jersey Institute of Technology and Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey — Newark in Partial Fulfillment of Degree Requirements for Master of Arts in History
Federated History Department
August 1999 A O A AGE
A CO O ISM: ME ICA I A IO Y E MASSES I OS O I I IO AME ICA
St ph n nd tn d
r. r hb h, h Adv r t A t nt r f r, d r t d t r p rt nt
r. h rd Sh r, C tt M b r t r f r nd A t Ch r, d r t d t r p rt nt
r. v d Str dl n , C tt M b r t A t nt r f r, d r t d t r p rt nt IOG A ICA SKE C
A th r: St ph n nd tn d
r : M t r f Art n t r
Ed t n:
M t r f Art , r In t t t f hn l nd t r , th St t Un v r t f r — r , r , ,
h l r f Art , t r C ll , t r , h St t Un v r t f r , r n , , 2
M j r: t r
v b l v d f l , h r nd n th h r ft r ACK OW E GME
I ld l t r t f ll n l d th ff rt f n nd v d l . r t nd f r t I t th n r. r hb h, th dv r. Wh n I n t ll
ppr h d r. r hb h l t r, I h d l ttl r th n f zz nd
ntr t bl t f t n n nd. Sh h lp d h n th nt r bl t p nd pr v d d th n r dv nd n r nt th pr j t pr r d. I t l th n r. h rd . Sh r, h th p r n l r l r p n bl f r br n n t th d r t d t r p rt nt l t r.
W th t h t n , I d r I ld n t h v nt pl t d h l
pl t d th th . I ld l l t th n r. v d Str dl n , th th r th rd f th tt . In dd t n t pr v d n d d f ll h p, th th nd n pt th t r. Str dl n ntr d d t th r nt n t
n p r n d v l p nt r t r.
I t th n ll f th t ff, t d nt , nd f ll tr v l r fr r th t r d d r n th p t r. I f l v r f rt n t . I ld l l t
n l d th d r t d t r p rt nt, h h pr v d d th
r d t t nt h p, th f l t t n r t rn t h l.
I ld l l t th n ll f th b r f th p bl f tt r h
nt n t t n j rn t t z n h p. h n l d , b t rt nl
r n t l t d t , C r l n A r, K r n K ttn r, Ern t K rtz, nn ,
n ld z n, S r h r , nd W ll Wh t .
In dd t n, v r l th r r h v t nd pr f n l pr v d d th
nv l bl t n . I ld l t th n d K tl r, M r n , M r
v M n n , nd b rt . In p rt l r, I ld l t n l d d t
S nt n, h nt b v nd b nd th ll f d t n h r ff rt t t
n th j rn .
n ll , I ld l t th n f l . M f th r nd nd th r
tr h v pr v d d th nd rf l pp rt thr h t. Al , t r
Sh l h h r d nd rd f n r nt t v r l pp rt n nt
h th , l n d v l p nt, h tr l b n r p pr j t. th n n nd ll. Of r , n n f n r rr r n t t n r p r l n. A E O CO E S
Ch pt r
I O UC IO
2 I E EGI I G
2. Ov rv ...
2.2 C l n l A r : r n n r l 8
2. h E rl p bl nd " h n :" f n n " dn "..
2.4 n t nth C nt r Att pt t fr " dn " "S n "
2. r h b t n: r r v r Oppr v ? 2
2.6 t p l A r : A t rn t A b v l n 2
A IE 0: WI IAM WI SO
. Ov rv
.2 W ll W l n r r t Al h l An n
. W ll S l rth: " ll, Y r S " 44
.4 Ind v d l nd Int rpr t v M d l 46
. Ebb nd th Oxf rd Gr p
.6 h n l St p — W r n W th Oth r . 60
4 A IE : O E SMI , M 6
4. Ov rv 6
4.2 Al h l n A r n 6
4. W l n C t n 0
4.4 S nth z n S n nd Sp r t l t 4 A E O CO E S (C nt n d
Ch pt r
COMMU ICA I I Y 80
. Ov rv 80
.2 W l n nd S th th r 80
. W l n nd S th Ap rt: ff r n M d l f C n b l t 82
.4 C pt n h p th 8
. l nd St t p t l: Eff Ov r h r 8
.6 r t n t r nd th bl t n f Al h l An n
. Ab nd n n t r nd G n Gr t 4
6 EMISSIO 02
6. Ov rv 02
6.2 S lf n nd M d l z t n b th M 02
6. r "C r " t " d :" Ch n n S lf C n pt n f A.A 08
6.4 t z n A.A. nd d f n n th Al h l r n l t
6. C n l n 22
I IOG A Y 24
x C A E O E
I O UC IO
In M , t n t f r th f r t t n A r n, Oh . In th t nt,
W ll W l n nd b rt S th f r d th v nt th t ld l t r b n n
Al h l An n (A.A. . h r n z t n h d pr f nd nfl n n
A r n lt r , l t r ll tr n f r n th d nt t f th dr n rd. fr d
" l h l ," th n d nt t b n d r l nd d l l nt f A r n
lt r n f n t n nth . h th l h t r f th r r t
v nt th t f r d rr b t n r l n nd d n , h h ld n t rn tr n f r th l h l d nt t .
Ov r th r f th t nt th nt r , hr n l h l n pt n
n r n l fr d d ll d l h l . p t th tt pt f
rl r r f r r , l h l n t p p l rl t d nt l ft r th r p l f r h b t n. h n f t r f th d l z t n pr th
r p th t p n r d t — ll t n f p pl h r d nt f n th lv
"p t nt " r th r th n r l p r h . Op r t n l r l t d th rld f
d n , th p t nt n b r r t v nt th t t b
n n A.A. h r p r fl t d nt p r r A r n v l , nd n t rn pr f ndl ff t d A r n lt r .
A.A. xh b t d f n t n n n f r l n nd d n n A r n
t . In A.A. p rl n , l h l nd r t d d ll n r bl
Ch rl nb r f r t n d th f th t r "fr " n r f r n t d . r nt th t d r , n f t, ll n tr t d. r x pl , Ch rl nb r , " n t r : r nd r r ," M lb n Q rt rl 6 ( 8 , S ppl. , .
2 d . M d rn d n , th r f r , ld n t h lp th l h l . h l h l
t h lp h r h r lf. A rd n t A.A., th nl h p f r r v r l n
d pt n n t f p r t l pr pt , th n n t "r l
nv r n" xp r n . r l th p r d x: l h l n v d
d l d th t ld nl b r d thr h r l n . Op nl n th n pt f d l t z n t ph r, A.A. d pt d th ntl f
d n h l lt n l nv n b v l n t rd th d l d pl n . h , A.A. t ll br d d th p b t n th r l nd d l
d l f dr n nn .
Ch pt r n pr v d n v rv f th l r r t r f l r p n t l h l n A r n h t r . h h t r f l h l h h n n th
t ll l r r h t r f p h tr . r n th l n l r , l h l n pt n
l r l v d n r l, tr bl fr p rt f l f . v r, v r th
r f th ht nth nd n n t nth nt r , hr n dr n nn
n r n l r fr d r l h rt n n th p rt f th dr n rd. In
th r rd , th nd v d l b th bj t f n r n l h .
ll n th r p l f r h b t n n , r l t z n fr r
ntr d d. Und r th d l, l h l t b d f n d d .
v r, I r th h ft n th r n t n r pl t . In f t, p rh d d b A.A., th d rn l h l v nt t rn d th tr d t n l p tt rn f
d l z t n n t h d. d nt f n th lv p t nt , l h l
t ll n d t n p l t d l v l t th r n nd . In d n ,
A.A. j n d th n h l f p h p th n t d r n lt n Enl ht n nt v l n t nt th nt r A r .
Ch pt r t t rn t th l f f W ll W l n, n f th f nd r f
A.A., nd h r l t n h p th W ll S l rth. S l rth d t r h
ntr d d W l n t th d n pt f l h l . W l n d pl
nfl n d b h d , ll th f th Oxf rd Gr p, r l r v v l
v nt f th 20 nd 0 . r th t n nfl n f d n
nd r l n t r . v r, t S l rth h lt t l t d W l n
b n th d l nd r l fr r f l h l . S l rth th
p v t l f r n th d l z t n f l h l .
Ch pt r thr br fl x n th l f f b rt S th, th th r
f nd r f A.A. A d l d t r, S th p rt l rl nt r t n f r .
t r h hl ht th n h h A.A. t ll d d l th r
nd t b t r l n, h h d l z t n h d t n bl ht t r pl .
W r n n th nt xt f h p t l, S th t ll "h l d" p t nt thr h th
ppl t n f r l pr pt . h , h nd W l n ff t v l nth z d
d n nd r l n n rd r t br d th p r v d p th t x t d b t n th .
Ch pt r f r tr th rl r th f A.A. nd th nt n n d v l p nt f t d . Of p rt l r n t r th ntr t n t l th t
W l n nd S th d n f r n th rr b t n d n nd r l n.
r d x ll , th ph n S th r v nt d h p t l d n tr t r h
p bl , h r W l n t v l ht th r t n . h t nd n 4
t bv n th r l t n h p th t d v l p d b t n Y r A.A.
b r ( . ., W l n t nd th t ff f l nd St t p t l n
Or n b r , Y. l nd St t l r nt l h p t l, nd th
r t r th r r xtr l pr d b A.A. ff t v n n tr t n
l h l , th h th v rt ll n r d th r l nt nt f th t tr t nt.
Ult t l , t A.A. " ff " th t l d t d pr d t l r n f t p nt f v b pr v l pt l d t r . In f t, A.A. xp r n d t r t t
ft r t t pp d pr t n t lf t d l pr t t n r nd pl t rn d t tt nt n t th n r l p bl .
Ch pt r f v f n th r f ll n th p bl t n f Al h l
An n n . 2 Sp f ll , th d n pt r f n d nd n f d d r n th p r d nt n t nt ll r d l. A.A. nt fr b n " r " f r l h l t "r d ." h n f d th d n pt n n ll r n v r r d, b t r l v d d. A.A. ll r th r , b rr d fr S l rth,
b n d th ph l nd p h l l p n nt f l h l nt n
d l t ph r th t th p bl r p nd d t , d p t nt n d r t n
th n th d l n t .
h th f " d l t ph r " f r pr n ntl n t d . In
dd t n t th l t r l v l f tr t n nd r n lln , th d l z t n f d ft n h lp d t l t z pr v l d v nt p p l t n. A h, th
n t t t n nd nd r t nd n f d b p l t l t t nt — l
2 Aff t n t l r f rr d t th " " b b r f A.A., Al h l An n th f r t p bl t n pr d d b A.A. nd t ll r f rr d t th "b t xt f r S t ." S Al h l An n : h St r f M n h nd f M n nd W n v v r d fr Al h l , d d. ( Y r : Al h l An n W rld S rv , In ., 6 , x . t l t b pr v l t t z d p p l t n. r th r n, v r
r p f p t nt b n t ppr pr t th l n nd n pt f d n
n rd r t v l d t th lv . In th r rd , p t nt r d f n d d
ll n tr t d n pt v r th r f th t nt th nt r . I pl
r th t l h l th f r t t d , th h n x pl x t.
Al h l d n b r f t ph r t h lp xpl n nd l t z th d n pt f l h l . In th f ll n p , ll l h l
t ph r ll p r d th v r t f th r d , r n n fr h f v r t n r t h rt d .
In dd t n t p t nt , A.A. h d n h p n th n th f ld f
d n , n t bl p h tr t rr b t. r d d l ntl t pr t
pt n f A.A. th n th d l f ld. Ch pt r x x n h rl
ff rt t n l z th t l f l h l ll b x n d.
h l f A.A. nd th d n pt f l h l r n
b . A.A. l rl t pp d nt th d p r l r t f A r , h l
lt n l b d n th l r tr d t n f r n r rd n v rt r l t r nd n pt . r th r n, A.A. r pr nt d n l
A r n bl nd f r l n nd d l n . A.A. n pt l z d l h l
ph l l d , b t l t tl pt d th p p l r p r pt n th t
l h l pr r l p h l l pr bl — n tt pt b th nd v d l t " p fr r l t ." In th l t r rd, th h A.A. b t nt ll d t d th t nn t d th l h l , rt nl r n d. h l h l
h r r n nd r l t r t r n th bj t. r n x pl , M r r t M r h nd W nd nn r, h E pt Cr dl : Inf rt l t n A r fr C l n l t th r nt 6
d ll nd r ll r d d, b t t ll r l t d t th n n t t
f " l h l " nd th t l t p rt ll t nt d.
M t tr n f ll th f t th t t f th rr d t d th d n f d n , n th nt xt f p p l r l v nt. h pr d f
th r t lv t p pr r d l d ft r A.A. pr v d d tr n t t n t th p p l r t f t nd rl n pr pt . Ind d, t lv t p pr r h v b n nt r l p rt f th A r n d nt t . S nth z n d n nd r l n, A.A. r r t v nt th t t rn d th v r n pt f
d l z t n n t h d. t nt ppr pr t d th n pt f d f r th r
n p rp , th rp n d n lt r l th r t . h tr t
v , n th t r t d t f t n n th t t ll x t. , th pp t n l d t pl t d t f nt r t n b t n d n nd r l n. t nt fr l d d l t ph r t d t r l d l f l h l . p t r t n fr d l th r t , p t nt nt n d t d n th lv
ff r n fr d th t r r d tr t nt thr h n v rtl r l pr r f r v r . h t d tt pt t pt r th pl x t f th
nt rpl .
( lt r : hn p n Un v r t r , 6 . C A E WO
I E EGI I G
2. Ov rv
h h t r r ph f l h l t d h h n n th th h t r r ph f p h tr . In p rt l r, th h t r f dr n nn n A r
h th n rr t v d l th t M h l lt pr nt d n Madness and
Civilization. r n nn nt fr b n n r l p rt f l n l A r t
nf l v n th ht nth nd n n t nth nt r t d l z d d rd r
n th t nt th nt r . v r, th r r l n d ff r n b t n th h t r r ph f l h l nd p h tr . In th f l h l, th f n l tr n t n fr v t d n t pl t — l h l r n
t t z d nd t n. Al , th tt pt t d l z dr n nn t p l
n th t p pl h r d nt f n th lv p t nt nd t d t. In th r
rd , p pl r d n n th lv ff r n fr d th t
n d l th r t t ll r t d. Inf r d b p h p th th r , th
nd v d l r d pt n p t nt d nt t nd b ldl h ll n n tr r d
Enl ht n nt pr n pl l r t n l . r r n h th , th t r f
A r n r p n t l h l n pt n d rv n p rt nt pl n th h t r f d , ll A r n l h t r .
I S M h l lt, M dn nd C v l z t n: A t r f In n t n th A f n, tr n . h rd rd ( Y r : nt , 88 .
8
2.2 C l n l A r : r n n r l
A r b rn t. Ind d, th pr r nt f l h l n l nt l
n rn t th rl t ttl r . Al h l n nt r l p rt f l n l l f nd dr n n t lf n d r d n r l b h v r. h n t t th t n nx t
x t d v r x v dr n n n l n l A r . v r, th l
n pt n f l h l v d f v r bl b p p l r p n n.
A r h l n tr d t n f dr n n . Q t l t r ll , l h l n
b f r th f r t l n t v n r h d th A r n t. At t h n
l h l n d r d f r t dr n th n t r ( h h ft n p ll t d n
En l nd , th f r t ttl r nt t r t l n th t n r n pl ppl f
l h l b v r . It f r d th t r nn n t ld pr v d tr t th
l n t h lth.
r n t n , th l r l n t l th h d n th n l th n f ll bl n b r r n 62 . h h d d pl t d th r n b r ppl d r n th v r th Atl nt nd r pl t l dr b b r 620. h
pt n f th M fl r h d t n r l h r d th r ppl ( h h, I
p t, t ll p r t fr th pt n . v r, th r pr v n
r tt n p r l l l b br r 62 nd th t t n t h d.
W ll r df rd, f t r f r t v rn r f l th, b l d th n . h
l r " r h t d h r nd d t dr n t r, th t th n ht h v th r b r."2 pl f r h lp f ll n d f r . On l r
n p l nf r d r df rd th t v n f h " r th r n f th r, h h ld
2 M r Ed rd nd r nd K rb M rt n, r n n n A r : A t r , r v. nd xp. d. ( Y r : h r r , 8 , . h v n n ." h pt n f th M fl r d d v nt ll br d n nd h r h r rv th th l n t , v n th h h r d dr n n t r n th r t rn tr p t En l nd.
h p d h hl ht th p rt n f b r t th l n t . Cl rl ,
l h l n t t t z d b t n d r n th p r d. M r Ed rd nd r
nd K rb M rt n r l b rv , "M t v r n f th l r t r p
v r th b r r n f v r f th tr d t n l t l f l th nd th f r t
h n v n . h d rn br n nd tr h v rl d n dv rt n b n nz ."4
nd r nd M rt n nt nd th t v n th h l n l A r n dr n
r th n t r rr nt l v l , th r n nx t v r x v
n pt n thr t t l t b l t . ll tr t , th n t th t th r r n pr r v l t n r t p r n r n z t n .
t th t r n t tr htf r rd. Wh l l h l n d r d v t l, t l nd r t d th t t ld b b d. r x pl , nd r nd
M rt n l h hl ht, l n t d v l p d l t d l th dr n nn d r n th v nt nth nt r . Ind d, " h l n d v l p d n xt n v l l
d t b t ll p t f l r v l t n ." h l r n t r l
nf n d t p bl b h v r th r. In 6 6, M h tt tl d dr n nn n h . h r v d ntl d d n t h v th d r d
ff t, f r th t t nt n d t tt pt t r l t pr v t dr n nn thr h t th v nt nth nt r . h ld t nd t t l t
Ib d. 4 I b d. 0
nx t v r th ff t f dr n nn n th n t . b r , th r
n pr r v l t n r t p r n v nt ( nd rt nl n th n l th
d rn l h l v nt . v r, I b l v nd r nd M rt n
t n th t th r n l n rn v r dr n nn t b v r t t d.
G v n th t p r p t n pt n t r rr nt l v l , n ht
nd r x tl h , rd n t nd r nd M rt n, th r n p bl nx t
r l p l r rd n l n l dr n n . h t " t l n l
ll n l nf r d t n t v l ." 6 nt n t th t t l h l
n d b r r d r r th r th n l r, th rt th t p dr n n
ll d d r n th p r d, t pl n t ll d t t t f h nd. In
th r rd , p pl n d l r r nt f b v r th t nt n d l r
nt f l h l, h h pr bl ld n t h v l d t nt x t n n th p rt f th dr n r. v r, v n f n nd v d l d d d pl n f
nt p r n ( ntr r t n t v l , th r f rd r n pl .
A n th ld n th f l ntr l: " f nd v d l llp r
v r d n b rv n th t nd rd , h v r, f l , fr nd , n t r , nd
v l tr t r l th r t rd n t d v nt b h v r." In th r
rd , th n l d th t dr n n n r l p rt f th l n l n t .
pl r r l b pr bl dr n r , nd v n h n th d d, l r
ld br n th b nt th f ld.
W. . r b h t th l f l r v r l n l dr n n l h d t d th n t t nd rd . In h Al h l p bl : An A r n
Ib d., . 6lb d., .
r d t n, r b h fr h r nt n h r n t r th n
nd r nd M rt n. h , h t th t pr r t 0 "n rl ll A r n f
ll l l dr n l h l b v r n nt t , t t th p nt f
nt x t n." 8 Cl rl , l h l t lf n t t t z d nd r h
r t n h v r, x v n pt n t ll r d n rn.
r n nn n t t t d th v l n r r , th h b ll p bl dr n nn d r d. Wh th r n r t r p bl l r
v r ll th h rt dr n n ? r b h, l nd r nd M rt n, t th t,
n f t, r d p bl dr n n n n d r n th r . t t r n h "S h x r d r d n p rt b th h h pr f d t ll d p r t nd n l r r p rt b th f t th t th pp r l n t r d p bl dr n n ." C l n l t h r r h l n n t r , nd th pp r
l r bl t r tr n dr n n b ntr ll n th t v rn h r p pl
th r d t dr n . n f r h t bl h nt r nl r nt d t n
nd n f d r l h r t r. In dd t n t l n , n t r , j d ,
nd th r th r t ld x rt l f r l ntr l b f p r n l
d n t n t t v rn r l r . In th nn r, l n r r nf r d b th pp r l . 0 2
If dr n n n d r d n r l p rt f th l n l xp r n , t
t nd t r n th t th dr n r ll. In th r rd, I b l v n
nt r t n p r ll l x t b t n l n l nd p t r h b t n A r . In b th
, dr n n b nd l r n r l b h v r f r j r t f th p p l t n.
Eff rt t ntr l r d r t d t f nt p r t nd v d l , r th r th n l h l
t lf. h b th t n f h th r th d n pt f l h l pr nt n l n l th n n n dr n nn . In h 66 d rt t n "A t r
f th C n pt f Al h l ," Alb rt Ern t W l r n, r. br fl
xpl r th t n. A rl 4 , r n h ph l ph r C nd ll l b l d
n br t d nd p r d t t n n t . b l v d n br t
nt r d n th br n nd th r f r ld n t r p nd t l l r r l
n. C nt n n th , . . Cr th r d, t r f t th t
n br t r n z d d l n b f r n n t th ht t b
th r th n p r t l dn nd p n f th d v l." Wh l ld d b t th r t f Cr th r t t nt, th p nt r n th t b l v d
n br t d d r n ( nd v n pr r t th ht nth nt r . v r,
W l r n n t , "th l t d d f n t n d d n t nfl n n n f nt p bl p n n r f r l th r ." 2 h , th nd t n f dr n nn n t d f n d n th r d l r r l t r d r n th l n l p r d.
. . Cr th r , h f In br t fr Al h l, Op nd Oth r r t r ( Y r : E. . r t, 8 , t d n Alb rt Ern t W l r n, r., "A t r f th C n pt f Al h l " ( h. . d ., Un v r t f nn lv n , 66 , 8. 2 Ib d.
2. h E rl p bl nd " h n :" f n n " dn "
A r nt thr h n npr d nt d p r d f dr n n d r n th r
0 840. A v r t f f t r ntr b t d t th p d , n l d n n
b nd n f rpl r n nd lt r l pr l v t f r h d t ll t n f p r t .
h pr pt d n r f r r t b n ll n tt nt n t dr n nn
l . r n nt n th rl r f r r r. nj n h.
r d x ll , lth h h r d th t n br t d , h l
xpr l t t t d r d t th hr n dr n r, th r b t t z n th t f dr n n t lf. h th b nn n f p bl ff rt t tr n f r p r pt n
f dr n nn fr "n r l" t "b d." th ddl f th n n t nth nt r , th ff rt h d r t d n rt nt r rd n th t t f th nt p r t dr n r. h h t n bl n t t f lt f r h r h r nd t n, th dr n rd n l n d r d ll n pt bl nd th t t z d t r t
xt nt. h t n h ll x n th d v l p nt nd th n ttl d
nd r t nd n f " n br t " h h v lv d d r n th p r d.
t n 0 840, th n A r n r p bl nt thr h
p t l r dr n n b n . r p t n pt n f l h l b v r
t th h h t l v l n b f r r n . r b h t t th t b t n
800 8 0 nn l p r p t n pt n f d t ll d p r t ll d t v r f v
ll n , r t n rl tr pl r rr nt l v l .
Wh d d th h pp n? r b h t th nd rl n f th n t n l b n r pr r l n n n t r . "In n ," h r t , "th p r d f pl nt f l p r t n b v d n p d n th t r t n nd 4
d v l p nt f th A r n n ." 4 h r 0 8 0 A r
thr h p nf l tr n t n fr r r l, r lt r l n t n rb n,
nd tr l n . r b h r th n ph v l r lt d n p h l l tr n v r nt f th p p l t n. M n p pl t rn d t dr n f r f rt. Wr t n n 8 , Ed rd rn p l t d th t A r n dr n n h b t d r n th p r d " r t f th nx t f th r nd t n."
On d ff t f th n n r lt r l n rpl r n.
r r r ft n f d th d l , f r th xtr r l ld r t n
t r nd t xp n v t h p l h r . h l t n n p
th tr d t n l n — nv rt th r n t h . Wh v r pr f t bl , h h n t rn d tr n p rt t n v r l nd t t rn r t f n n ll f bl . h , b n t n f n f t r h d n f nt
p t n l b h v r, dr t ll n r n p r p t n pt n f
l h l. h xt r f p h l l tr nd pl nt f l p r t l d t n
npr d nt d A r n pr .
Of r , th n t n l b n d d n t nn t d. t d h l d lph ph n nj n h r d th t dr n n t h pr d d d .
ll d th th p r t f th Enl ht n nt, h b l v d h r nt r
l r x pl f r t n l t n r n tr d t n. In dd t n, h f lt th
nf r t n ld l ll l d th r p pl t th n l n h ( . ., t p r n , th r b f rth r pr t n r t n l t th n t . h l
r b h, 8. 4 Ib d., 8 . Ed rd E. rn , h t r f W ll nd K nn b n . ( rtl nd, M ., 8 , 4 t d n r b h, 2 .
84 An In r nt th Eff t f Sp r t r d p h v n p r t . tt d n p p l r p r pt n r rd n l r,
t n th t t d d n t, n f t, pr t t n t h t r ld th r ( r t ll,
t t ll r v t d th nd t n . nt n t t l r th h t f lln , v r th n fr t h n nd v t n t dn
nd p l p . n ll , h r d th t p r t l r h ld b r pl d th l l h l b v r h b r nd l ht n . h p phl t ldl
f l, n r t n r th n 0,000 p b 8 0. 6
h th In r r v d n r d h t l n h l r
p n t pr t h d . I n t , h nt nt t th n b r f p pl h h r d h v . W th th h lp f p pl l t n n t r
r l n p nd Ch rl t n d t r v d , h h p d t n t t n t n l v nt t pr t b t n n . h t t d l f th v nt
t n r th t b " dr n rd . . . ll b nf n t l r
r th f, nd th f p r t n n n f l dr n d f
l t n f r n r d t n f h l ."
h r r pr nt th b nn n f ff rt t r fr dr n n
"b d," r ll d v nt v th t t t z d th nd v d l n th f h p r . Of r t nt r t th f t th t nj n h ph n, r th r th n l r n. At th p nt, h b l v d th nt f d l f d n
ld b tt r rv th f t p r n th n r l n. Of t ll r t r
p rt n t th t r , h h p r l d h d. r b h n t ,
6 Ib d., 4 . Ib d., 4 . 6
"In 8 h r p rt d th t h l th dr n n f p r t h d d l n d n
nn lv n , pl t pp r d p bl , nd h r l t ntl
n l d d, ntr r t h rl r v , th t nl r l n ld r v t r f r h ." 8 S f h f t r ff rt r d p f ll t n t r ,
n r n th t pr h n t th f l r.
If h f l d t nv n nt p r r , h d n pr n n
d rn pr p n nt f th d n pt f l h l n A r . r
x pl , W l r n xpl n :
h "d f nt p r n " f r t d f n d th n th fr r f ht nth nt r nt f n l d . h h b t t n n t r f th d , h v r, l rl d t n h d fr n dr n nn . h d d f n d n f th b d , rr pt n f r l t , nd p rv r n f th nd. . . . h rl nt r t n t p r n n t b d p n n ff rt t ntr l l b h v r. t t r p n b l t f r th d d p r n t d, n n f r r ppr l f th pr bl nd pr v n f r r t d l th t.
S f r h th d f nt p r n n t d f ph l p n nt,
r l p n nt, nd nt l p n nt. h l l rl d t n h b t n th t p r t dr n r nd th dr n rd. In th r rd , h d f n n —
nd th t t z n — d v nt p p l t n th n th fr r f ht nth
nt r d l n l d ( pp d t A.A. l t z n f n
dd t n .
h d n n t t z t n f th dr n rd l rl v bl n th rl d f th t p r n v nt. A W l r n n t , "b f r 840, th
8 Ib d., 4 p rp f th t p r n dv t t pr v nt th dr n r fr b n
n nt p r t dr n r." 20 h nt p r t dr n r n d r d h p l ,
n pt h h rt nl r n t th th d f th dr n rd " nn r."
Q t pl , th r n th n d n ld d f r th n br t . 2
A n t th nt xt f th dr n rd " nn r," f n t n l
v nt b rn. In 840, x lf pr f d " t " n lt r , M r l nd f nd d th W h n t n n M v nt. 22 h r p n t d f r f r d dr n r h n t rn r d n v n th r n br t . h ph n th
nd v d l l h l d th W h n t n n ppr h t p l n th nt xt f th n n t nth nt r t p r n v nt. It n r d bl f l,
rn r n th b r h p f p rh p 600,000 dr n rd b th l t 840 . h
p r n th A.A. r bv . v r, M lt n A. M x ll h p nt d
t, th W h n t n n v nt l d n nd rp nn n d l l fr r nd v nt ll b rb d b th r n z d t p r n
v nt. 2 h , th r n l l f r n nd v d l dr n rd l t
Int r t n l , th pr l th nd r t nd n f l h l th t A.A. p . In A.A. p rl n , l h l thr f ld d : ph l, p r t l, nd nt l, h r th p r t l p t t ll th ntr l f t r . S , f r x pl , Al h l An n , 64. 20 W l r n, 8 . 2 A n, th d th t th l h l d ll n r bl f t r A.A. l t r n rp r t d nt t rh t r ( r n ll , b t n d l th r t . In ntr t th n n t nth nt r t p r n r f r r , A.A. l d t ld nl h lp th nt p r t dr n r ( . ., l h l . 22 h W h n t n n r f rr d t th lv v r th n fr "h rd dr n r ft n dr n n" nd " nf r d dr n r" t " t," "t ppl r," nd "t ppl r n f r t b t ." S W l r n, 0. 2 M lt n A. M x ll, " h W h n t n n M v nt," Q rt rl rn l f St d n Al h l (S pt b r 0 , 4 0 4 . M lt n rt l l , nd nt n th r h p r n f th W h n t n n nd A.A. On n f nt p nt h r th W h n t n n pr t d f r f r l n n r f r n th l h l . C n ntl , h n th r b rb d nt th t p r n p, th W h n t n n b l ttl r th n r v v l ph n th l r r t p r n v nt. A.A., n th th r h nd, b rr d d l l pt n fr b th p h tr nd r l n, nd b d t pr r f r v r n ff t n p r n l t h n n th l h l . In dd t n, p bl r t fr th l r h rt th W h n t n n . A.A. n d 8 fr ht tt nt n t rn d t ll t v l r f r . ll n th nd f th p d , th t p r n v nt nt n d t n r th r l t nt
t d th n br t .
th 8 0 , th t t z t n f r l pl nt d n th p bl
n n . nd r nd M rt n t th t " f th l h l — r j t th h v dr n r — h d b n th n f ll pt d nd v d l t n th
n n r , th rl t p r n v nt nd r t h p p l r t l r n d r n th 8 0 . In t d, n A r n d pt d v f th dr n rd ph ll nd n ll br n d r l t, ll d r pt v p r n h l f t l t v r n th pt d r , h v r
x t n n p d nt t th n f th b r r p bl ." 24 ll n th C v l W r, th d h rd n d nt th t r t p f th d r b .
v r, th h l p nt f t p r n r f r r t ff t l r th r th n p r n l h n , th th nt f bl n dr n rd d r n th p r d t l t p rt ll d t d. h bj t f r f r r rn l r tr ff , n t th nd n r. nd r nd M rt n n l d , "A r f b th th t pt t n dr n r f d nd th dd t v n t r f l h l, n dr
n d d th t t pl ld n t h ld l h l nd v d ll r p n bl f r th r d nd t n."2 h t l t d r f b v l n d r n th p r d. h nt p r t dr n r t n bl r l v d f lt f r h r h r
nd t n. v r, th dr n rd l n d r d ll n pt bl
t v d th nd f tt nt n b tr n th n n t f t b r nd v d n p bl t nd n ntr v r l . 24 nd r nd M rt n, 4 6. 2 Ib d., 6.
nd n l n r t l r t d. Cl rl , th n n f nt p r t dr n n
t ll n rt n. S n t ld b nt t d.
2.4 n t nth C nt r Att pt t fr " dn " "S n "
Ov r th r f th n n t nth nt r , r n n b r f ph n b n t th n f l h l d . h tr nd f n ll r t ll z d nt th
n br t l v nt th t r d f ll n th C v l W r. C r t r t
n t t t n h th M h tt p t l f r p n nd In br t
nt n d t xp nd nd pr v p n th d n pt. v r, th
l h l nt n d t b d f n d n nt ll r l l n b th n r l p bl . h p f r h b t n br ht th nd f n f th n t t t n .
M r p rt ntl , t l n l d p bl r j t n f th f nd n pr n pl f th n br t l v nt — th t n br t l d th t b l n d t th d n f pr f n l d n .
nd r nd M rt n p nt t r. ph E. rn r th f nd r f th
l v nt. Alth h h ntr b t n t th n pt f n br t d r n l, h d d b n p n t r t n br t l .
ll n t nt r f t v t , rn r f n ll d d n p n n th
Y r St t In br t A l n 864. h h h t n r p r nt nd nt br f ( pp r ntl h n t f l d n tr t r , h nt n d t pr t th n t n f d l tr t nt nt l h d th n 88 . S pp rt f r h r 20
nt n d t n nt , nd b 00 v r f ft h n t t t n h d
p n d. 26
On h n t t t n th f r nt n d M h tt p t l f r
p n nd In br t (M I , h h l l t v l t bl h d n
88 . hr h n l z n th M I, S r h Wh tn r pr v d f n t n
t d f th l v nt. 2 In p rt l r, h f rn h
n htf l b rv t n n h th d l t ff t th h p t l n pt l z d
n br t d . Ir n ll , th M I pp r d t b t ff t v h n tr t nt th r t d ntr l z d nd th d t lf d f n d n br d
l, n , nd d l t r .
h d l t ff n t ll nd r t d n br t d p n , r f r f
n n t . h n rr , p r l d l d f n t n ll d f r th h p t l t ff t h v b l t th r t v r tr t nt. Ult t l , th ppr h pr v d
n ff t v f r n b r f r n . Q t nd r t nd bl , p t nt r b ll d
n t th fr r . Add t n ll , th h p t l nd r n t nt r t n b th pr nd p bl , nv t t d t v r h r f p t nt b , nd
ff r d fr h h p r t . A h l l h n n rd r.
ll n n d n tr t v h p n 0 , h p t l r t r b n t t l z br d r d l f n br t th t r pl x nd r n z d th
p rt n f l f t r . h n l n r d f n d n br t p r l
d l pr bl . th r, th h v d b b n n d l nd n n
26 Ib d., 20. 2 S r h Wh tn r , " h xb r h Exp r nt: M d l z n In br t t th M h tt p t l f r p n nd In br t , 8 " ( h. . d ., Un v r t f nn lv n , 2 . 2
d l rv nt n xt nd d pp rt n t r . r nt n , "[ h h p t l] d d, n t b p n d l h n v r th pr bl f
l h l , b t b d tr b t n r p n b l t f r th n br t r f r t f l , t l rv n l th A t d Ch r t f t n, pl r l th A r n lt C p n , d t n l n t t t n h rv rd nd M.I. .,
th r t t b r r h th p rt nt f h nd G , nd
r tr , nd f r , th p t nt ." 28 Sh r t nl t th p nt th t th M I b n t fr t n n n t t t n. In th r rd , th p rt l r n br t l nl h v d r f h n t t pp d d f n n n br t n p r l d l t r nd t pp d ddr n n br t
x l v l th d l pr t t n r . I b l v th x pl b n t t
h th n br t l f l d t tr l d l z dr n nn , d p t th r b t ff rt . h n r l p bl , nd r p rt ntl th p t nt p p l t n
t lf, r n d d b f d l z t n.
In dd t n, W l r n d n tr t th t th r r f r r d d n t pt th "d f n br t " n r n z n pr n pl . h l b th
bj t f rn fr t p r n r n z r nd r l t . W l r n xpl n ,
" h v f n br t d ll d n nf d l r , n ff rt t d n f v nd p l z f r r ." 2 h d r . M n, th pr d nt f h
A t n f r th C r f In br t t th t f t S v nth Ann l M t n ,
xpl n d h d t r r p nd d t th r t :
28 Ib d., 2 . 2 W l r n, 4 . 22
W xpl n d nd n t d th t n n l n b t f ll d b d t d r t n n , d n l tr l d b t d b n r v r b b th r th n t ld b r t th ff t f v r h h th ff r r h d n ntr l h t v r. h b th pl t t nt b h h th n f h b t l dr n n n d t th p t n f , nd th d t th t f th r lt nt ff t, nd b th f l r ll tr t n h h pl d, th f r nd b r n f h h ld n t f l t b r n z d, n d th nt f r pp n nt , nd r l v d th n t t t n , nd th r nd t r nd fr nd , fr th d f x n r l t b n n p l f r n. And h n r f rr d t th pr n nt pl n d n ll r n t t t n t r l n nd r l , th v t r n th d r t n b pl t . °
In th r rd , th d t r nt n d t d f n th "d f n br t " n h hl r l t t r . Ind d, th ld pp r t r pr nt th tr ph f th
r l d l, n t n bl d l th r t r p ll d t d pt n
nd r t nd n f n br t th t t ll nd r r d th p rt n f n.
h r l t t d th n br t nt n d t r d r n th p r d. In th pr v t n, tl n d th b t th t h d f r rl
h r t r z d r f r r tt t d t rd th nt p r t dr n r. h h
t n bl r l v d f p r n l l b l t f r th r dr n n pr bl , th dr n rd
n d r d ll n pt bl . ll n th C v l W r, th nd v d l dr n r b v n f rth r t t z d. h f r r tt t d f p n f r th dr n r nn nt v t b n t n . In t d, "A n th t p r n r f r r th r n tt t d f n n rn — nd v n h t l t — t rd th d d p r n." S n th tr f f th r f r r r n d l r tr ff , nt t rd r h b t n nt n d t r . W h ll n t rn r
° M n, h Q rt rl rn l f In br t , t d n W l r n, 4 0. Ib d., . 2
tt nt n t th p f r h b t n nd th nt n n d d n f r th l h l th t t xh b t d.
2. r h b t n: r r v r Oppr v ?
th 8 0 , r h b t n h d b d r bl l f r j r t f
A r n . r h b t n t ll p rt f h l r r r f r v nt
h h pt th n t n d r n th pr r v r . v r, d p t th pr r v r dr v , th l h l nt n d t b v d th rn. In f t, th h lp t xpl n h r h b t n r p l d. A th f f p bl
tt nt n r d r t d fr th l r tr ff t th d v nt dr n r, pp rt f r r tr t v l l t n n d. p l r p n n h t th t r h b t n
v rt rn d b t d l f l r . v r, h t r n r
t th pp t , t n th l l t n f l. In t d, th
t th l r tr d l n h d f l p bl r l t n p n t d n z r h b t n. 2 In r p n t th " t" pr p nd , "dr " pr t t b n r n l hr ll. A r lt, t A r n b l n t d fr th t p r n — r h b t n n d ppr v r th r th n pr r v . In th d t f th lt r r, th d n pt f l h l
n d nd th l h l n r n l tr z d.
In th r l d n p t 00, th t p r n v nt nt n d t
th r nt . v r, r h b t n n t n nd n t lf. It ph n n n th t rr d th n th l r r nt xt f pr r v r r f r .
2 r x pl , hn C. rnh , " r p t v n th r h b t n Exp r nt f th 20 ," rn l f S l t r ( 68 : 68. 24
M ddl l A r n f th l t n n t nth nd rl t nt th nt r r
l r d b th r n t d f l pr bl th t r p p l rl t d th
rb n z t n, r t n, nd nd tr l z t n. In r p n t th p r v d
l d t rb n , A r n t t t r t bl h l rd r. nd r nd
M rt n r f r t th th ff rt t r l z "n r p bl n l d l." 4
M ll n f A r n r d th th nd . nd r nd M rt n t th t
" h l th r ld n v r b f ll n t n l n n , j r t lt t l r d th t th t p r n d l d r bl n t n l p l l."
h Ant S l n r d th p rh d f th r h b t n
v nt, rn r n n r d bl r r t pp rt b th 00 . It n
xtr l ff t v l bb n r n z t n ll. h n t pl nt r p rt , b t r d th n th t p rt t , t n v t t h h v r
nd d t pp rt d r h b t n. l t n l t n t .
6, th Ant S l n nd th r t p r n r n z t n h d
nt h t f dr nd d t t n r . h , th E ht nth A nd nt
l p d t th nd f . h t t r t f d th nd nt n
h rt rd r, nd A r ff ll "dr ." h "Gr t Exp r nt" h d
ff ll b n.
Ev l t n th f r h b t n d p nd n h h h t r n l t n t . C nv nt n l d h t th t r h b t n n tt r f l r . v r,
hn C. rnh nt n th t " ntr r t th, r h b t n b t nt ll
r x pl , l r, Urb n M nd M r l Ord r n A r , 820 20 C br d , M .: rv rd Un v r t r , 8 . 4 nd r nd M rt n, 2 . Ib d. 2
f l." 6 p t l d n f r l h l nd p r p t n pt n f
l h l d l n d dr t ll . Oth r h l r h v r d th t d th fr
l h l nd rrh f th l v r f ll b t nt ll d r n th 20 . S , d d
r h b t n pr h b t? On b l n , th n r pp r t b .
Wh , th n, d d r h b t n pp r t b h dr t f l r b th t
f t r p l n ? Ult t l , n b r f f t r t h v ntr b t d.
Enf r nt pr bl , h hl ht d b p p l r t r f b tl r nd
n t r h Al C p n . In th f f l x pl n th th l t d
A t (th p p l r n f r th l l t n C n r p d t pl nt th
E ht nth A nd nt , dr b n r n l h r h n th pr t n f th r ll r n th n p l . C n ntl , n A r n b n t f l
l n t d fr th r h b t n dv t — th d r r pr v th n pr r v . h n, th Gr t pr n h t. Wh r nd r nd M rt n
t th pl th tr th t br th l b , rnh
nt n th th d t r n nt f t r n th h ft f p bl p n n.
r h b t n pp n nt r bl t th Gr t pr n t th r dv nt
n p bl r l t n Op n th t ph z d th n b n f t f thr v n l h l nd tr . v rn nt tr pp d f r h, th n r d t x r v n l n d t j t f r h b t n nd. In rnh v ,
n lf nt r t rr d th d nd r p l h rtl r d.
6 hn C. rnh , d b t : r n n , S n , n r , G bl n , S x l M b h v r, nd S r n n A r n t r ( Y r : Y r Un v r t r , , 28. rr t E. nd r nd b rt . Gr v , t l St t t t n th Un t d St t , 00 40 (W h n t n, .C., 4 . nd r nd M rt n pr v d nd rf l v rv f th nd th r r nt , p ll 8. 26
nd r nd M rt n t th t br d r lt r l r t r .
r b n r n l fr tr t d th l x l t d nf r nt nd f n ll p d t h r r l t r r n 2 . Ir n ll , th t n f dr n n v rt ll d pp r d fr p bl p r pt n d r n th p r d. h p bl v d th l t p ff rt b dr t nf r th r n d b t l
rd r n th n r l p bl . h f dr n n l t r ll t b t t
n rn v r l r n nd ntr l n n r l. nd r nd M rt n n t ,
" h t n n h th r th n t n ld t l r t nt p l
p r t n t pp rt dr p l th t r n n b r f A r n t
f t p th th t ." 8 h n r l rl "n ," nd th r t n n th
ll f r r h b t n.
G v n th r n lt r l t t d th l h l thr h t th p r d, nd th b nt tt pt t ddr th pr bl , lt r l
nt rpr t t n f r h b t n th t nv n n . h n t t n d d n t pl n p rt nt p rt. v r, h ll xpl r n th n xt t n, th r r r f p rf l lt r l f r t r th t h n d th
A r n th ht b t th lv nd h th r.
t rpr n l , th l h l nt n d t b t t z d d r n th pr r v r dr v t rd r h b t n, v n th h r f r n t t v f d
n dr n n l pr bl . h nd v d l l h l p nt d t n
x pl f th n p bl r lt f dr n n . W l r n t th t " p n b th th dr n r nd th l h l h p d th bl f r r t n nd
8 Ib d., 64. 2
p rp t t n pl x f l pr bl ." G v n th tt t d , th dr
n r n h t l t t rd l h l d r n th 20 h rdl rpr n . A th f n l h d n v r r p l nt f , dr nt v n f rth r t
tr z l h l . nd r nd M rt n l b r t , "A r t f pr h b t n
nt d, dr b n r n l h t l t rd th l h l . h h d
l d dr n rd , v n h n p th t t rd th , th p t f h n d r d t n. A th nt l r n n f lt r d, h v r, l h l
( nd dr n r n n r l b nv n nt p t f r t p r n fr tr t n ."40 Obv l , th t l r n f n rl r r h d d t r r t d
n d r bl . h b l t t n nd tr t nt r fr n l v d t f t . A n t p r n r r d p, t b tt r "t t rn ff th
p t" th n "t p p th l p." 4 r d f r h b t n rh t r , A r n
ht ll h v r p nd d, "I ll t th l p, n n I pl t dr p? " In th n xt t n, h ll x n A r r j t n f th t p r n ph l ph nd th l f r r t ff rt t d l z l h l .
2.6 t p l A r : A t rn t A b v l n
h r p l f r h b t n d f d A r r j t n f th t p r n p nt f v . r t l r n h d n th f th d d b rd. In ff t, A r n
d t , " r n l h l b , r ll n t d l th th l h l r l t d pr bl ft r ll." Or, h l r M C rd nd M C rd r t n 60,
W l r n, 2 . 4° nd r nd M rt n, 60. 4 Ib d., . 28
"Al h l , l r , b n f th nf rt n t pr r t h t p f r th v rt f th A r n f l f . " 42
nd r nd M rt n r th nd f b v l n h t d t n h p t r p l A r fr t pr d r. h r b rth f th l h l nd tr r fl t d A r n pt n f dr n n n r l l b h v r. v r,
v r t , th pr bl t d th dr n n b v bl n r . In r p n , n b r f r n z t n t th r t f r th " l h l
v nt." Ch f n th r A.A., th Y l C nt r f Al h l St d , th r n z t n th t ld b th t n l C n l n Al h l , nd n b r f r l d n n t n . 4 p t th f th l tt r d
l h l v nt, A r n t ll h v n n n n h t h ndl
l h l r l t d . h r n ll n t b n l h l, h h n th r
ll n t d l th l h l r l t d pr bl . A nd r nd M rt n
n l d , " h tt t d , n tt r h np l t bl t , r pr nt th n n n n dr n n n A r ."44 In l t d n , h v t ll r t rn d t th n t v l f th l n l r .
A th f n l h l l d r d, th tt nt n d d t d t th b rr nt dr n r n r d dr t ll . Inf r d b th r f
r d, p h tr t b n t f r l t n n pt l z t n f th l h l
42 W ll M C rd nd n M C rd, Or n f Al h l (St nf rd: St nf rd Un v r t r , 60 , 64 t d n W l r n, 0 . 4 nd r nd M rt n r th t th r p h v t n n th r l f th ld t p r n r n z t n . h r n t pr h b t n t , h v r, "In th nt xt f th r t , th h v tr d t ll v t dr n n pr bl , t n r p bl r n f th l h l pl ht, nd ( th th x pt n f AA, h h nd r n p l t l r l pr r t nfl n th f r t n f r l v nt p bl p l . h ld t p r n v nt d d n th n l n t r ." nd r nd M rt n, 8 . 44 Ib d., 204. 2 d r n th f r t th rd f th t nt th nt r . W l r n t th n l t ll
r nt d th r f th l h l , h h r d b t n 08 nd 0, t ll f r th b f r nd r t nd n t d . 4
h n f n W l r n pl n th r f th n l t ll r nt d th r pr p t t th rd nn n r f El z b th nb n h
h tr r n. 46 nb r th t p h tr (l l h l
v d t f th l nd nt th lt r l n tr d r n th rl p rt f th t nt th nt r . h tr t t n t t t n h th t n
h p th p t l b n t r th t l "pr bl " ( h
r t n, p v rt , r , d l n n , nd dr n nn r t ll
n bl t p h tr nt rv nt n. h , n n nd h r
p t r f n l ll d p h p th , th d t r b n t r fr l nd t n l p v rt h r t r d f t f th p r.
On f th pl t n f p h p th r t f th d r t n t n f l t r n . In ff t, p h p th t r d th t ll n r n t
r t d l, b t r th r f t n p tr th t r n d fr "n r l" t
"p th l l." I b l v th t l h l r n f th f r t p p l t n t r n z th v l f p h p th nd ppr pr t t nh r nt r l t v f r th r n p rp . In l d n l h l p h p th d rd r d d n t
t "n r l" b h v r. v r, n pl t d , th v r nn t d l h l t p tr th t d d n l d "n r l" b h v r t n
nd. h n l n d n d p t th t l b v l n b t n
4 W l r n, 2 2. 0 p h tr nd A.A. In d n , th b r f A.A. t ll xt nd d p h p th rld v f rth r nt A r n lt r , t n n d r t n t n h l t r n nd r t n l . d v l p n th d l l pr n pl f p h p th nt r r t, nt nt ll t l v nt, A.A.
t ll h lp d xt nd th r l f p h tr n v l t n nd d f n n n r t v b h v r. h nl l rr tr l h lp d n r p h tr lt r l
th r t .
Alth h th n th r t l fr r n pl th t ld l t r h ft th f fr t t th nd v d l l h l , th r f r l t n ld n t
b d t lf n th p bl n n nt l ft r r p l. A W l r n r t ,
" h ntr b t n f th p h tr nd p h n l t th r , n tr n th p h l l h n n l h l , f r d n f nt b r nd f r th d n p t f th n ppr h th t t t p t b t
40. 4 h h ft r pr nt n th n l th n h n n lt r l v l —
n th t h dr n th tt nt n f n r h l r .
r x pl , n ld z n tr th lt r l h ft fr th t p r n p r d t th l h l p r d f ll n r h b t n r p l. 48 Und r th t p r n p r d , dr t lf ( n th , l h l v d th
n f th pr bl nd th r f r b th pr r f f r l
ff rt t ntr l pr bl t b h v r. In th nt xt, n f dr n
pr bl t . In p p l r th ht, f dr t t ll l ,
46 El z b th nb , h h tr r n: Kn l d , G nd r, nd r n M d rn A r ( r n t n: r n t n Un v r t r , 4 . 4 W l r n, 2 4.
h h n t rn n dd t n. 4 W th th l h l p r d , th b t n n
t n pt d th f n t d t rn t th nd v d l n r h
th b t n . In th nt xt, th n t l r p n t l h l pr bl b th tr t nt f th l h l r th r th n th pr h b t n f
l h l.
z n r th r h C n l n r bl f Al h l ( C A
ntr l t th tr n t n fr t p r n p r d t l h l p r d .
Or n z d n , th C A pr t ll t n f r r h r h
r d t r n d t br n th n ht f n t b r n l h l r l t d pr bl . Unf rt n t l , th r r n z t n pl d th pr bl fr th
nt f t n pt n.
In th f n l n l , z n r th C A pr bl th f nd n h d
p v t l nfl n n th t p f t r r h. M n pr bl fr th b nn n . On p bl r f f nd n th l h l b v r nd tr ,
h h t ll h d th n t p nd nd d p r t l n d d t r j v n t t t tt r d p bl . v r, th l ft th C A n th n f r l
nd r . Of r , th r r h r ld n t pt nd tr n f th r lt f th r t d ddr d th l ff t f l h l n n . If th r r r h x n r t d l h l fr r p n b l t f r l ll , th C A ld b
48 n ld t r r W ll z n, " h A r n v r f Al h l , " ( h. . d ., Un v r t f C l f rn , r l , . 4 Ib d., v . Inf r d b th r f rr v n nd n h p, z n dr n nt r t n p r ll l th r rr nt th n n n h r n, t n th t nt p r r l tt t d t rd h r n r hl rr p nd th th t p r n p r d th n n b t l h l r l t d pr bl . r f rth r l b r t n, rr G n v n , " h v r f Add t n: Ch n n C n pt n f b t l r n nn n A r ," rn l f St d n Al h l : 4 4 nd n E. h p, nd Al h l : Al h l nd bl lth l ( h l d lph : pl Un v r t r , 80 . 2 d d t f h nd b d. If, h v r, th r r h nd n d l h l, th nt t ld bv l b n r h f n th r p n r v r n.
z n h d bb d th l t n t th d l " n C pr ,"
ft r K rl M. n, th h r f th r n z t n n . Ev d ntl , n r lv d th nd r b t n th C A dr p ll f t pr p d t d th t ld r l t t l h l nd l h r r p v rt . Wh t r n d r t d th t nl f d n l h l — n th r rd , n th
t d f th nd v d l d v nt. z n r d t th v " n f nt n
nt n th t r f th d rn l h l v nt." 0 Alth h th C A
l rl pl d n p rt nt r l n th l t 0 , I b l v z n n t
h p rt n t t th f nd n n t t t n r n z t n f th d rn
l h l v nt.
h h t r r ph n th p nt nt t d. z n r d t th C A
th f l t t n th tr n t n fr t p r n t l h l . Oth r r d t M rt
M nn nd th t n l C tt f r Ed t n n Al h l ( r n th n
nt . Ch pt r x ll xpl r th p nt r f ll . M n f th C A
d n l h l h d t ll b n v r d b pr v n r t n f
nt t . And l th r pr d r , th C A nt t h d d ff lt t f nd n n d n f r th r r . In f t, I r th t A.A., nf r d b n t n
f p h p th , th f r n th tr n t n fr t p r n t
l h l f ll n r h b t n.
r ll hn n n f th h l r h r d t M rt M nn nd th t n l C tt f r Ed t n n Al h l ( CEA, h h l t r r n d th t n l C n l n Al h l th r fr n p bl p n n f th
l h l p r n. A l t r t n n , hn n p nt t th r r p h tr t n th 0 h r tr n t f r l t d t n t n b t n "n r l" nd "p th l l" dr n n . 2 v r, th ff rt d n t
t h v r ll ff t d p h tr pr t pr r t W rld W r II.
In dd t n, th C A d n t t h v d l r p t. b
r , th r n z t n t t d t r fr th l h l
nd v d l r th r th n r n l. v r, ft r t 40 h l d lph
p , th C A b n t dr ft t rd t d , pp r ntl h v n h d l ttl p t n th f ld.
On th th r h nd, th r nd f ll f th C A ll tr t th r n d
nt r t th t th d n pt f l h l r v d f ll n r h b t n.
h n tt nt n f d n d nt f n th t l f l h l . W l r n
d nt f thr h l f th ht th t d v l p d: ph l l, p h l l,
nd lt r l. M t xpl n t n nt r d n th f r t t .
h l l xpl n t n b n th th pt n th t th r b h l n d n th nd v d l h h r t r v n f r l h l. In th n xt h pt r, h ll x n th r f W ll S l rth, j r ntr b t r t A.A. d l nd n h W l r n n d r t b n x ll nt
0 Ib d., x . r ll hn n, " h Al h l M v nt n A r : A St d n C lt r l Inn v t n" ( h. . d ., Un v r t f Ill n t Urb n Ch p n, , 268. M nn th f r t f l b r f A.A. nd d d d t f r th CEA n rd r t lt r th p pl th ht b t l h l . Ir n ll , h n ppr h d b M nn, W ll W l n r th r l b t th d , t ll n h r h d bt d th p bl ld r p nd t n nd v d l th n nt f r d nt l . In f t, " f lt th t A.A. ld nt n t thr v v n th h th n r l p bl d d n t pt t p t n n l h l d ." °2 r x pl , b d., 2 2. 4
x pl f th t r . r fl , S l rth n v d f l h l n
ll r . h ll r th r r t z d nd h d f ll n t f n r r h l t r t r b th 0 . v r, nt r t n l n h, th ll r t ph r
t ll n th n A.A. l t r t r nd th n n .
h nd h l f th ht p h l l r p h tr , h h t d nt f th nd rl n r n f r n l h l dr n n . In Ch pt r x I
h ll d rr b t, h W l r n n l d n th p h l l
t l r p. 4 b t p h tr t h nt l nt t th
A.A. d r n t f r t v r . n nfl nt l f r fr th b nn n ,
nd I b l v h th r h lp d l r f nd xp nd th p h l l p n nt
lr d pr nt n rl A.A. b l f . Ind d, th p h l l xpl n t n
t r r t l r fl t th p bl nd r t nd n , h h t nd t v th l h l b h v r n tt pt t " p fr r l t ." A W l r n n t , " h d f p h b n p p l r n th l t r t r n 20 nd
b t nt ll n t t t th l n xpl n t n f th d ." A h ll
n th f ll n h pt r, th f nd r f A.A. d d n t h v n
n pr t n th r d nt l th t ll b n t b n th ph l nd p h l l ( . ., d l nd r l d l f l h l .
n , t h ld b l r th t th d l z t n f l h l p rt f
r f br d r tr nd n A r n h t r . E n rt nl pl d
W l r n, 2 . 4 Ib d., 26 . r n l , I pt l f W l r n n l n f S l rth n th tr tl ph l l t r . A h ll n th f ll n h pt r, S l rth th r b n d ph l nd p h l l f t r n t xpl n t n f l h l t l . A h, I th n h r pr p rl n b n f r b r f rr b t — h r b l n th n th nt n , r th r th n p r t t r . Ib d., 2 . r l . In dd t n, I b l v p h tr pl d n f nt p rt. h p th r fr n l pr bl p r n l n . ll n n th h l f p h p th th r , l n A.A., h h pr d t d n th v r n t n.
A.A. l dr p n A r n lt r n th r . A r h tr n r l tr d t n th t r n l n d p rf l l r pr t . A.A.
nn t th b th f th tr nd . b n n d t ph r th
p r t l r , A.A. f d th t n nd r rr nt f d n nd r l n th t r
h nt r l p rt f d rn A r .
rh p th t tr n p t f th rr b t n d n nd r l n th t t th r lt f r r t v nt r n z d b , nd
nt nd d f r, l p pl . On n, th nv nt n l t l f d l z t n f n t p d n d l: d t r r n r ll v n th r d t ( r bl , d p nd n p n n p r p t v . v r, n th f th d rn
l h l v nt, th th W h n t n n d r n th n n t nth nt r ,
A.A. r pr nt d p p l r, l ph n n n.
h r l f r v r n l h l n th nth h n t r v d th
tt nt n t d rv . Ind v d l h W ll W l n l t r ll h n d th
lt r l l nd p f r rld. nd l r , th nd v d l r n t d l pr f n l . W ll . Wh t , n h t r n f dd t n tr t nt n A r , h b rv d, "It n t rth th t v nt th t p rp rt d t p h th n
n f l h l dr h f t t n n fr th h p r n l p n f r x d d th r nt f nt r t r r d nt l ." 6 Ir n ll ,
6 W ll . Wh t , Sl n th r n: h t r f Add t n r t nt nd v r n A r ( l n t n, Ill n : Ch tn t lth S t , 8 , 4. 6 th d n pt f l h l d d n t b p rt f A r lt r l
n tr nt l ft r th n n pr f n l nd v d l br d v r
l nt f pr f n l th n n fr th p t th rt r . h f ll n
h pt r t rn t tt nt n t th nd v d l , nd W ll W l n n p rt l r. C A E EE
A IE 0: WI IAM WI SO
. Ov rv
h h pt r xpl r th l f f W ll W l n, n f th f nd r ( nd
r bl th " d n" f Al h l An n . S v r l tr t
xp r n fr h f r t v r l d th r nd r f r p tt rn f lf d tr t v dr n n th t r d d r n W l n d lt l f . v nt ll t
W ll S l rth, M. ., h ntr d d W l n t th d n pt f
l h l . Sh rtl th r ft r, h l nd r S l rth r , W l n nd r nt r l nv r n xp r n . C nv n d th t h h d f nd p r t l r f r th ph l d f l h l , W l n b nv lv d th th Oxf rd
Gr p, r l r v v l v nt f th r , nd b n tt pt n t nv rt
th r l h l t th . f l d pl t l . It n t nt l r. S l rth
t d th t W l n b n th d l nd r l d l f l h l th t h h v d nd th f ll h p f A.A. b rn.
.2 W ll W l n r r t Al h l An n
W ll Gr ff th W l n b rn 26 v b r 8 n E t r t, r nt t
G l n ("G ll " nd E l Gr ff th W l n. h n h ld r p t b
" IIW., f nd r f A.A.," d r b d h b rthpl " l ttl Y n t n f
8
b t f ft h ." Appr pr t l n h, h b rn n ll r
dj n n th b r f th W l n , th l l nn h h r n b h f th r
nd xt nd d f l .
v r nt th t n f E t r t ht h v b n, W l n
h ldh d f r fr d ll . ff r d r f tr t xp r n , b nn n n 0 h n h f th r "G ll " d rt d th f l . h v nt n t ll d
n W l n th d p n f n d . n th rld th th
f t n r ld b , h bl d h lf f r h f th r d rt n. A W l n b r ph r b rt h n l b r t d, " r h d f r xpl n t n . It
th n n h , h r , th t h d d th t h pp n. . . . If nl h p r nt h d l v d h r th ldn t h v p r t d. And th nt f h h d b n r l v bl , t n v r ld h v h pp n d. It l r nd t th t. It , t h d t b , h f lt. th lt n ." 2
W l n n xt tr t xp r n f ll d l l n th h l f th f r t. th r, n xtr l nt ll nt nd v d l, l t t r nt
t l d v r nd v d t t n t b n n r r n t p th ph n. Sh l ft n W ll nd h t r r th n th r f h r n p r nt , tt nd Ell Gr ff th. W l n l v d h r ndp r nt ( nd th h , th h th xp r n t ll pr v d rr n n . W l n l t r r n d "[M
r ndp r nt ] r nd rf l ld f h n d Y n , br d n rl xt n t
Al h l An n C f A : A r f t r f A.A. ( Y r : Al h l An n W rld S rv , In ., , 2. 2 b rt h n, ll W. ( Y r : rp r nd bl h r , , 28. Ern t K rtz, t G d: A t r f Al h l An n (C nt r C t , M : z ld n tt n Ar h v r , , 0.
t d . "4 v r, h t ll h d d ff lt t dj t n t h n rr nd n .
nt n d, "I t ll nd , nd I f lt pr tt b d b t t b th
ll r d ld p h r nd n rr l . I r b r b n v r d pr d f r r r r ." Cl rl , h th r v t t n h d pr f nd p t n th b , d p t h d p ff t n f r h r ndp r nt .
h f n l tr f W l n f r t v r rr d t d nt t rr
nd rt n A d . rr nd rt n pr v t b rd n h l th t h
tt nd d t n r. Wh l th r , h br fl b fr nd d l t n d
Ebb h t h r, h ld l t r pl p v t l r l n W l n l f . M r
p rt ntl , h l t nd f ll d pl n l v th rth nf rd, h
th pr tt t, br ht t, nd r l th t h r n rl n th h l." 6 W l n f lt n n f h p nd f lf ll nt h r l t n h p th nf rd d p n d. h n r t f h h ldh d b n t lt nd h f lt
nn t d n t j t t nf rd, b t f n ll t th h n r t lf. r ll , h d d h rtl th r ft r. Up n h r n th n , W l n r h d. n
f h lpl n nd nt n l d t l d thr r d pr n. In f t, h d d n t pl t h l r lt. W l n ld l t r r t , "I n bl t f n h b I ld n t pt th l f n p rt f h t I th ht b l n d t .
4 Al h l An n C f A , . h r l t n h p b t n W l n nd h th r l r n d r tr n d. Ev d ntl , h th r l t r l b r d t nv ppr v l t h r n. r x pl , E l W l n Str b ll (S n , CA t W l n, 24 v b r 40: " n h ldr n r n t nt d, p rh p n , nd t b f pl r t t n th t r n t n th n nt d l ." S K rtz, t G d, 0 , n t . 6 h n, 6. 40
h h lth d ld h v f lt b dl , b t h ld n v r h v n d p r
t d b r d f r l n ."
r d x ll , d p t h n b l t t f n h t rr nd rt n, W l n
ld l t r l th rl l f xp r n dr v h t b n
v r h v r. d r b d h t n l t t t th f t n ( h rtl ft r h h d v d n th h r ndp r nt th : "I r b r b n v r d pr d f r
r r r , nd th n I b n t d v l p f r r lv t n. I r lv d t b b r On n." 8 h dr v t b " b r On n" b r rr n th n W l n l f . r v n b d p t d f l n f nf r r t , h
t ll b n v r h v r d r n h t t rr nd rt n A d .
b th pt n f th b b ll t nd th l d r f th h h h l
r h tr . "I th l d r nd l d I t — r l . S t nt. All r n th n .
I t b b r On ."
G v n th f t r tr j t r f W l n l f , h dr v t b " b r On
n" ld pr v r n nd d. ll n th St M r t r h f 2 , h l f ld b n l n pr n f f l r nd d pp rt n t .
r t t pl h nt ld nd d pr v t b th f r t n f A.A. r n l th r n — W l n r t t h v nt th f r t n f n n r ,
n n r n z t n n h h h d n d p bl r n t n " b r
On n."
h dr v f r n f th f t r th t d t n h d
W l n fr b rt S th, th th r f nd r f A.A. Aft r th r t n n
Al h l An n C f A , 4. Ib d., . 4
, W l n ld n t b th d n f th r n z t n. h
ntr t d th S th, h h ll x n r f ll n h pt r f r. S th
"th t d h nd th t h ld th rd f ll W l n h h fl n , rr t t .
Wh l ll p l v , r. b d l b r t nd t ." Alth h
S th nfl n b t nt l, t l v r p r n l nd th r n d
tr n t n A r n nd Cl v l nd, Oh ll r nfl n d b "A r n
t l " A.A.
At p nt n , W l n f nd n th d f v r n ( r, l t r, pl p n th h n f h lpl n nd fr tr t n. In rd, h d v r d l h l. C ht p n th v f WW I p tr t h h pt n
A r n d hb ff t E r p , W l n nl t d n th r d f r nd
rn d n S nd t n nt n . nthr ll d th
rt p tr t , f th f r t f l f df rd, M h tt
( h r W l n t t n d p n d th r h t th nl t d n nd thr
v r l h p rt . W l n f nd th xp r n v r h l n .
n bl t p " r th n t r thr rd n r ." 2 At n f th
ff r , n h nd d h t l. h ff t l tr . "S n h h d th f l n th t h n t th n b n ntr d d b t th t p pl r b n
ntr d d t h h n t j n n r p , r p r f r n r nd h . It
Ib d. 0 n b rt n, G tt n tt r: In d Al h l An n ( Y r : W ll M rr nd C p n , In ., 88 , . " r. b" n ff t n t n n h h fr nd d t r f r t S th. On S th nfl n , b d., 8. On "A r n t l ," K rtz, t G d, p ll 02. "A r n t l " A.A. r n l nfl t n f A.A. th t t b r r r n t ppl t n f t n t th l h l . It l d nt f d b t f " n ff l" A.A. l t r t r ( ff l A.A. l t r t r t b ppr v d t n t n l nv nt n , n xpl tl Chr t n nt rpr t t n f p r t l t , nd th pr f r n f r r. b v r ll W l n. 42
nb l v bl . And t th dd n r l z t n f h l th rld ld
h n , h h d t l h nd h ldn t t p l h n . . . . St ll l n , h l d t th p pl r nd h . h r n t p r r b n . h r fr nd . h l d h nd h l d th ." W l n ld p nd th b tt r p rt
f t nt r tr n t r pt r th n f fr d h xp r n d th t
v n n .
S v r l nth pr r t l v n f r r n , W l n rr d rnh .
In f t, h ld l t r r d t t n th v nt th t l ft d h t f th thr r d pr n h h f ll d rth nf rd d th. Ov r th n
r , ld fr ntl xpr v n v r h r h b nd l t n dr n n . n t d, "W h d l n t l h n I ld t ll h r f r b d n b t ll n h r th t n f n n v d th r b t pr j t h n dr n th t th
t j t n tr t n f ph l ph th ht r d r v d." 4
ll n h r t rn fr r n , ll nd v d t r l n,
Y r . n t ll f nd r l r nd th ld dr v f r nd r n t n n. "Alth h I nl l r f r th Y r C ntr l
lr d, I t ht t b pr d nt f t l rp r t n. Wh n th r lr d f r d b I h b d l r , I v d I ld h th t r lr d nd v r b d l , t ." W l n n z n f h lf d dr r d r n th p r d tr n .
2 Al h l An n C f A , 4. h n, 06 0 . 4 Al h l An n , 2. Al h l An n C f A , 4. 4
n b nv lv d n W ll Str t r n tr d r nd th n b n l n p. n t ll xp r n d n th d t f th
r t b f th l t 20 . S n f ntl , th r l f dr n n n h l f
nt n d t r . ld l t r r t , "In th p r d I dr n n t dr
r t dr f r t r p r." 6 r n , W l n b t n f b n
" b r On n" d t b th n h r p.
v r, h l f n t t rn f r th r . W l n ht n th
h f th t r t r h n 2 nd th n n r f th Gr t
pr n. n th r , h l t v r th n . r ll d, "I f n h d nd r n fr nd . h p p r r p rt d n j p n t d th fr th t r f h n n . h t d t d . I ld n t j p. I nt b t th b r." h p n f nt f r v r l r n . r t, t
nd t th p rt n l h l h d t pl n h l f . It h pr r
n f p n th dv r t . S nd, t f r h d h t th n xt f v r
f h l f h ld n t r . th t h , W l n n pl d ( nd,
nd d, n pl bl , p nh ndl n n th tr t , t l n n fr h f , bl n t nd nj r n h lf, l n h lf nd p n t n h n v t. r d r , h l t n p pl n th b t r r th (l t th h d n d bt th t r l n n th n r th n
"p h t." 8
M tt r f n ll t h d — W l n h d r h d r r d . Aft r
p r d f x n n nd d t v , p pl f r d f r h n t . br th r n
6 Ib d., . Al h l An n , 4. 44 l , t p th r. n rd Str n , rr n d f r h t b d tt d t th
Ch rl . n p t l n Y r C t nd p d f r h tr t nt. n
p t l f nd xp n v dr n t f l t f r l h l nd dr
dd t d r n th 20 nd 0 . W l n ld b tr t d th r f r t b t n 4. pp r ntl nt nt t th W ll S l rth,
M. . d r n th r f h nd v t. S l rth ld b p v t l f r n th h t r f A.A., ll th d n pt f l h l , nd th f f th n xt t n.
. W ll S l rth: " ll, Y r S "
W ll S l rth, M. ., th d l d r t r t n p t l h l W ll
W l n p t nt th r . ntr d d W l n t th d n pt f
l h l . In S l rth f r l t n, l h l n ll r th t p r t d n
nj n t n th p t nt p h l l b n t dr n . In th r rd ,
S l rth b n d th ph l nd p h l l th r f l h l . In
dd t n, S l rth pr n f r l h l d r — th t n v r t h
n th r dr p f l h l, b th r r ll n th n th t d l n
ld d t tr t th ll r . W l n r tl pr d th th d t r
d . In f t, S l rth ll r th r , th t t ph r v l f r d t t z n th l h l , ld n t b ntr l p rt f A.A. th n n .
8 b rt n, 0. h n, . S l K rtz, t G d, 0, n t 26. b rv th r nf n t x tl h n t W l n d tt d t n . S nt pr v d f r thr t , th r f r. S n th r n l h p t l r rd h v b n l t, th nd r pp r ntr t bl . ll n h n l d, I h v d f th n b r f r. 4
r. W ll n n S l rth b rn n 8 . r d t d fr
r n t n n 8 6 nd pl t d h d l d r t Y r Un v r t n
00. b n n nt rn h p t ll v p t l th r nd b n t
p l z n n r p h tr . n d v r d h h d ft f r r n th
l h l . S l rth d t h v l n , p r v ff t n dr n
h n n n l d d. h pt t d ld l t r rn h th ff t n t t tl ,
"th l ttl d t r h l v d dr n ." Unf rt n t l , h t l nt th l h l n t nv d, n r d t pp r t h v b n p rt l rl l r t v .
tt r r , S l rth l t v r th n n th t r t r h f 2 . S t
th t h t b th d l d r t r t n p t l n 0, rn n
l r f $40 . 2°
Ch rl . n , th n r nd h f pr t r f th h p t l th t b r h n , l rf l nd nfl nt l h r t r. b rn n 862 n f r n G r . d l v n b v l f r n , r lr d n , ll n l f n r n , ll n t n Y r , nd f n ll h l r f dr dd t .
n n t ll p l z d n th tr t nt f p dd t — h v r, th p t nt l b n r p rt n t n f d r f r l r, n b n
l t n l h l ll. b n p r t n t f f rl h bl rt r n
0 b f r v n t h x l v f l t t 2 C ntr l r W t n
Y r C t . h Ch rl . n p t l f r r nd Al h l Add t n
20 S l rth b r ph b d n " h ttl t r Wh v d r n ," h A.A. Gr p v n , n . 2 (M : 2 8 Wh t , 2 nd K rtz, t G d, 2 22. 46
l rn d r p t t n dr n t pl f r th ll t d — n th r
rd , t l ttl r th n d t x f t n f l t f r th r h nd f . 2
.4 Ind v d l nd Int rpr t v M d l
h nd rl n ph l ph th t nf r d n v t r v l n . fr n l d d n t b l v l h l d . K p n n nd th t n h d n f r l d l b r nd, th f ll n t pr v d n ll n t n
l p nt h v :
M d l n h v b n l r l r p n bl f r n th l h l b l v th t l h l d . h nl xt nt t h h n n b l h l ll d d th xt nt t h h h h b n t n l h l, n h nt t nd th h r l r t v r rt n p r d f t th t h h t bl h d d f n t t l r n nd f h h b n t n t n ff nt nt t , th t l r n ld n, n th nd, th t f h r dd nl d pr v d f h t l nt, d l r tr n nd ll f th nf v r bl n n th t t f th t nd t n ld r lt. 22
v r, n l b l v d th t th nd v d l l h l n t t bl f r h nd t n — r th r, t b r th n f r p n b l t . In th r p t,
n nd d l t p l t rn f th nt r t p r n r f r r.
On th th r h nd, W ll S l rth b l v d th t l h l tr l d . G v n n h t d v f th d n pt, th
ntr t n b l f f h d l d r t r ht rpr n t f r t l n .
S l rth fl tl d l r d th t l h l d . v r, h l h r d
2 ll tt n, AA: h W It n (S ttl , WA: Gl n Abb , 88 , 84 l Wh t , 84 8 . 47
h n n th n . A h ll n , S l rth b l v d th t
l h l nl d v l p d n p pl th n t pr d p t n h l b n dr n n n r l r b . h b n f th r f th nd t n pr l d d th d v l p nt f l h l . S l rth l n d th n t t t n l
n t v t t n ll r . h ll r n pt ld b W ll W l n ,
nd, n t rn, A.A. , pr r t ph r f r nd r t nd n l h l . A W ll
Wh t p nt d t, "S l rth t n f n t t t n l v ln r b l t h h pr pt d l h l t dr n — t f n t r th r th n h — b th
rn r t n f th d rn d n pt f l h l ." 2
In M r h , S l rth p bl h d th f r t f r f rt l h h
xpr d h h t n rth d x v n l h l . ldl t tl d
"Al h l M n f t t n f All r ," th rt l tr d th pr n f ph l p n nt t l h l , th r b n t b n f d d nt t .
S l rth rt , "It r p rp t h th t th r t p f l h l
h r t r z d b d f n t pt t l nd f x d d n nd t v f
n t nt nd p f p th l n h rt, th t tr l h l n f t t n
f ll r . "24
v r, S l rth l b n rp r l nd nt l f t r n
xpl n n th f l h l . n t , " r p r tt nt n n t v n t
22 Ch rl . n , " h S l l A p t f th r t nt f Al h l , h M d rn p t l 8, n .2 ( , 0 t d n tt n, 6 . 2 Wh t , 4 . 24 W. . S l rth, M. ., "Al h l M n f t t n f All r ," M d l rd 4 ( M r h , p l r pr nt, 2. 48
th p h l l pr bl ll th ph l nd t n f th p pl ." 2
d p n h r t n , S l rth pr p th t " l n l n t nt h v b n d r v d nd d t h v b n l t d h h nd t th t th bj t
t b n d r d fr th n t t t n l nd r l l p nt f v ." 26
xt, S l rth t r z th v r l f dr n r nd, n p rt l r, th l h l . Sp f ll , h ntr t th n r l dr n n p bl
th l h l . G n r l dr n r r p pl h "dr n fr h nd n t fr n t . h f nd n l h l pl nt t l t n, r l f fr nx t , n
n r d r th f nv v l t , It n t d n nt f t r n th r l v ." 2 r
l h l r dr n fr th r p f dr n r h v r, th t l p th ph l ll r . At p nt, th r lt f n r n n t v t t l h l tr r d b th ll r , th nd v d l dr n n h n fr n r l t bn r l. "Wh r h f r rl dr n f r pl r , h n h t dr n fr n t n rd r t p n . nn t t h l r r l v t, h
d t d ."28 In r nt n h n t r , W ll W l n r t th t t n p nt
"l r d t b l x r t b n t ." 2 At th p nt, th l h l
l d t r r t nt pr h h h r t r z d b v r l n r t ph l pt . h ph l r v n f r l h l t t nd n . In dd t n, th nd v d l ll xp r n l f pp t t , n n , dr n, nd h p r t r
2 Ib d., . h b n t n f nt l nd ph l h r t r t th th t ld b ntr l t A.A. nd r t nd n f l h l , h ll l t r n th r f rr b t ( n th r nfl nt l d l f r n A.A. h t r . 26 b d., 2. 2 Ib d., . 28 Ib d., 4. 2 Al h l An n , . 4
t v t . Al , "h h f l n f nx t h h nt t n l t rr r." 0
On n, W l n ld n t th t d r n n f h pr " br n r d
n ntr ll bl nd th r t rr bl n f p nd n l t ."
Ind d, S l rth n t t l r th t pl x b n t n f p h l l nd ph l f t r t b n t pr d n l h l . Ev n
f n l h l h b n p r t d fr l h l nd xp r n n ph l
thdr l pt , h ll n nt r p h l l r v n f r th dr .
r d x ll , th nd v d l dr d t n t f r f r f th n n .
S l rth nt n , "b t h b l v h t h v t." 2 On th f r t dr n h b n n d, th ll r h b n tr r d, nd th f l r ph n n n f ph l r v n t n. S l rth p n , "th n v t bl n l n th t tr
l h l n ll r t t , th r lt f r d ll n r n n t z t n b
l h l v r r r l xt nd d p r d f t ." S l rth th r
nd d f n t n . A p nt d t n th pr v h pt r, t b ntl d r d t d th n nt f r l . St ll, t nt n t nf r th th n n f A.A.
In f t, S l rth n ntr b t n t A.A. nd r t nd n f l h l
l rl t ph r . n t p r l h l th h f v r. An
nd v d l n t n t ll ff r fr n ll r r t n t p ll n . S l rth r r th t " r ft r r, h v r, th r r d ll d v l p n t v t t t n rt n nd v d l , l n t n t l t n p r x f h f v r th t
° S l rth, 4. Al h l An n , 6. In f t, S l rth nfl n n W l n v d nt thr h t W l n nt f h n t r th t pp r n Al h l An n . W h ll xpl r th th f rth r l t r n th h pt r l h pt r f r. 2 S l rth, 6. b d. 0
p r t nd f n t l h n th nd t n f ll t bl h d." 4 S n f ntl , th
ll r n v r r d, b t pl rr t d b v d n th ll r n. S l rth dr v th p nt h : "th p t nt n n t l h l t ll f r ph l l r n . t nd r t nd nd pt th t t n l f n t r
p r t n n x r bl . " In th f n l n l , S l rth b l v d th p t nt t
n r n h n — r n l n n fr th d l d r t r
f n p t l. h l ll , h t n ld b r nd r d
( n l d n fl t n r f r n t " r l p h l " , b t lt t l th p t nt
t t nd " n h n pl tf r , h t ll." 6
Wh n W ll W l n pr nt d h lf t n f r th nd t , h
d n v r th n b t " t nd n n h n pl tf r ." It pp r ntl d r n th nd v t th t S l rth nt d W l n th h n v n
l h l . W l n n tl d r b d th n nt r "I t nd d t r h
xpl n d th t th h rt nl lf h nd f l h, I h d b n r l ll, b d l
nd nt ll . It r l v d h t. . . . M n r d bl b h v r n th f f
d p r t d r t t p xpl n d. Und r t nd n lf n , I f r d f rth n h h h p ." d p n S l rth ppl t n f th p h th r p t ppr h, W l n n h d n fr f r f r n , n
4 Ib d., . Ib d., 8. 6 Ib d. Ind d, n b nt rt l , S l rth t pp d f n xpr l n th ll r th r nd t rn d h f ll tt nt n t th tr t nt f l h l . S , f r x pl , W. . S l rth, M. ., " l t n f th Al h l ," M d l v 4 (2 Apr l : 2 24. r , h tr d th n d f r r n nt, ph l n r l z t n nd ll r v t l z t n, th p h th r p t ppr h ( h h x tl h t h d d l t r th W l n — d r b th ll r th r nd dr v h th n t t v d ll l h l , nd f n ll r l p h l ( h h nt ll n t t t r f r n t th p r t l n n th t l t th h rt f th A.A. pr r . Al h l An n , .
nd r t nd n f h lf h h h b l v d th t t n b r. Ar d
th th n lf n l d , h r n d b r f r br f nt rv l. Of r , h d d nd d dr n n.
Up n r t rn n t n , W l n pr n n d "h p l " b
S l rth. nf r d th t h ld h v t t h r h b nd t n
l r pl t h h dr n h lf t d th. h d t r h d pr v d d ll th h lp h h d t ff r. Inf r d f h pr n , W l n l ft th h p t l n
t t f d p r — br n n. r pt h b r br fl . Of r , h d d
nd d dr n n.
v r, th t th n d ff r nt h pp n d. On d , dr n n n h t h n h l t r , W l n r v d ll fr h ld
h l t , Ebb h t h r. n t n, nd d f h ht v r.
A z n l , "h b r." 8 W l n ld n t r b r th l t t h t h r h d b n t Y r n th t t t . W l n d, " r h d t th t h h d b n tt d f r l h l n n t . I nd r d h h h d p d."
Un n rn d th th n r t th t t n ( dd, v n th f t th t W l n
f d th th v r r l p b l t f t nt h lf , h l dl nv t d h ld dr n n h v r. rt n th ld b bl t r pt r th f l n f t r r.
8 Ib d., . E ph W l n . Ib d. 2
v r, W l n n n f r h :
h d r p n d nd h t d th r , fr h nn d nd l n . h r th n b t h . n xpl bl d ff r nt. Wh t h d h pp n d? p h d dr n r th t bl . r f d t. pp nt d b t r , I nd r d h t h d t nt th f ll . n t h lf. "C , h t ll th b t?" I r d. l d tr ht t . S pl , b t l n l , h d, "I v t r l n." I h t. S th t t — l t r n l h l r p t n , I p t d, l ttl r d b t r l n. h d th t t rr d l . Y , th ld b n f r ll r ht. t bl h h rt, l t h r nt d , n ld l t l n r th n h pr h n .
W l n ld l t r r t th t t t ll th b n t n f W ll S l rth
nd Ebb h t h r th t ld h n th d n pt f l h l . h
r n , h t h r d d n th r z n b t th d f l h l . A W l n
ld l t r d h lf t nd n, h t h r d d n t t ll h l t n r b t
l h l , h h h b r l t n h n xp r n . h nt r pr l t nt t v , t l z n nd f nt nt ll t l t p r d th l t n r f n nt ll t l pr pt. h f r l W l n ld p p
n nd l t r r f n . h h h t h r d d n t d th d l p t f
l h l th W l n, h n t ll b n d r d p v t l f r n th d v l p nt f th d n pt. In f t, h t h r h d t ll b r d p thr h th nt rv nt n nd nt n n ff rt f th Oxf rd Gr p. h n xt
t n ll xpl r th v nt nd t p t n A.A. r f ll .
. Ebb nd th Oxf rd Gr p
W l n n bl t t b r thr h h n ff rt . r th t tt r, v n th n f nd lf n l d th t S l rth v h d d n t p W l n fr
tt n dr n . At th p nt, h nt t d b n f h ld h l h ,
Ebb h t h r. h t h r h d t dr n n thr h h nv lv nt th th
Oxf rd Gr p, d pr d p r t l r v v l v nt f th t . v n n h r l t t rn, W l n r l t ntl x n d h t h r d . Sh rtl th r ft r, W l n nd r nt h n nv r n xp r n . l h th
nth , h b n tr n t rr h f nv r n t th r
l h l . v r, h t th n th n b t f l r th f n l p f th A.A. p zzl nt n d t l d h . p t th dv r t , h nt n d t t
th nd l rn fr b r f th Oxf rd Gr p.
h Oxf rd Gr p p p l r p r t l r v v l v nt th t
xp r n d t h d d r n th 20 nd 0 . nd d b th r n
n t r r. r n . . h n, th v nt r n ll n n th
r t C nt r Chr t n ll h p. Cl f n th Oxf rd Gr p pr bl t —
th r rl t n pl , th l d t h v n l t l h t r r d n n t n l t , nd pl d l d th lv ft r th Chr t n f ll h p f th f r t nt r . v r, th r r bl n t th rl Chr t n
t ll t d t. ll tt n h r d th Oxf rd Gr p t
l l r bl d th M th d t v nt f th ht nth nt r . In b th
, th l d r d d d n t t t bl h n h r h , b t r th r r n z d 4
t n t n f " nv rt d p r n ." 4 A nt n d pr v l , Ebb
h t h r n f th " nv rt d p r n " h h d b r d p thr h th
p r t l n tr t n f th Oxf rd Gr p.
h t h r ntr d d t th Oxf rd Gr p b l nd z rd.
z rd h d b n n f th f r t n f h d I l nd, f r r t t n t r
h h d "dr n h thr h f rt n ." " h rl t A.A. n rr t v
nd t th t z rd nt t E r p n r h f r f r h l h l .
nd r nt p h th r p th n n th r th n C rl n . z rd p nt r th n r r n th n nd v nt ll b l v d h lf r d. r t rn d t A r , b t dr n n n th n . r t rn d t
r h, h r th d t r t fr n . p d n z rd th
nt n S l rth h d v n W l n — n r bl . Cr h d nd d p r t ,
z rd d f th r n h p . n r p nd d th t n p r t v l r r
, l h l h d r v r d b n f r l nv r n
xp r n . 42 Alth h n h d n p f t n f r h p t nt n h t b t f nd n nv r n xp r n , z rd n j n d th Oxf rd
Gr p nd f nd j t h t th d t r rd r d. 4 h v n l l l t f th
Gr p h d th d r d ff t nd l nd z rd t dr n n .
40 tt n, 22 2 . Inf r t n f r th p r r ph l fr Wh t , 28 nd b rt n, 8. rd n th t n f l f n th Oxf rd Gr p, f rth r n ht nt th t l f th r t n fr b rt n, 4 . Aft r W l n t t f n p t l f r th l t t , " nd ll b n tt nd n Oxf rd Gr p t n nd r ttr t d b th r th th f nd th r . h t ph r r nd d f Q r t n , h r th b r t tl t th r nd l t n d f r th d n f G d f r h n ." 4 h n, 2 . S l tt n, 4 . 42 Ib d. S l K rtz, t G d, 8 . 4 tt n,• . A f n t n l f t n t ll f th : pp r ntl th x h n b t n z rd nd n n v r h v t ll rr d. S Wh t , 28, n t 2. Wh t b rv th t th z rd p p r h d th th h d I l nd t r l S t r v l n v d n th t n tr t d z rd. If, n f t, z rd d d r th n t n p nt b t n 0 4, th
z rd n xt pr j t th r l t n f Ebb h t h r. In th l t
r f 4, f b r f th Oxf rd Gr p r v t n n t th
z rd r h n r nt. On f th l rn d th t h f th r, j d
n n rb M n h t r, r nt, b t t t Ebb h t h r t n
l f r l h l n n t . ll n th l d f t th r Gr p b r ,
z rd d d d t h t h r "pr j t." 44 h r bl t nt rv n nd
rr n d f r h t h r p r l . Up n h r l , h t h r xp d t th
Oxf rd Gr p. ll nv n d th t h nl h p d p nd d p n nv r n
xp r n , h t h r br d th v nt nd t pr n pl . z rd, th v nt h d th d r d ff t nd h t h r b r d p n h f r t p r d f
br t .
l h th n f , h t h r th n r h d t t th n l
t h p l l h l h ld th n f — W ll W l n. Ir n ll , W l n f lt th b t h f r r dr n n p rtn r. " n I h d r d h f r
h p l ."4 dl t , h t h r n f nd br t d dr t pr n n W l n. Ind d, d p t th v rtl r l n t r f h
ld fr nd l t n, W l n ld n t t th d th t h t h r b r t f
tr t nt l l nl l t d tt r f , r th r th n r r r . rth r pl t n tt r th rr p nd n th t n nt t W l n t t n th t h r t ll n f th nv r t n b t n n nd z rd h d b n " d t l r p rt d." n t W l n, 0 n r 6 t d n K rtz, t G d, 08, n t 6. Wh th r th x h n b t n th rr d r n t, th b l ht f n n bv . W l n nl t t nt ll t l nfl n n ll f Al h l An n — th f r t C rl n , th nd ph l ph r W ll nd h b h r t f l Exp r n . On n, th t n nfl n f p h tr nd r l n. 44 W l n, tr n r pt, t d n K rtz, t G d, 0 , n t 8. 4 Al h l An n C f A , 8. 56
h h d, v n h nt n d t dr n v r th n xt f d . p l Ebb
b r — " t b n t l th h r l p pl r r ht ft r ll." 46
S n f ntl , W l n d d n t nt n th d n pt d r n h
nt f th x h n th h t h r. rd n h t h r n l h l ,
h pl n t d "d t r h d pr n n d h n r bl ." 4 C r l , t pp r
th r t ll d bt n W l n nd n th d n pt. t r h
ld r nt, " r. C rl n h d t ld n Oxf rd r p fr nd f Ebb h
h p l h l h l nd r. S l rth h d p d th nt n
p n . h n Ebb , l n l h l , h d h nd d th d nt l d ." h
f ll n l n p rt l rl n t rth : "On r. S l rth l n b I
ld n v r h v pl t l pt d th v rd t, b t h n Ebb l n
nd n l h l b n t t l t n th r, th t l n h d t." 48 W l n n nt r
th h t h r r pr nt d t rn n p nt. S l rth ll r th r h d l ft
W l n d fl t d nd h p l . In f t, t n th r l h l h nv n d
W l n thr h h d d , n t h rd , th t r v r p bl ft r ll. A
W l n p t t, "In th n h p f n ff r n , n l h l h d b n t l n
t n th r."4 In f t, th b n f th h ll r f A.A. — t l
r n z t n, t l z n d l rh t r t pr d r r t f
p r t l r h b l t t n. h ph n n l h l ( . ., n l p r n
t l n t n th r rt nl n t nt th th nt pr f n l nd nt
nt ll t l nd rt n f A.A. ll d d t rl r.
46 Al h l An n , . 4 Ib d. 48 Al h l An n C f A , 64. 4 b d., . 57
Aft r v r l r d f dr n n nd n th r v t fr h t h r nd
n f h Oxf rd Gr p t , W l n d d d t nv t t th
r n z t n f r h lf. rh pp n h l n M nh tt n nt th rd
Str t (f r f rt f t n , W l n h d d f r th C lv r Ep p l Ch r h. In f t,
t t nt t W l n p r f p r n, h v n n d t dr l n
nn h l r h h d t n n f th b r . th r, th t bl d th r
nt th C lv r Ch r h. h h r h th Oxf rd Gr p A r n h d rt r , nd t th p nt h t h r l v n n th n n xt d r.
S dd n th l h l, W l n n rl b n d t b f r tt n n. v r,
h t h r h d p nd n d t nt rv n . W l n h r d n d ,
h r , t rpr n l , h pr ntl f nd h lf v l nt r n t t n l.
M t v t d b l p rt p n t n nd h n h p (W l n ld n t r t
ddr n n d n , h xp r n t th n t ll h d n ff t n
W l n. A h d th l n l b d n nt th rd Str t t th b , th th ht f t pp n n b r n v r r d h nd. v r, th f ll n d W l n r n r ht h r h l ft ff.
p nt thr r d dr n n b f r h n xt b r t f n ht f n ll
t W l n n th p th t br t . On d , h l nt pl t n th h p l n t r f h nd t n nd n n th d f p r t l l t n, W l n b n t p r h lf t n r p t nt. S n th n r ld d anything t b r d f th d , ld th n t? r bl , th th b nn n f ll n n n W l n p rt t p r p r t l l t n. C r l , h nt n , "Wh t ld I d ? I ld h d f r th b t ph n n th 8 b n nd b h t d tr r t th n n ll . I ld h v t d p nd n h , G d f d n , t v ." 0 r bl th v l f th n r n l t f ld: f r t, t dr v h th h p l n
f l h l , nd, t l t p n nd dn n th t n f br n r l n.
h , d p t h xp r t S l rth d l th r , W l n pr r l
nd r t d l h l r l d rd r. v r, b p r n t t ph l lln , h b n t br d th p b t n th d l nd r l
d l f l h l , n l d n b l t r ll l n n "G d" nd " d n " n th
phr . nt n d t dr v th p r n h , n t n th t " f tt n
ll r r d t pr t h h n n n th p bl r th th th r
ff r r , ld I ll pr d nd d th t? M b I ld." v r,
W l n l n (r t n ll ? th t b th p nt n th v n n h t f r
n t th n l rl . d d d t dr t h ld th n th n thr h.
W th n f p rp h n l d d, "I ld b t n p t l
h r r. S l rth ld b r p n. h n I ld l l r d t
Ebb f r l f r br t ." 2 On b r 4, W l n h d h lf
nt n p t l f r th l t t .
r n th f n l d t x f t n, W l n h d h t h ld l t r ll h "h t fl h" xp r n . pl d pr d nd t ll tr l n th th d f l v n l f
n p r t l b , W l n f n ll thr h h nd p nd r d t, "If th r
0 Ib d., 6 . I b d. 2 Ib d., 62.
G d, l t h lf I r d t d n th n , n th n "
nt n d:
S dd nl th r l t p th r t h t l ht. I ht p nt n t h h th r r n rd t d r b . It d t , n th nd , th t I n nt n nd th t nd n t f r b t f p r t bl n . And th n t b r t p n th t I fr n. Sl l th t b d d. I l n th b d, b t n f r t I n n th r rld, n rld f n n . All b t nd thr h th r nd rf l f l n f r n , nd I th ht t lf, "S th th G d f th pr h r " A r t p t l v r nd I th ht, " tt r h r n th n t b , th r t ll ll r ht. h n r ll r ht th G d nd rld. 4
Wh t r t f th xtr rd n r xp r n ? rt f th t nd rd tr t nt f r l h l t n d r n th p r d n l d d th f h pn t dr . G v n th , t v r l l th t W l n nv r n xp r n ,
n f t, h ll n t n tr r d b th tr t nt h r v n . Ind d,
W l n h d d bt h lf. Aft r ll, S l rth h d lr d rn d h th t h
h d rl n f br n d . Anx l , W l n ll d th d t r t h r nd d r b d th xp r n . nt d t n h th r h h ll n t n . S l rth d h t n f r t, "pr b n t n ."
n ll , W l n ld n t t nd th p n n l n r. " ll , t r l?
A I t ll ... n ?" S l rth r r d h th t h . nt n t
t th t W l n h d n thr h " nv r n xp r n ," th h th d t r l l f d h j t " pl n f n ." Wh t v r th
, S l rth r d W l n t br t, t n " t h b tt r th n
Ib d., 6 . 4 Ib d. 60
h t h d nl pl f h r ." 6 Wh th r th "h t fl h" h ll n t n r n t, W l n pt d t r l nd b n t xpl r t
pl t n . ll n h d h r fr n p t l, h j n d th Oxf rd
Gr p nd b n t r th th r l h l .
.6 h n l St p W r n W th Oth r
W l n l r j n d th Oxf rd Gr p nd nn n d h pl n t v ll th l h l f th rld b pr d n th rd f h nv r n xp r n
In ff t, W l n " h n " r l n v r d n d r n th p r d. In
th r rd , h ph z n l h l r l h rt n r th r th n
d l d rd r. v r, h f l d t p n n b t h lf b r v r th n xt f nth . n ll , h r t rn d t W ll S l rth, h t d h
b n th r l nd d l d l f l h l . h th n ht,
h h ld lt t l l d t th b rth nd dr t r th f Al h l
An n .
v r, n l v l, W l n n t ll r tr t d fr th rld f
d n . A f d ft r h "h t fl h," W ll W l n l ft th h p t l nd r j n d th Oxf rd Gr p t t h d rt r t th C lv r Ch r h. C lv r
Ch r h t ll nd r th d r t n f v r nd r. S l Sh r,
h ld pr v t b j r nfl n n W l n. S n f ntl , n h h d
b r d, W l n ld, n n , " h " Sh r v r S l rth.
h n t t th t W l n d p r n f S l rth — n th n ld b
tt n, 6 . 6 h n, 224. 6 f rth r fr th tr th. l rn d v l bl ll nd n htf l nf r t n fr th d t r. At th t , h n n d th t "h n nn r r v l t n n th pr v n f S Sh r nd th n fr nd h n n
Ebb Oxf rd Gr p."
v r, th p rt n f S l rth ntr b t n t W l n d v l p nt h ld n t b nd r t t d. A h ll , th d t r th p r n h v nt ll pr v d d W l n th th f n l n ht h n d d t l n h
A.A. In f t, W l n pt n t h th S l rth thr h t th p r d. h d t r ld pr v n nv l bl ll f r r t . r t rt r , S l rth b n r f rr n W l n t th r l h l n th h p t l. At t h n h h d l ttl t n b t h n t r n t f t n, S l rth p t h pr f n l r p t t n n th l n b l tt n j t b r d l h l p th h h h pr f l l nt .
W l n l p nd n t t th C lv r n, r v l
r h n f r l h l t t l t . ld l t r r rd th t h t rt d t ft r dr n " n j t pr p l n." 8 Ad tt n n r tr p t th t h t l t p rtl
t v t d b h ld dr v t b " b r On n," W l n nn n d h pl n f r r n ll th l h l n th rld t h f ll Oxf rd Gr p
b r . t rpr n l , th h d lr d tr d r n th l h l nd
Ib d., 228. In f t, tt n n l d th t Sh r nd th Oxf rd Gr p r th t nfl nt l n r d nt n th f r t n f A.A. S tt n, 86. Wh l th n f n f th Oxf rd Gr p h ld n t b nd r t t d, W l n l l rn d r t d l fr S l rth. Ind d, t S l rth h r d h t r n rp r t th d l nf r t n nt h ppr h, nd W l n h d n n nv rt n n l h l t h b f r h d d . A h ld b l r b n , th t S l rth np t, W l n v r l l ld n t h v t rt d A.A., r t l t xp r n d th h d d. In dd t n, I b l v th t W l n l l rn d v r l l n fr th Oxf rd Gr p n t v x pl — d n tr t n f h n t t d th n . 62 h d t th n rl n t t d f l r . Und t rr d, W l n t t t v
v r l h l h ld l h h nd n. A h b r ph r n t d, "th r n b tt d d r l t h t r d nt th [C lv r Ch r h] n h d dn t b tt n h l , n f n x t v nt n dr n t t n h d dn t tr t
r h."60 dl t , W l n pr h t l d r n th p r d n h n
nv rt .
v r, th n h ld n t f nd A.A. d d n t p h lf b r d r n th p r d. Ind d, th th n ht th t h n d
— nv n h t th r l h l pt h b r. t r h ld r nt, "M n t I h v n t ld h p t l n d p r. On t l n t
n th r , I ld b z n l l ft d p nd t n f t." 6 h n pt
ld l t r b b d d n th t lfth t p, h h r d , " v n h d p r t l
n n th r lt f th t p , tr d t rr th t
l h l , nd t pr t th pr n pl n ll r ff r ." 62 h f t th t th r pr nt th f n l t p t r v r pr v d p rf l t t n t h r t l
W l n b l v d t , nd h h h v l d th n ht th t h n d fr th nt rv l.
Al h l An n C f A , 64. Ib d., 64 6 . r bl h t h r nd z rd r n t bl x pt n t th r l . In f t, S l Sh r h d r ntl tr d h n "b t h f dr n " n n rb p rt nt. On f th , " t ll r t n lv t n," h d br n t n d l nd t th h r h. rth r r , v n th f t th t th Oxf rd Gr p p nl ht t pr t t lf b t n th th r h nd f — t l t n t t p ll t d th l h l — th r l r pt n f W l n d n t r l. In f t, th p nt t n f th ntr l d ff r n th t ld lt t l l d t th br b t n A.A. nd th Oxf rd Gr p. A W ll Wh t p nt t, l r d ff r n x t d b t n th l h l nd n n l h l b r f th Oxf rd Gr p fr th t rt. t bl , th l h l r d v l p n th t f n n t , h h ntr t d h rpl th th Gr p rt h p f p bl t nd pr n n . S Wh t , . 60 h n, 2 2. 6 Al h l An n , . 62 Ib d., 60. 6
In th f f ll th d pp nt nt , W l n h rdl p t d h
n th v r f br thr h. In f t, h f l r nt n d t nt,
W l n b n r n l d p nd nt f v r r l z n h dr f v n ll th rld dr n . h d b h r h b nd n r n d pp nt nt,
W l n t d h t l t r. S l rth b t th tt r. In Apr l , W l n d d j t th t.
h b nt x h n th t t pl pr v d t b d f n n nt
n th h t r f A.A. nd th d n pt f l h l . I xpl r th d l r f ll n th f ll n h pt r. v r, n h rt, S l rth t ld
W l n, " r G d , t p pr h n . Y r r n th p r dr n h lf
r z ." 6 Aft r n t n th t W l n t n d n h t l , S l rth t d h r n rt th d l n l nt h n ppr h. " t th th th ph l f r t
nd h t th h rd. ll b t th b n nd th ph l n t v t th r d v l p n th t ll nd n th t d r d . r t n. S t l th l
n r."64 An nt r t n h f rd , v n W l n rl r n l t
n r. Wh th r th nt nt n l r n t, W l n l t n d t h t th d t r h d t . It n th n l th n r v l t n r , nth f th d l th r f l h l th th r l d l th t h d d n t d A r
nd r t nd n f n br t f r v r t h ndr d r . In th t nt, th th pl rd , S l rth pr p d br tht n rr f d n nd r l n th t nt n t nf r r nd r t nd n f l h l t d . h f t th t l h l n n r bl d l d rd r n t t d th n d f r
6 h n, 2 4. 64 Ib d. 64 p h l l r d r nd d n r l pr n pl . d l l p n h l ft
tt pt t nv n l h l f th n d f r nv r n xp r n , W l n h d f l d pl t l . v r, n h f ll d S l rth dv nd b n t n rp r t th d l th r nt h rh t r , th f ll h p f
Al h l An n b rn. Sh rtl ft r l v n th d t r, W l n nt t
Oh n b n . h n xt l h l th t h p th b rt S th —
th r n n " r. b, f nd r f A.A." C A E OU
A IE : O E SMI , M. .
4. Ov rv
In , W ll W l n f nd h lf tr n p rt d n b n t A r n, Oh .
Wh l th r , h t b rt S th, n l h l nd tr l n d l pr t t n r. W l n ntr d d S th t th n pt f l h l d .
C r l , h v r, S th n t ll r p nd d r tr n l t W l n p r t l rh t r . h , th t n f r d A.A., h d t h v d ff r nt
nt rpr t t n f th r l h h d n nd r l n pl d n th l f f A.A.
Inf r d b th th n n f W ll S l rth, th v nt ll d d n
nd t b t r l n, p r d x ll br d n th p th t x t d b t n th n l ntr d t r d l f nd r t nd n .
4.2 Al h l n A r n
M , r. b rt lbr S th n h l t l . Aff t n t l
n n " r. b" t h fr nd , S th h d n b n r p t d nd r n n d r n n A r n, Oh . Ov r th r , h v r, th ph n
r d ll n d t dr n h thr h t f h r r , n l d n
r l pr t . Ev n n th d r t d f th Gr t pr n, f p pl
r ll n t tr t r n h ld n t p h h nd fr tr bl n . A
r lt, h p ll d t t n n r l nd pr t l l p t nt t
nd t. C b n d th th pr d n r p t t n f h dr n n h b t, S th
6 66
r pr t l t nd r t l r n l d C t p t l r r t
p, "Wh n t r. S th, r ll b t r " S th r f th j , b t h rdl ppr t d th h r b h nd th . At th f , h l f h bl .
S th ntr n nt th rld h d b n pr n l n h. b rn 8 A t 8 , n St. hn b r , r nt, h rdl h ndr d l fr
W ll W l n n t v E t r t. p r nt f r d pr n ntl n th l
nd v l f f th r n t . f th r lt rn t l j d , tt rn ,
b r f th t t l l t r , h l p r nt nd nt, nd S nd h l t h r. r bl , th n S th h d ll th dv nt f th l
t nd n t h d p l.
v r, n th f f tr t r l pbr n n , h h d n f r b ll n fr n rl . h f t r ph n h d h f r t dr n h n h n n — rt f j h d v r d t h d nd r b h . In t l t p l f A.A. b r , h f th r rd d nt f S th l f r v lv
r nd th p t dr n n h d n h l f . Aft r r d t n fr St. h b r
A d , h nt n t rt th. At t h n rt th n n
"th dr n n t f th Iv h l ," S th l r t n t r t
h p n b r dr n r. 2 S th h lf d f th xp r n , "I r d t d
` l d n th f th dr n n fr t rn t , b t n t n th f th
n." pl t d h d r ( nd d, th t n h n r n 02.
b rt n, 2. Ev d ntl , S th r r r n t n n l h fr nd , h n n t t r f r t h " r. b," 2 Ib d., 4 . Al h l An n , 2. 6
ll n r d t n fr rt th, S th p nt thr r r n n
l b f r d d n t b d t r. h , n 0 , h nr ll d t th
Un v r t f M h n pr d l pr r . S th dr n n n r d d r n th p r d. "On nt f n r p t f r b r, I l t d t
b r h p n n f th dr n n t , nd n b n f th l d n
p r t ." A n f th "l d n p r t ," h l h d h f r t xp r n th "th j tt r " — r n ntr ll bl tr bl n , th r lt f rn n ft r thdr l
pt .
Wh l t M h n, S th f nd th r f h l f tr l lt r d f r th f r t t b th p t f dr n n . In t t f d p nd n f ll n pr l n d b n , S th n l d d h ld n t b bl t pl t th pr r . A t n p n th d n, h p nt nth t f t n th fr nd.
S th nt n d, "Wh n I t th f t f br n, I d d d th t tt n
h l v r f l h nd th t I h d b tt r r t rn nd nt n r . Wh n
I r h d h l, I d v r d th f lt h d th r d n th bj t."
C n ntl , S th tr n f rr d t h M d l C ll n Ch ,
h r th b n nt n d. d th xp l n n r , S th n d t t dr f r t pr b t n r rt r nd th rn d h M. . d r . 6
4 Ib d,, . Ib d. 6 It rth n t n th t S th p r n h d l t d t t h n th f ld f d l d t n n tr n t n. r n th l tt r h lf f th n n t nth nt r , t d l ll r r d l ttl r th n t r f r r , h r n d r n t d f r l f r nth . th t rn f th nt r , p rh d d b th A r n M d l A t n, d t r r n n rt d ff rt t pr v th r l t t r p t d pr f n. r nt t l d n h l h hn p n nd rv rd r n r ll r d t thr r nd th d l nd r xp nd d t n n nth . v r, n h l l d b h nd th t nd rd . A l St rr n t d, t th t rn f th nt r "th p rt 68
Ind d, h nd t d h lf r d t bl th t h bl t r " h
v t d" nt rn h p t C t p t l n A r n, Oh . ? Aft r pl t n t r
nt rn, th ph n p n d h n ff d nt n, nd th dr n n b n
n. r l t t nt r , h x t n t n n ht r h l . d v l p d f r f n n h h r r d th t h dr n t f ll l p.
v r, n h n t " n f n ," S th h d t r n b r n h t rn l v n . r z d th p nf l p r d th , "M ph b f r
l pl n d nd d th t I t dr n v r n ht, b t n rd r t t r l r f r th n xt n ht, I h d t t b r d r n th d , t l t p t f r
l . h r t n nt n th f nt rr pt n f r v nt n r . It r ll h rr bl n ht r , th rn n n , tt n l r, l n t h ,
tt n dr n , rn n j tt r , t n l r d f d t v t t p bl f r t rn r n , nd n d n ." 8
h d t r n h h d dr n n pr bl . M r v r, d l pr t t n r, h nl r f th pr f n l l t r t r f th t .
v r, h h d t t n nt r n d l r t n th t pr v d d f l
nf r t n n n br t . In h n rd , "I, ph n, n n th n b t
[ l h l ] t p f. h r n t n th n rth r d n n n f th t xtb . U ll th nf r t n n t d f r tr t nt f r th
[d l r tr n ], f th p t nt h d n th t f r. If h h dn t, pr r b d
f ntr nt d n r t ll d p n." S l St rr, h S l r n f r t n f A r n M d n ( Y r : , 82 , 6. Al h l An n , 4. S l K rtz, t G d, 0. 8 lb d., . 6 f br d nd v th f ll d l t r ." In th r rd , h h d n t
t n nt r d th d n pt f l h l n th r f h r d n .
In h nt n n r h f r n r , th ph n n d nt ll f nd h lf
pt p nt th Oxf rd Gr p v nt th t h d pr v d p v t l n
W ll W l n d v l p nt.
b rt S th nd h f Ann b nv lv d th th Oxf rd Gr p l r l r lt f th ff rt f n n: nr tt S b rl n . Sh th
tr n d d ht r n l f r n A. S b rl n , th f nd r f th G d r
r nd bb r C p n . r rr t S b rl n n, . r d r
S b rl n , h d nd d h n h b nd n d h r. ft th thr d l nt
h ldr n, h p r tt d t t n n th t h f th S b rl n f l
t t , n d St n t. 0 At b t th t , nr tt b nv lv d
th th Oxf rd Gr p f p n th th t n l nd f n n l pr r f h r l f .
In 2, t l nt n nt t d S b rl n t h t ld b d n t h lp r. S th th h dr n n ." S b rl n r h d t t b rt nd
Ann . In f t, nr tt nd Ann ld n t b r t fr nd .
v r, d p t h r b t ff rt , S b rl n n bl t d S th th h dr n n .
nr tt tr d t h lp th d t r b r p f r r th n t r . r h n p rt, S th f nd th Oxf rd Gr p r n ttr t v l t — p d nd lf
nf d nt, th b d d th v r h r t r t h h d f r h lf. nd
b rt n, 6 . 0 Ib d., 2. 0
Ann tt nd d t n r l rl f r t nd h lf r . r t nd h lf
r , b rt S th l nt n d t dr n r l rl . h n, n , W ll
W l n t A r n.
4. W l n C t n
Apr l , W l n h d d d d th t r t rn n t r ht n t b b d d
th p nt, h h d b n b r f r v r l nth nd h nt n d f n n l d p nd n n h f h d b th b tt f r n t f j n th r f r n n fr nd . W th n th n l ft f h n br ht r r, W l n h d l ttl t n n th f pr p t . t th n n pp rt n t pr nt d
t lf. l rn d f pr x f ht n A r n, Oh , v r ntr l f ll
n f t r n p n . h W ll Str t nt r t n d d r v n t t r n th n , nd W l n l pt t th pp rt n t . C nv n d th
ld b th h n h n d d t j p t rt h r r, W l n f r d f rth n h h h p .
dl t , th pr x f ht pr v d t t l d t r. W l n nd h
t r n bl t nv n th n r t d th h b r n
Y r . j t d, W l n h rt r t rn d t. v r, W l n h d n br ht r pr p t t r t rn t , nd t d n n th l h p th t v t r
ld b n n th rt .
h t r f h t h pp n d n xt h b t pl n th l x n f
Al h l An n . h v nt th t rr d v r th f ll n f d
K rtz, t G d, .
n l d th n pt n f A.A. It r d , M 0. W l n r t rn d t th
M fl r t l n A r n — l n nd d pr d. h n xt d , f ll d th lf p t , h f nd h tt nt n dr n t th b r t th nd f th l bb . th ht
f j n n th l t ft rn n r d th t th r n , j t t h v n r l
nd nj th p n .
In th t nt, W l n r l z d, "G d, I n t t dr n :" 2 t rr r tr n t th th ht nd d t l t rn d t th h t l h r h d r t r
t th th r nd f th l bb . Kn n h h r n th th r l h l h d h lp d h pr v l , W l n nt d t f nd n t t l th n A r n. h p d th t n fr th Oxf rd Gr p ld d r t h t n . r th d r t r , W l n p d t nd ll d th v. r. W lt r n .
xpl n d h t t n nd d f th r r n Oxf rd Gr p b r n th
r . n v h l t f t n n nd n b r . W l n ll d ll t n
th t f nd n n n h n n l h l th t n d d h h lp. n ll , th l t p r n, r n Sh pp rd, d h d d n t n n l h l , b t h th ht h n n h ht: nr tt S b rl n .
W l n ll d S b rl n nd h d, "I fr th Oxf rd Gr p, nd I
r h nd fr Y r ." nt n t xpl n th t h l n f r
n th r l h l t t l t — t h lp. ll n n ntr d t n l th t, t p pl ld h v d n h t th f r t t n h d: d n x nd l
12 Ib d., 2 . 13 b rt n, . 2
tt n ff th ph n . In t d, S b rl n f r t th ht , " h l nn fr h v n." 4 Sh nv t d W l n v r t th t h d t l .
W l n d r b d th r n t l n nt r th , "Wh n I t th r I f nd p r n f h r nd nd r t nd n ." nr tt r ll t n r n t fl tt r n . In f t, h th r hl pp ll d. " ll t d h n h d v r, nd
dr d n ll f tt n nd n t h d l th . l h d t l dl , nd
h d t n t th v n h n t l n . h d th nn r f r bb n h h nd t th r nd p r n l — r l r Ur h p." 6
ld th tr n r fr Y r h lp n n ? v r,
S b rl n n f f th. Wh r th r n l h l v n l t r
p r n n dr pp r, h th r f r h r fr nd ll . Aft r h r n ll
t r , h t ld h "I n j t th n f r . d t r. W ll ll h
` r. b. f , Ann , r nd p r n. b h tr d h rd I n h
nt t t p. h tr d d l r , h h tr d v r r l
ppr h , n l d n th Oxf rd Gr p . h tr d th ll h ll, b t
h h nn t t d t. S h ld l t t l th r. b
nd Ann ?" Of r , W l n nth t b t th d .
nr tt l pl d ll t h r d r fr nd Ann nd nv t d th
S th f r d nn r th t v r n ht. Unf rt n t l , th r n v l bl — th
d d t r nd p d. In f t, h h d r t rn d h th t d ll p tt d
4 Ib d., 2. Al h l An n C f A , 66. 6 K rtz, t G d, , n t 64. A K rtz p nt t, S b rl n p r n f W ll W l n th th h r t r Ur h p fr Ch rl n n v l v d C pp rf ld h lp t ll tr t th l t n n h h x t d b t n th Oxf rd Gr p r nd th b nd f l h l th t W l n v nt ll l d. S b rl n b l v d th t h r ff rt r l l r p n bl f r br n n " l " t W l n, nd, b xt n n, A.A. h lf, pl d pl nt p n th t h n t bl n h n r f Ann , nd pr ptl p d t b n th t. S b rl n n t d th S th j n th f r d nn r th f ll n d — M th r , t h pp n d. S n S nd , M 2, b rt
nd Ann S th rr v d t nr tt S b rl n h pr ptl t f v l .
S ff r n ht l fr h n v r, b rt h d nl r d t ft r xtr t n
pr fr Ann th t th ld r l t n t .
Alth h d r nt x t t x tl h t h pp n d h n th rr v d, n th n f r r . S th nd W l n h t t ff dr t ll .
W l n h lf h d b n v r n rv b t th t n nd d pl n rt n f
h t t . h d t ph z th d l th r h h d r d fr
W ll S l rth. v r, b rt S th lr d n M. . Wh t ld
W l n, l n, t ll d t r b t th d n pt f l h l ? Up n
t n th tr bl n pr t l t, W l n n x tl h t t . l t r r ll d, " h h b rr d, [S th] br ht n d l ttl h n I d I th ht h n d d dr n ." 8 At p nt, W l n nd S th r d r tl pl d n
S b rl n l br r , h r th ld r n f r th n xt f v h r .
h h th pr nt nt f th f r t t n r n t r rd d, th d n pt f l h l f r d pr n ntl n th r n t l d n.
S n f ntl , S th n t f l r th S l rth ll r th r . G v n th t
S l rth f r t rt l d d n t pp r b f r , th n t rpr n .
Ind d, S th d t r p nd t W l n p r t l rh t r h th
ll r th r . h t r b , f n th n , th ph n fr
Al h l An n C f A , 6 . 8 Ib d. 4
A r n r t p d n th tr d t n f th Oxf rd Gr p th n W l n. h d b n tt nd n t n l n r th n th "r h nd fr Y r ." In
ff t, th d t r h d lr d tr d th p r t l " r ," th t n nd r t nd n
f l h l ph l "d ." Ov r th r f th r f r t t n ,
W l n nd S th ff t d th nth f d n nd r l n th t r p v t l t A.A., th h h ld h v d ff r n nt rpr t t n f h h l nt
r p rt nt. h p nt h ll b xpl r d r f ll n th f ll n
t n.
4.4 S nth z n S n nd Sp r t l t
A nt n d n th pr d n h pt r, W ll W l n h d pr v l r d
th n l h l n Y r nd d d nl n p n h lf b r.
r tr t d b th d v l p nt, h nt t p th W ll S l rth h rtl b f r h tr p t A r n. At th p nt, S l rth l ld h v d r d
W l n fr h n r ff rt . h n t t . In t d, h t d,
" , ll, r h v n n th n b t f l r b r pr h n t th
l h l ." th p nt, W l n h d fr l ph z d th nv r n th
f h "h t fl h" xp r n h n d l n th th r . l dr v h th p rt n f l v n r r r l l f t l d l d ft r th Oxf rd
Gr p pr pt . S l rth p nt d t th d t rr nt t t f th
l h l th t W l n d lt th. S l , h nt n t t th t W l n tr d ff r nt ppr h:
19 Ib d.
Ar n t th v r f ll h n h d th t b b th p h l t h h th t d fl t n t r t d pth th f nd t n f t p r t l xp r n ? . . . , ll, v t th rt b f r th h r . Y v t t d fl t th p pl f r t. S v th th d l b n , nd v t t th h rd. r t r ht nt th b t th b n th t nd n th t dr n nd th ph l n t v t r ll r f th b d th t nd n th t d r d f th p n dr n n . C n fr n th r l h l , n l h l t l n t n th r, b th t ll r th t h d p d n. Onl th n n b n t tr t r th r d n ,Gr p . th th l20 pr n pl h v p d p fr th Oxf rd
Aft r th nv r t n th r. S l rth, th n xt l h l th t W l n
nt nt t th b rt S th. ll n th dv f S l rth,
W l n l d n th th " d l b n ." rt t l f r th f r t r , th pr l h t r. b rt S th r p nd d t . Al h l An n
r z d S th xp r n th , " h ph n h d r p t dl tr d
p r t l n t r lv h l h l d l b t h d f l d. t h n th br r v h r. S l rth d r pt n f l h l nd t h p l n , th ph n b n t p r th p r t l r d f r h l d th
ll n n h h d n v r b f r b n bl t t r." 2 Cl rl , th nt r t n b t n d n nd r l n pl t d. Wh d d S th b
nth t b t p r t l r d ft r h r n th d l d r pt n?
Wh t d ff r nt b t W l n nt f l h l ? In h n
t b r ph l t n f Al h l An n , S th p t th
20 Ib d. 21 Al h l An n , xv . 6
h t n h h ht n t r ll nt r nd ld b : "Wh t d d [W l n] d r th t d ff r nt fr h t th r h d d n r d?" It t b r b r d th t I h d r d r t d l nd t l d t v r n h n , r th ht th n n th n b t th bj t f l h l . t th n h h d xp r n d n r f fr htf l dr n n , h h d h d t ll th dr n rd xp r n n n t n, b t h h d b n r d b th v r n I h d b n tr n t pl , th t t th p r t l ppr h. v nf r t n b t th bj t f l h l h h nd bt dl h lpf l. Of f r r p rt n th f t th t h th f r t l v n h n th h l h d v r t l d, h n h t h t l n b t n r rd t l h l fr t l xp r n . In th r rd , h t l d l n . n ll th n r , nd rt nl n t b h h d p d th p n h r d n . 22
r n nt r t n ntr t b t n W l n nt f th f r t
t n nd S th . Wh r W l n ph z d th p rt n f th ll r th r , S th f d n th p r n l n t r f th xp r n — th f t th t
W l n r pr nt d ph l pr f th t p r t l t ld pr v d r d f r
l h l . t W l n h d f nd n h n nt r th Ebb h t h r, th p r n l t t nt f br t nt h r th n h t v r d h t h r
ttr b t d t t .
Ind d, I t S th r p n t th d l d l r l t d t th
n h h W l n nv d th ll r th r t h . W l n d d n t pr h, n r d d h n n d d t l t r n th bj t. pl r l t d h n
xp r n nd t ld th d t r h t h n f l h l n ll r . In
th r rd , W l n tl n n b h v r l d l f d th t th d t r
d nt f d th pl t l . A n, th p rt n f th p r n l n t r
f th xp r n . S th n t b n l t r d t , nd h rt nl n t b n pr r b d br d . th r, h ph ll b n h n n th r
22 Ib d., 80.
l h l h h d r v r d b p r n p r t l l f t l . In t ll , th d l rh t r n t p rt nt f r S th th v l pr f f W l n b rl r l t n h dr n n xp r n n nr tt S b rl n l br r .
Ir n ll , th t ll t ll n t nt th th r lt th t S l rth
t d W l n ld h v f h ph z d th d l p t f
l h l . h d p t n f l h l d ll n r bl d
nt nd d t n t ll n f h p l n n S th. h n f d p r t n
ld pr bl " r h ," th nf n ll n n t t l z p r t l pr n pl r d f r th th r rr v bl nd t n. A n t d, S th d d n t x tl f ll th f r l , th h th r lt r l r.
v r, f S th nd rpl d th p rt n f th d l th r n h f r t n nt r th W l n, h t t n f n . r
th n th t f n ll r v d th t f n br t b l f n t j d nt fr lln . t rpr n l , th n, S th ld ph z th d
n pt d r n th r f h n r th th r l h l . Ind d, t
pp r h v n r l d p n h th r t d l d t r t v th
xtr ht. b E. — f t r b r f AA — ld l t r d r b h f r t xp r t th . h d n t ll b n n nt t th n f h
ld dr n n t — l S., th n b r f th t ll n l r p. h h
l t nd d t tr p r t l t fr l , h t h n rd t t th r.
S th. b E. ld l t r r ll th t h nd th d t r p nt t f th
ft rn n t l n n th ph n h . b nt, th M. . tr d
"th t I h ll n t t t d d ff r ntl fr th v r nd v d l" nd 8
ph z d th p rt n f h p t l z t n. " t d fr th p r t l
n l ." 2 On b E. h d b n n th h p t l f r f d , r v n v t fr th r l h l h pl h r d th r n xp r n , l S. p d h
n th r v t. h t pr v th r l n nt r — th p nt f p r t l
nd tr n t n. b E. r l t d, "I pt bl . . . nd h r ll l d t n th . t t v r t th t dr n n pl nd r pr p t n nd
f r f r l fr h t v r lf p t , r nt nt, n r n ,
f rth, nd f r , h br ht t th h l r t n — th xpl n t n th t r. S th v fr th d l t ndp nt — th t ll t d n." 24 Cl rl , th d n pt b n f d th r l pr r .
Wh ld th rl b r f A.A. nt t d l z l h l ?
h d n pt f l h l f l f r n b r f r n . b n
th, t h lp d t ll l t z nt f th p p l t n th t h d pr v l b n t t z d n r l t r . S ndl , ll tr t d b b E.
xp r n , t d t dr v h n f h p l n f r th l h l b "d n n " h d ll n r bl . Ir n ll , th ppr h d t
th p t nt r r pt v t n n d l tr t nt. In th r p t, th
ll r th r p r d x ll rv d nd t b t th r ll b d l fr r f r l n h h d l z t n h d r n ll b n nt nd d t t p r. On l v l, th rl b r f AA d b th d n nd r l n t br d th p r v d p th t x t d b t n th .
2 K rtz, t G d, . 24 Ib d., 4.
W ll W l n nd b rt S th h d p d t th r n t r f r
nd r t nd n l h l — n th t nth z d d n nd r l n. In h rt
rd r, th r p th t ld b ll d Al h l An n r d t
nd r p r d f xpl v r th. A rd n t th f r rd t th nd
d t n f Al h l An n , " h t n t t r l t fr nt ll
p n l h l rr v n n th rd f th A r n C t p t l."2
2 Al h l An n , xv . C A E I E
COMMU ICA I I Y
. Ov rv
Al h l An n r t d tl b t n . W ll W l n r t rn d t Y r nd r d th l h l th r h l b rt S th
nt n d n Oh . E h d v l p d d ff r nt ppr h t l t n nd r r t n n b r . Wh l S th tt pt d t fl b n th th r d r f
d l th r t h p bl , W l n t v l ht t r th th . hr h t th p r d, A.A. nt n d t f t r t n ff rt n d t r . h n t nt l h p t l d d n f t br th b dd n
v nt. h pt n h d r t d th A.A. ff t v n n r h b l t t n n th r nd r bl p t nt p p l t n th n t r l t n h p t p h p th th r . n ll , b nn n r nd , A.A. t h d t tt nt n t th n r l p bl . h th t rn n p nt — A.A. b r r t
v nt th b r h p th t xpl d d d p t th nt n d r t n f
d l th r t .
.2 W l n nd S th th r
t h "fr nt ll " W ll W l n nd b rt S th t t r n th r
l h l n r n n rt n. Aft r th r n t l t n , S th nv t d
W l n t t t h h . hr l t r, th d t r tt nd d d l
nv nt n n Atl nt C t , r . It ld b th pr t xt f r n l t
80 8 b nd r. S th v nt ll r t rn d t A r n nd h d h l t dr n n 0 n
. h f ll h p f A.A. r d t f nd n fr th d t .
App r ntl W l n nd S th p nt th n xt pl f n r n th r
n br t nd n r h n th r p r t l b l f . W l n t ll p r n th pr x t nd S th nt n d t p rf r r r . Ann ld t th thr h d l b bl r d n nd nr tt h lp d th d t t f r " d n ."
S n, h v r, S th r l z d th n d d t b n r n th th r
l h l n rd r t pr v th r n p r t l l v . h pr pt v nt ll b th f nd t n f th t lfth t p — " v n h d p r t l n n th r lt f th t p , tr d t rr th t l h l , nd t pr t th pr n pl n ll r ff r ." h ll d d t th n
W l n h d br ht S th — th t th l h l ff r d fr "ph l
n t v t " th t d d h t n l h l d th nl h r v r d thr h
p r t l xp r n .
ll n th l , S th nd W l n b n n n r r t t th
nd f n . h d t r b n b ll n d n t A r n C t p t l. Aft r
tt n h ld f n r n th r v n rd, h xpl n d th t " n fr
Y r h d j t f nd n r f r l h l . (W ll d t r n th d . "2 h n r l th n pr d, r p nd n , "I th t , r. b?
Y d n t n t t ll v tr d t n r lf " S th b nn n t r l z j t h " r t" h dr n n h d b n. pl r pl d, "Y , I r
Al h l An n , 60. 2 Al h l An n C f A , . 82 h v ." l nt n , th n r t ld h th t, t t rn d t, th h p t l d d h v
r l " r r" n t rd. In f t, ll . — th " r r" n t n — v nt ll b th th rd b r f A.A.
d n th r n t l th ll ., t pp r d th t W l n nd
S th h d f nd th t r r t n n b r . l h th th
pl h nt, th nt n d r n th th r l h l thr h th
r. v r, th h v d l ttl . n ll , W l n pr x b ttl
ff r d n th r tb n S pt b r . b r r n ll n t p r th tt r f rth r nd h r t rn d t Y r .
. W l n nd S th Ap rt: ff r n M d l f C n b l t
W l n p rt n pr v d nt r t n f r v r t f r n . h h th t ll h d n n f r th v nt nd r nt ll fl n b th t f th r p nt ,
A.A. dd nl h d t nt r f t v t — A r n nd Y r . E h d v l p d l n l htl d ff r nt tr j t r n t r f ph l ph nd pr t .
Wh l W l n nd th Y r r t v l ht th p r t n f h p t l
d n tr t r , S th nd th A r n t tr d t t b n th d l r d r
h p bl . It l t d f S th t ll "r p t n " th t
f l h l , h l W l n t v l r n t v r t. 4
Ib d. 4 An nt r t n d — d l pr f n l h r d th l h l ft n f nd th lv l n t t n th f th r p r . A r hn n p nt d t, " h n t v nn t t n th t r t d th hr n n br t t nd d t rr v r t th h b pr f n ll d nt f d th th pr bl ." S hn n, 224. h ht h lp t xpl n S th r t n t n l d th r pr f n l n h ff rt . W l n, n th th r h nd, h d l ttl h n th tt r nd d d d t nfr nt th t h d n. 8
Ov r th n xt f r , S th nt n d t p rf r h r l r nd
nd h lp th r l h l . r n th p r d, S t r M r I n t G v n, C.S.A., r f rr d t pl S t r I n t n A.A. l r , ft n t d h . Sh th
d tt n ff r t St. h p t l n A r n. S th p r t d th r
n ll nd pp nt d t th t ff n 4. h v nt ll tr p fr nd h p nd S t r I n t pr v d t b p rf l ll d r n th p r d.
Ad n ff r d r n th 0 ld d r t d l f p r th n h p t l . Sh h d f ll ntr l f th b d nd ld v th t h t v r d t r h pl d.
h f rt t f r S th, b b h h d th r hl rn
t h l t A r n C t p t l. h d b n l n p t nt n n
, t nl nd r th d n " tr t ." A r n C t d d n t l pr v d n r f r l h l d r n th p r d b th r b d r d t r . , d n tr t r n t d th t S th p t nt d r th n f v th nd d ll r (n t ll n th nt xt f th Gr t pr n . W th
d n tr t r r f ll n t r n h d n , th d t r h d t f nd n b f p r t n .
S th h d n n I n t pr r t h pp nt nt t th St. h t ff.
nf d d n h r th h n l h l b r nd nd d f r h r h lp th h p t l z n th r l h l . I n t r d, th r b rn n th ff t n t t tl "An l f Al h l An n ." C n d nt ll , n t n l A.A. b r h p
r f rth r l b r t n, M r C. rr h, S t r I n t : An l f Al h l An n (Ch : l Un v r t r , 2 , . 84
r d t v r t th nd b 4 (l th n t r l t r . M r rr h
ttr b t d th t th j nt ff rt f l n t nd S th:
h r p d n r n n b r n r ll ttr b t d t A.A. f r t f l p bl t p n nd th z l v n l z t n f A.A. Cl v l nd b r h p. t n d r d, h v r, th p t th t th h p t l tr t nt p n r d n A r n h d n th b r h p t th t t . Of r t n f n t A.A. h t r , th b l f th xt n h ndr d n b r l v d n nd r nd Oh , h r p rt f th ff r n t n r th t n t v l bl n th r r f th ntr n l d d h p t l r . 6
rr h p nt d n , b t p rh p v r pl f d. In f t, W l n
nd th th r A.A. b r n Y r r r n th r t n b r f p t nt th nt nt t th thr h h p t l . l t h n
p t l, Ov rbr p t l, Gr t n r , nd l nd St t p t l (th l tt r thr b n p h tr h p t l th t r l t d n r nd
Y r pr v d d W l n nd th Y r r th t p t nt th t h d b n d tt d f r nd t n h l h l p h . S n th rl
Y r A.A. b r r n t d l pr f n l , th t ll h d t r l n d t r th t p r t p t nt . b rt S th M. ., th
n t pr bl th t th A r n t n nt r d. h , t pl th t h p t l z t n tr tl h r t r t f A r n A.A. ld b b t
v r pl f d. In th Y r rb t, h p t l z t n ft n pr nd t n f r ntr n t A.A. In A r n, t n nt r l f t r .
Up n r t rn n t Y r , W l n d v t d h n r f ll t t th r h b l t t n f l h l . t h r S th tt pt d t r v nt h p t l 8
d n tr t r , W l n t v l ht t r th th . S n h n t pr t n d t r, W l n h d n th r h . C n ntl , h nt n d t r th h ll f n p t l, l n f r l l pr p t . Of r , W ll
S l rth v h bl n t th n rth d x th r p . ll n n t r h pr f n l r p t t n r r bl . h n t n f l tt n l p r n
tt pt t pr v d p r t l nd tr n t n t p t nt n h r ld h v l pr v d r n t S l rth. W l n ll r f th nd nf l n l
xpr d h r t t d f r S l rth tr t.
S n f ntl , W l n ppr h d d n t h n d r n th p r d — h
ld b n b dr v n h th d n pt nd th n pr nt n th
p r t l " r ." A d d pr v l , S l rth ll r f W l n
ppr h nd d, h h d h lp d p rf t t. Wh th r h r l z d t r n t,
S l rth h d t ll t W l n n d l th th n p h tr v nt
ll d "p h p th ." h n xt t n xpl r th nt r t n r f ll .
.4 C pt n h p th
A tl n d n h pt r t , A.A. n d l z n l h l l rl
rr d th n th nt xt f br d r tr nd n A r n h t r . S h l r h
hn rnh nd n ld z n ph z th r l f n .
v r, nf r d b th r f h l r h El z b th nb nd
Ern t W l r n, I b l v p h tr pl d th t n f nt p rt.
6 Ib d., . I r l z th t p r n nb nd W l r n r ht l t t f r t l n . Wh r nb r pr nt l l nt p h tr nt rpr t t n f h t r , W l r n d rt t n f r r Wh h n n t r . Obv l , h th r n d ff r nt n n 86
hr h t th rl t nt th nt r , p h p th r fr n l pr bl p r n l n nd f tt n th th n r n f nd t n th t
xt nd d fr "n r l" t "p th l l." h f t p rf tl th A.A. v n l l
ph n th nd v d l nd th n d f r th nd v d l t v h r h r lf.
In The Psychiatric Persuasion, nb r th t p h tr " p d" fr th l nt th lt r l n tr d r n th rl p rt f th t nt th
nt r . h h ft rr d th th tr t nt f l h l , th h I
r th t A.A., r th r th n p h tr , th h rb n r. In d n , th
b r f A.A. t ll xt nd d p h p th rld v f rth r nt
A r n lt r .
h d v l p nt ll th r r n n th t n p h tr t r t d th n t n f l h l d l d rd r. h d l d r t r t p h tr h p t l r n d ff lt p t n. Al h l r n t r l
nr p n v t tr t nt, nf f r n t p n th r b ll , nd r th r f r
xtr l nd r bl p t nt . In h rt, th h p t l r ll d d n t nt
l h l , n th r n t b l v d t b n bl t p h tr
nt rv nt n. r r t A.A. , n p h tr th r t t ll h d t d t n h l h l fr p h p th . r x pl , th rd f t r f r l nd St t p t l, l r nt l h p t l l t d n Or n b r , r t
n th r nn l r p rt f r 8:
t th p p l r z t n f p h tr n th t nt th nt r . v r, I b l v t th ph h pl n th n f n f p h tr n h p n lt r l t r th t t th t th r. On th l v l, h f th t xt t ll nn t t p rf ll th th th r. 8
h b rd h l b nt r t d n th pr bl f th r nd tr t nt f p r n th p h p th p r n l t h , b r n f l b h v r, hr n l h l , r dr dd t n, r f r th r r n , r nt t St t h p t l . It t th v t r th t th St t h p t l r n t th pr p r n t t t n f r th pr l n d d t nt n f th p r n n t f th l r p l fr th r p h t t t nd h ld h v th b t p bl pp rt n t t b r h b l t t d th r t r l l h d f l n r r p r n nt dj t nt n th n t ft r d h r . 8
In th t r, th b rd r t d th t th h p t l t ff ll t d t
n th f l h l h r b n d tt d. "It h p d th t t d f
h d t ll r v l h t ppr pr t t n h ld b t n t pr v d th r ht
nd f r nd tr t nt f th r p nd t th t v d th r
r t n th tr tl nt l ." A ll tr t d b th x pl , n h p t l d n tr t r f th 0 r t ll d t n h n b t n l h l
nd p h p th . In f t, v r nt r t n d t n t n x t d d r n th p r d.
Wh n p n d b p h , th nd t n l b l d " l h l ." W th t p h , d n f " l h l " n d. h nd t v f d p r b t n p h tr d r n th 0 . h tr h p t l r nl
ll n t tr t l h l f, n f t, th ff r d fr th r f r f
n n t . Ind d, l h l n t d l d nt f d n lln d r n th p r d. 0
8 E hth Ann l p rt f th l nd St t p t l t th p rt nt f M nt l n r th l Y r End n n 0, 8 (Ut , Y: St t p t l r , , . Ib d. 0 h nt r t d r d r n x n n n f n b r f t xt f r l b r t n n th p nt. r x pl , h rd W. l nd nd W. l nd, "200 Y r f r n n n th Un t d St t : Ev l t n f th C n pt," n r n n Al h l n A r n S t I nd C rr nt r h, d. hn A. E n nd tr A. (Ch : l n ll, 8 , 62. S l r n n, C n pt f In n t n th Un t d St t , 8 86 ( r n , r : t r Un v r t r , 64 . 88
h n h d t l d th nv t t n S p r nt nd nt r.
ll E. l d ll. v d ntl pp nt d r. S l Y h l n t nd t
t d f thr h ndr d p t nt h h d b n d tt d th l h l p h .
h nn l r p rt f r r l t d, "An n l f th d t b r. Y h l n
pp r d t nd t th t th r lt b n bt n d th l h l p t nt n
St t h p t l r n t d th r p t t th r l h l t h h th v t
j r t f th r t rn n ft r fr d fr n t t t n l r tr nt .
ttr b t d th n l bl r lt t n b l t nd r th pr nt l t d f l t t
v h p t nt d t p h th r p f r ff nt l n th f t ."
Y h l n r nd t n th t l h l h ld b r t d n
nt l h p t l t bl h d f r th p rp . p f ll , f tr t d b p h tr t p f ll nt r t d n l h l , "M n f th ht b r h b l t t d nd n b t bl , f l t z n n th n t ." 2 h
t n f th r p rt n l d d, " h rd pl n t v f rth r t d t th
pl x nd ll p rt nt pr bl nd h p t b bl t nt n t
nv t t n n th h p th t t n t bl r nd t n f r th
d n tr t v r f th ." C n d nt ll , th rd ld n t h v t r h f r. In th l t r f , n "tr t nt" f nd th .
nth Ann l p rt f th l nd St t p t l t th p rt nt f M nt l n r th l Y r End n n 0, (Ut , Y: St t p t l r , 40 , 8. 2 Ib d. Ib d. 8
. l nd St t p t l: Eff Ov r h r
th r f , W ll nd W l n h d b n v t d fr th r h n Cl nt n Str t n r l n, Y r . An th r pl , b nd M .,
nv t d th t p nd th nt r t th r h n M n , Y r — h rt d t n fr l nd St t p t l. 4 In A t , b . nt t v t fr nd h h d b n tt d f r l h l p h . Wh l th r , h br ht th pr r f A.A. t th tt nt n f th t ff t th h p t l. A rd n t
Al h l An n C f A , " r. l d ll h d pt d th AA d
n ht f r h l h l n t ." r. r . S th, b r f l d ll
t ff, l htl r r p t. "Aft r r d n Al h l An n nd
tt nd n d tr t r p t n , h r th b n f l r lt f th pr r
r b rv d, t d d d t v th n ppr h tr l." 6
h h p t l t ff nd r t nd bl t n pr d n th th n r l t n h p. At th t , h v r, n t v r l r n th t th r t r f l nd St t p t l r pr d th A.A. nd
t l pt t b t th f t r . h nn l r p rt f r 40 n t d:
W h v b n r n v r l l th th r p n n th Al h l An n . r. r . S th, h n h r f th l r pt n rv , h t d th l n ff r nd lth h t t rl t t n r n bl n l n, f l th t th r n z t n h d t n t v l n th ft r r f th l h l p t nt. O r f r nd t th t l r r n b r f l h l h v t d t f th h p t l f r l n r t th n n n th r pr v p r d.
4 Al h l An n C f A , . Ib d., 2. 6 r . S th, M. ., "Al h l An n ," h h tr Q rt rl , n . ( l 4 : 8. nth Ann l p rt f th l nd St t p t l t th p rt nt f M nt l n r th l Y r End n n 0, 40 (Ut , Y: St t p t l r , 4 , 0. 0
h nt f r S th nt r t n th A.A. r n nt r t n
t n: h d d d l p r nn l br th b dd n v nt? In th
r f n n p d n f A.A. nd n l f t ff t v n , S th d n t v n nt n th " ll r th r " f l h l . v n r d Al h l
An n , h pr bl ld h v b n f l r th t. In t d, h f n th th r p t ff f A.A. Aft r d n th r f l d th r p , S th n t , " r n th l t t r thr r , v nt r
ppr h h h n n r p dl n f v r h b n th t r th f n n
tt pt t h lp h lf thr h r l n. h th d h n d nt , thr h t h r th r h v f l d." 8 h th d nd r d n
, f r , Al h l An n . In f t, r n n p nt t th t th tr t nt f nt l pr bl n p h tr f l t l n h ndl d n th
nn r. M p nt n t th t l h l n n th r p t. th r,
S th ph n th r lt f A.A. r th r th n t d l l nd rp nn n
nt r l n t nt th th th r p r v d f r f nt l lln r
ddr d d r n th p r d.
S th nt n t r l t th t A.A. ntr d d t l h l t
l nd St t p t l b t n A t nd M r h 4 . v p t nt h d pr r xp r n th A.A., h l th r t r nf l r th t t h n .
A f 2 M r h 4 , 6 ( r 0. % f th l h l r d t b
8 S th, . A n, n, C n pt f In n t n th Un t d St t , 8 86 .
" dj t n ll."20 r bl , th h d n n b " t bl , f l
t z n th n th n t ." Of th r n n , 4 ( r 6. r d t b " nt n d l h l ," th r n th n t r r t rn d t th h p t l. In
dd t n, 4 ( r 2.6 h d t t l v th h p t l. C p r d th t p l h p t l r v r r t , th n b r r pr v . S th l b r t d, " h r lt bt n d b th h ndl n f th l h l pr bl h r d
pr v nt v r rl r th d f pp l nd tr t nt." 2 Wh l S th r f rr d t th r lt " tr n ," h nd th th r h p t l t ff l rl th ht f A.A. ft r r . 22 S th d d n t v n nt r nt d n f th d n pt f l h l — v d ntl t h ld n nt r t f r h . th r, h
br d A.A. b , nl th r ff rt , t r d n th r h b l t t n f
l h l . 2
,6 r t n t r nd th bl t n f Al h l An n
h v nt t l nd St t p t l r l n tr t v n n th r n . At th p nt, W ll W l n t ll tt pt n t r th d t r — d l
r t r n t t t d h pr r t r t d n f r d n t n f th A.A. pr r . h f rth r ll tr t d b th thr f ld r t n pl n th t h h d d v d rl r. In , W l n tl n d pl n t r t n t r f l h l h p t l , h r r p f p d " n r ," nd r t b r l t n A.A.
20 S th, 60. 21 Ib d., 62. 22 S Ib d. f r " tr n ." On ft r r , I t n fr th nth Ann l p rt t d n n t 4 b v . 2 G r ld Gr b l p nt t th t th t p l f nt l h p t l f th r . Al h l n t th nl lln h h tr t d th t n r l b n p th l z d r th r 2
xp r n . 24 h A r n t v nt ll t l d h t f th d f f r pr f t h p t l nd n r . Aft r ll, th r r r l n th l n f
h r t bl d v t n pr f t nd h p t l ht t rn th th n nt " r t." 2
h n th n th d d r t (b r l th p bl t n f b . h th b rth f th v l Alcoholics Anonymous.
h t r f th t t n tr l th t nt nt th pr p r t n nd pr nt n
f Alcoholics Anonymous r l nd r nd t tr r d th n A.A. rl
v r rd nt t d f r l . n n n n t nt . n ll ,
ft r v r l nth f tr l , th b r d f r p bl t n. v r, d p t th r b t ff rt , W l n nd th th r l h l h d n p bl t
p n t dr tt nt n t th b . W th nl $ 00 n th b n , th r pr p t d l nd d. t th n n f th Y r A.A. l nd d th
pp rt n t f l f t — thr n t nt rv n n t n l r d br d t.
W l n nd h t ld th b fl n t th d r n " rl d ."
An th r A.A. b r t d t W l n, " , th r h ld b f ll p n
b th n l th h r nt rv . It ll b h rd ll v r th ntr ... n t n l n t r . I th n f l th t r th b r t f r th b r th d t r ... th ph n . I t th t p t h th l t $ 00 th t h v n th tr r n
p t l rd h r h h ll t v r ph n t f th [ ]
M nt n . On th p t l rd ll r ll b t Al h l An n
th r z d b t. S G r ld . Gr b, M nt l Illn nd A r n S t , 8 40 r n t n, : r n t n Un v r t r , 8 . Al h l An n C f A , 44 4 . 2 Ib d., 4 .
n G br l d r r r . — p nd $ . 0 f r th b Al h l
An n , r r f r l h l . "26
On n, th d n W l n nd A.A. r tr n t t r t th
d l n t . ll n th t n f h t , W l n p nt
$ 00 n p t l rd h r f th Un t d St t . h r p n d d dl
nd r h l n . h r v d t lv r pl nd r l t rd r f r th b . Obv l , th h d j d d th r d n . h r v f Al h l
An n th t pp r d n th rn l f th A r n M d l A t n
ll n t n n th p nt:
h b nd r r v r b n t n f r n z n pr p nd nd r l xh rt t n. It n n n nt f b , lth h t ntr d d b l tt r fr ph n h l t n f th n n ntr b t r h h v b n " r d" f dd t n t l h l nd h v j n d t th r n n r n z t n h h ld v th r dd t b nd f r l nv r n. h b nt n n tr t n t h t ntr th l h l dd t nt th pt n f d v n d n n pl f l h l n t r tr n l r n nt f l C rn nd th dh r nt f th h n ("Oxf rd" v nt. h n v l d th n n th b th r n t n f th r n f dd t n t l h l. Oth r th n th , th b h n nt f r t r nt r t.2
Of p rt l r nt r t r th f n l t l n , h h p rh p h lp d t xpl n
h th p t rd p n f l d. h d l n t nd r t d th
r v t f th l h l t t n nd p rh p v n ll n t n d r t n
" dd t n." t th t th v d n th t r t r t pl l l nd
26 W ll W l n, " th W t th r," (tr n r pt f p h d l v r d n rt W rth, x , 4 , AA Ar h v , Y r , Y. 4
St t tn d f r t h nd, d t r r l r f r l " r ." t
rpr n l , th AMA r v d t nt n n pl t pt n f th d n pt h l lt n l r j t n A.A. nth f th r l
d l f l h l . Cl rl , W l n nd th th r A.A. b r h d t f nd
n th r d n f r th r d .
. Ab nd n n t r nd G n Gr t
nn n b t , th b r f A.A. l r l t rn d th r tt nt n fr th d l n t . On Al h l An n h d b n p bl h d,
A.A. rl b n pr t n t d t th n r l p bl . In f t, th ld pr v t b th t rn n p nt n A.A. h t r . h r d r r t
v nt, A.A. b r h p xpl d d v r th f ll n r . A.A.
n tr t n l h l ll d t t p d l z n l h l d p t nt n d r t n fr th n th d l n t .
r nd th t pr p t , W l n nt t r f r l n n tt pt t n r t f l p bl t f r Al h l An n . h d pl nt
f h lp. A pr n l d f n ll fr n n th r th n Ch rl n . 28
n h d l n d W r bl h n $2, 00, h rt nl h d v t d
nt r t n h lp n pr t th b . nt d th r t r M rr
M r , h h d nt r t d b rt z n n d n f t r n A.A. W th th pr n b t f p bl t n th h r z n, W l n nt t nd d n f
2 v f Al h l An n : h St r f M r h n On ndr d M n v v r d fr Al h l , rn l f th A r n M d l A t n , n . 6 ( 4 O t b r : . 28 Al h l An n C f A , 6. h f ll t l n h $ ,000 t t d h v r ( n nt p t n f f rth r " rl d "
f b rd r . rt . h d h t l r n b n , h h nt b n r pt th f ll n r n , t p W l n nd W r bl h n lv nt f r f
r nth .
h M r rt l h t n t nd n l t . 2 Unf rt n t l t tl d
"Al h l nd G d," th p n t x tl th r t n p f r h h
W l n nd th th r l h l h d h p d. v r, t d d t ll n r t
b tr t l. 0 800 n r nd l f v r l h ndr d t th f ll $ . 0
Ev nt n th f th b rt rt l r ll n t n n n b r f
. h rt l pr n ntl f t r d th r l z l n f A.A. n l ht
n f th th ht nf v r bl — th f r d t ld " r ff pl nt f pr p t ." p t th , th r v d 800 r p n fr nt r t d nd, pr bl , n n d l r d r . Ev n th t t d ph n r l n, r p rh p v n b f t, p p l r r d r r r r pt v t A.A.
th n d t r .
rdl f A.A. n t l l l t n t th b d n , t p bl t n d d v nt ll l d t d pr d p bl t nd n f nt r th n
b r h p. A r f n p p r rt l b Elr v b t A.A. pp r d
n th Cl v l nd l n l r l t r n th f ll f . h rt l r r r bl t t nt t th nd f nth h h p pl d pl d p n
2 M rr M r , "Al h l nd G d," b rt 6 ( 0 S pt b r : 6 . 0 It On: h St r f ll W l n nd th A.A. M h d th W rld ( Y r : Al h l An n W rld S rv , In ., 84 , 224. Al h l An n C f A , 8. 6
xp r t th n " r " f r l h l . h f r t rt l p n th th
rt n th t A.A. r dr n n h n n th n l ll. Of p rt l r n t th
rt n th t " In r bl l h l n t r l v . It d . d p n dr n b h nt t . dr n b h n t h lp • ,, 2 dr n n . Wh t f ll t l f n xpl bl b h v r . " ll dr n
h n h h d r th r d th n t dr n . . . . ll t dr n n th h fr th h p t l r n t r th t h j t d h r d h r d. ll
t dr n t th f fr nd h d d f dr n . ll r ff f r r,
nd dd nl f nd h lf h lf v r, ll nt n th r b t. ll t dr n t th t f n n n l h r h h j t v t d n ld fr nd, h p l v t f ` t br n. "
In v nt, h h rr r A.A. , l h l l rl d f n d d b v rt f t n xpl bl ( nd th r f r pr bl t n t r . t th r
n d n f p th l , pl l t f pt . t r, th rt l dd ,
"Al h l An n h pl xpl n t n f r n l h l ph l d . . . . h l h l ll r t l h l. On dr n t p p n
r v n th t nl r f th p n n . h t h ft r th f r t dr n th l h l nn t t p. " 4 On n, th " ll r pl dd t n"
d l th t S l rth pr v d d W l n.
C n t nt th th r nt th t l h l d , th rt l f ll
f r f r n t Al h l An n th r f r l h l . W th
2 Elr . v , "Al h l An n M It St nd r ," Cl v l nd l n l r, 2 O t b r , 8. Ib d. 4 Ib d. rh t r l fl r h rth f n , v r t , " p t th t nd n f t: h r r d. h h v r d h th r." h h th r n t
d t r l , th rt l l rl h d n d t r l fl v r. In dd t n, d t r l d d
pp r n th Plain Dealer, l rl r nt n ppr v l t th b dd n
r n z t n.
r n th p r d, A.A. l bl t rn r fr p bl t fr
n nl l r — hn . f ll r r. W l n h d r n ll ppr h d
f ll r f r f n n n n 8 pr r t th pr p r t n f Alcoholics
Anonymous. v r, f ll r nd h t h d d p n rn th t
t d n ld " p l th th n " th t A.A. h ld b lf pp rt n . In l ht f th , h d d p t f $ ,000 n th tr r f v r d Ch r h,
h h l d t th r t n f th Al h l nd t n n A t 8 t
v r th d tr b t n f th f nd t b r f A.A. 6
A t t rn d t, f ll r h d nt n d t f ll th t v t f W l n
nd th l h l fr d t n v r th nt rv n n t r . On 8
br r 40, h h ld d nn r n b h lf f A.A. h t l t t
pr v . W l n t t d, "An b d ld th t th r t t l f n n l rth
ht l b b ll n d ll r ." W l n f rl dr l d t th pr p t f
b t nt l f n n l pp rt t b ld h p t l nd h r h " n r ." l n
f ll r t ll pr d d v r th v n n , p l z n f r h f th r
n b l t t tt nd. S v r l p r ddr d th d n , n l d n r. rr
E r n d nd r. t r K nn d . A W l n r l t d, " r. K nn d
Ib d. 6 It On, 88. 8
r l nd r d nd r d l tt r f pr t t h h d r tt n t th rn l f th A r n M d l A t n b n th r r v f th b Al h l
An n th h d h t r d l d ." 8 n ll , f ll r t th fl r
n n. h th nt th n r A.A. b r n tt nd n h d t d f r — th t n f n . f ll r d d n t p th t n l n . "G ntl n," h t t d, " n ll th t th r f d ll.. .
It r b l f th t Al h l An n h ld b lf pp rt n f r
n n rn d. It n d nl r d ll." Und r t nd bl , W l n
r h d. h d n , h v r, n t: " h t l pp d l t l , nd ft r
rd l h nd h nd d b ll r nd, th h l b ll n d ll r rth f th l d t th d r."40 bf nd d, th l h l nd r d h
f ll r h d n t th tr bl f r n z n f ndr r th t d d n t r
n f nd l t dl , th r l z d th p nt. Alth h r p rt r h d n t b n
ll d n d , n n p p r r n rt l d r b n th ff r. A.A. f n ll h d th nd f p bl t t n d d. " h t t l ff t t v Al h l
An n p bl t t f d n t nd rth." 4
ll n th v nt , r p rt r fr h S t rd Ev n n t n d Al x nd r b nt r t d n th t v t f th r p. r. A.
W r, h l d lph ph n h h d xp r n r n th
b r f A.A., h d r v d b t th t C rt , n r f th t.
n d Al x nd r t r t f t r th t pp r d M r h 4 . Al x nd r
Ib d., 2 2. 8 Al h l An n C f A , 84. Ib d. 4° Ib d., 84 8 .
n n f r h h rd n d n — h h d j t pl t d n nv t t n
f th " r r t ." 42 S rpr n l , th n, h rt l n A.A. n th n l th n l n . Ind d, A.A. pl d th th p th t t nt n t p bl h nd r l t r pr nt f t t d n p phl t f r .
Al x nd r d n t d v t h tt nt n t th " d l b n ."
v r, h d pr v d v r nt r t n n l t ll tr t th d n pt. r x pl , h n t , " h r , th r d, n h th n
n x l h l . If n n l h l — th t , p r n h n bl t dr n n r ll — n r n n l h l nt l h d , j t d b t r n
d b t . h b t h n h p f r t b n rr t d , th dr n
v n h n l n. At l t, th A.A. , nd d l p n n t nd t
pp rt th ." 4 A n, d n nv d n p rt l th r t t l t z th l f A.A.
t r, h l p l t n h p pl b l h l , Al x nd r r t ,
" th n th t n n b rn n l h l . On b b rn, th , th h r d t r pr d p t n t l h l , j t n b b rn th v ln r b l t t t b r l . h r t t d p nd p n nv r n nt nd
xp r n , lth h n th r h t th t p pl r ll r t l h l,
h f v r ff r r r t p ll n . Onl n n t f nd t b n t ll
l h l — t n l t r t ." 44 Al x nd r br f tr t nt f th bj t f n t n nd ll tr t n r th pl x t f th nt r t n b t n
4 Ib d., 86. 42 Ib d., 0. 4 Al x nd r, "Al h l An n : r d Sl v f r n , h r Oth r ," S t rd Ev n n t, p l r pr nt, 4 , . 00
d n nd r l n th t A.A. r pr nt . In t ll , h v l t th t
d l p n n pp rt th n t n f l h l n r bl . th n br fl
ll d t " n th r " (th th r r n t tl n d? , . ., S l rth ll r
d l. v r, Al x nd r d t l n t t p h l l f t r — t r t . hr h t th rt l , h l v r r f l t r b th
p n n f A.A. t b r f A.A., v d n pr nt n th h n.
h n l n f Al x nd r rt l t r pl t th f l f r
S th b rv t n . h ph n r lt r th r th n th r , n nd r th r th n n . W ll W l n d th f ll n t t nt n r f r n t th Elr v rt l . I f l th ld b d f Al x nd r nd S th.
"In ff t th l n l r n , Al h l An n d, nd t
r . C nd t t. " 4
pl d d nd d " nd t t." Al x nd r rt l b n f h p t th nd f A r n . W l n nd th th r A.A. b r h d t h r dd t n l t ff t p p th th fl d f l p r n nt th r
Y r p t ff b x. th nd f 4 , A.A. b r h p h d xpl d d t
8,000, n n r f 6,000 n n r. 46 Cl rl , th h d tr h rd.
Oth r f t r bv l ntr b t d t A.A. , p t th t h d p p l r pp l th t n r l ttr t n d t r . h t bv th
d l z d v f dd t n, h h fr d th l h l fr bl . An th r f t r th t n n t b v rl d A.A. tr n r l pp l. n ll , th
v nt pr v d d n pp rt n t f r l z n n th nt xt f n n
44 Ib d., 4. 4 Al h l An n C f A , 20. 0 h r r h l r n z t n. All f th n d r t n dd d t th p p l r,
r r t pp l f A.A. v r, th n xt h pt r r , th n r n th v nt bl t d l z l h l nd th r pr t
t d r l t d r tr n l t t ff t v n n r h b l t t n l h l .
W th t th l nt l f t r , th th r f t r ld n t h v r nt d A.A. th
lt r l l t t l tt n d. A n, I ld t th d t th th r p t ff nd pr t ppr h f A.A. h n r l p bl —
n l d n n n l h l — br d t, v n th d l n t r n d
pt l. It r d.
46 Ibid., 192. C A E SI
EMISSIO
6. Ov rv
In th r f ll n th p bl t n f Al h l An n , A.A. b r h p
nt n d t r dr t ll . A d d n th pr d n h pt r, th
n r l p bl r ll n th n th d l n t t br A.A.
l t n f r l h l . Op r t n br d b t n d n nd r l n,
A.A. n pt l z t n f l h l ph l ll r t
pl t d. Unl th t nd rd d l f d l z t n th t t
d n pl r pl d r l n th rb t r f l n r , th l h l
f nd n ntr t nd ft n n rr b t n th t . h h pt r
xpl r th t r l t n h p t v d nt th 40 , ll th p t th p bl h d n A.A. n pt l z t n f t lf. n ll , I ll ff r
n l n n th n f n f f nd n .
6.2 S lf n nd M d l z t n b th M
Al h l An n pr v d f n t n n ht nt th th n n f th
rl t b r f A.A. W ll W l n n r ll v n th b l f th r d t f r r t n th b nd t l rl r fl t h nfl n , p ll th v r
n d r t n th t h p d h n d v l p nt. In p rt l r, W l n v r
r f l n t t r f r t l h l d p r . ll r f th
ldr n f d b t h b ld f d rt n ld r t , nd nt d n n
f t. At th t , h l rl d r d th ll l t z n b n f t f
02 0
d l z t n. h t ll n t n p bl t t nt W l n d n th
tt r t ll rr d h l t r, n 60. t d, "W h v n v r
ll d l h l d b , t hn ll p n , t n t d
nt t . r x pl , th r n h th n h rt d . In t d th r r
n p r t h rt l nt , r b n t n f th . It th n l th t
th l h l . h r f r d d n t h t t n r n th th d l pr f n b pr n n n l h l d nt t . h r f r l
ll d t n lln , r l d — f r f r t r f r t ."
rdl f W l n t p t r n , A.A. d d n f t d pt th l
f d n n t ff rt t d t t z l h l . A d d, W l n nd th rl l h l br d W ll S l rth d . In f t, A.A. ld
n t pl ntr l r l n th p p l r d ff n f "th d n pt f
l h l ." 2 On l v l, W l n nt d t h v h nd t t t .
Al h l An n d th ntl f d n h l lt n l
v d n p th l z n l h l .
r n l th r n f l h l . U n th n pt f d
t ph r, th d l z t n f l h l t ll nt n n pl t r t f th v r ph n n n f d l z t n nd, b xt n n, th d l
t bl h nt. A d d, A.A. nt ll ppr pr t d d l d l
th t p th l z n l h l . In d n , A.A. t p tl ht n th
ll n tr t d n t r f d nd pl tl r d r t n t th
[W ll W l n], "Cl r C nf r n ," t l t th Ann l C nv nt n f th t n l Cl r C nf r n n Al h l , Y r , 2 Apr l 60, p n t n fr th tr n r pt, 20 t d n K rtz, t G d, 22 2 . 2 Ib d. 04
n pt f d l z t n t lf. h l f d n r nd t lf n th n t n
f p r l r r h nd nt f r d b l t . In ff t, A.A. r j t d d n
nd rl n n t n f nt f r t n l t nd pr t . W th l h l , th
n pt f d lv d, b t r t b r r t r j t n f nt f l t nd r t f th l f d n .
ll n l , th b nt n t n th t n r th r d r t d n h lf. r n l n th r n f t r f l h l — lf d n . Alcoholics Anonymous t , "W d n t l t pr n n n
nd v d l l h l , b t n l d n r lf. St p v r t th n r t b rr nd tr ntr ll d dr n n . r t dr n nd t p br ptl .
r t r th n n . It ll n t t l n f r t d d , f r h n t
th r lf b t t. It b rth b d f j tt r f t f ll
n l d f r nd t n." h p rth p n v r f r t r n . h f r t pl r t r t n f n f ntr l th — th d f n t n f l h l v n h r b d n th b h v r f th nd v d l nd n t n nt r r p h l l nd rp nn n r ph l p th l . h nd th f th phr " ntr ll d dr n n ," h h l ll pl th t th r d r
lr d pr t n " n ntr ll d dr n n ." h n f nt bv l , th d n t d l nt nd d f r th "p t nt" r th r th n th d t r. In f n t n t rn f v nt , th n f r d n n l n r r t d th th ph n, b t th th p t nt. h n l nt l f t r f A.A. th r p —
lf d t r n t n. In t rn, th h d br d r pl t n f r A.A. n
Al h l An n , 2. 0
r n z t n. A.A. xpl tl v d d th th r t r n tr pp n f d n b
l n t n n h r r h l tr t r .
t r, th b l b r t , "W h p h v d l r th d t n t n b t n th l h l nd th n n l h l . If, h n h n tl nt t , f nd nn t t nt r l , r f h n dr n n , h v l ttl ntr l v r th
nt t , r pr b bl l h l . If th t b th , b
ff r n fr n lln h h nl p r t l xp r n ll n r." n
n , b d nt f n h lf n l h l , th nd v d l l n r p n b l t f r t, b t n t n th t . th r, h h h h
r l r d t f ll , n f r f r v n nd b n r d d.
A hn C. rnh h p nt d t, th r h l l h ft n
A r n lt r l v l d r n th f r t h lf f th t nt th nt r . 6 An nt r
n t ll t n f v ( n l d n dr n n , n , t n dr , bl n , x l
b h v r, nd r n r n l n r p r v d l pr bl , b t p r n l n — th nd v d l b t t z d r th r th n th b t n r b h v r nv lv d. A.A. t h v rr r d r p rh p v n ntr b t d t th h ft. rnh br n p rt nt tt nt n t , b t p rh p pl t h
4 Ib d., 44. An nt r t n d b r: n , A.A. W rld S rv , In . p bl h d p phl t nt tl d " AA f r Y ? lv t n nl n n r," th t n t d f, n ht xp t, r f 2 t n r d t h lp n th r d r d t r n h th r h h n l h l . A n, th t n r pr r l b h v r l n n t r . r x pl , " v v r d d d t t p dr n n f r r , b t nl l t d f r pl f d ?" r " v d d f r r h l b f dr n n ?" M n b r f A.A. r l n t th t th nt nt d t lf th pl p n t t n . r n nt r t n , f br f, p r n f A.A. nd th r lf h lp v nt , El n Sh lt r, t r : t r l Ep d nd M d rn C lt r , ( Y r : C l b Un v r t r , , 0. Sh lt r ntr t th ph n p r n l r p n b l t , h h d pl l r r l n th rh t r f A.A., th th l tt r d lf h lp v nt nd th r v r d r v nt n p rt l r, h h r t th r l f th nd v d l n f "v t z t n nd t n." 6 rnh , d b t , . 06
ph n, th nfl n f r l nt r t n th pr . r n t n , h rt , " h r t v t r f th l h l b v r b n t t rn th
d th t th r n lln , l h l , nt th n t v f l t n th t
ht d n h th pr f t n th l f th b v r ." On n, h
rt n v r ph z th nfl n f r t p t l h l d npl n
r pl n r n th r r t ff rt f n n pr f n l l th b r
f A.A.
h n t t th t th ff rt f l h l b v r pr d r nd d tr b t r r n t nfl nt l. h f ll n t t n r v l n : "A h
. M C rth , pr d nt f n d v r Ind tr , In ., n t d n 4 ,
p l z d nt t n r ll r d th t th r t f th "pr bl dr n r d " l n th n nd n t n th b ttl . h "pr bl dr n r" d l pr bl — nd h n t b r d nt l th nt t nd d t r f r t
.
Cl rl , nd t r n ll , th r n n nt nd d " t n f th
nd " b t n th b r f A.A. nd pr t r h M C rth . h l tt r rt nl b r f th t p d. rnh n t , "M t
l h l b v r nd tr b rv r p r v d th t Al h l An n
(f nd d n n thr t t l h l nd th t th nt t ld b f l
— p t nt ll v l bl ll , n th rd f n nd tr r p rt t th d t ll r n
4 ."
Ib d., 8 . 8 Ib d. Ib d., 82. h " nt t " n t n r f r t th C A, ll th r r h nt r t t r nd Y l d r n th 40 . 0
A.A. v d p t nt l ll b f t xpr d n rn th th l h l nd v d l, r th r th n l h l l pr bl . Ind d,
n A.A. n t t p r n r n z t n, th nl l l f f r r f r l ft th r h b l t t n f th nd v d l. Al , b f t r l l n n , A.A. ld n t r ll nt r n th nd v d l th f l p nt f
v n l l nth . h ph n th p r n l p rt ll xpl n d h th f ll r d nn r d r b d rl r h . On th
p t l t nd r t d th n t n th r t p r n r n z t n, th h rt l l d t nt th t . An th r r n A.A. p r ll l th th
r t t nt Chr t n pt n th nd v d l t v h r h r lf. h
tr t ll r l v d th "f t t " f r p n b l t f r l h l l ll.
t f ll, th v nt b n ff t d b p pl fr th ddl nd l r l .
A.A. p r v d th ph n th nd v d l p t v d v l p nt
nd n d bt th h lp t xpl n h t ph l ph pr d f r. In ff t, th
f "b d n ," f ll d b " d n ." h b d n , "I
n l h l ." Ir n ll , th d n l "I n l h l ." Wh t th r t n l b h nd th p r d x? n r p n b l t f r th "d "
f l h l , th p t nt ld pr bl b n "tr t nt" nd lt t l r t r d t " n t ." Of r , th pl d pr r t t f " n n t ." Wh t th r f th n n t ? On n, Al h l An n t rn d fr p th l t p h l , "S lf hn — lf nt r dn h t, th n , th r t f r tr bl . r v n b h ndr d f r f f r, lf d l n, lf 08
n , nd lf p t , t p n th t f r f ll nd th r t l t . . . .
nv r bl f nd th t t t n th p t h v d d n b d
n lf h h l t r pl d n p t n t b h rt." 0 A n, th nd t th
pl x t f A.A. r l t n h p th d n — th l n f ph l
lt rn t l r pl d th th l n f p h l .
6. r "C r " t " d :" Ch n n S lf C n pt n f A.A.
Of tr nd nt r t th lt r t n f f th l n n th
r d t l f ll n th p bl t n f Al h l An n .
Sp f ll , th v A.A. h d f t lf h n d fr " r " f r l h l t
"r d ." Wh t r th r n f r th ? I ld t t — n h v n t d th A.A. r l t n h p t th p bl , th th r t d th t v f t lf nd r l t n t th d l n t . M n p pl d d, n f t, r l p ( r r dr n n ft r th r xp r t A.A. h xp r n f r l p p nf ll d n tr t d th t n l h l r f r fr r d. Al , I b l v th t th
v fr " r " t "r d " d n b t t ll h lp d n f th
d l d l. An ll r n t r d t pl v d d. In th nn r AA
ht t ft n th b l t l f " r " n t r l t n th th p bl ll
th d l n t .
h tr n t n fr A.A. " r " t A.A. "r d " n t n t r
th n t l nt ht t. In , Al h l An n
t n d th r d r t tr v f r nt n l p r t l r th, f r, "W r n t r d
f l h l . Wh t r ll h v d l r pr v nt n nt n th
0 Al h l An n , 62. 0
nt n n f r p r t l nd t n." h nt nd d rn n t th r v r n l h l n t v r nf d n . I d n t b l v t nt nd d
n v l t n f th ff f A.A. h v r n t n f "d l r pr v " pl d
n r th t th l h l r l v d f nt r r ( . ., p h l l
n t b l t thr h d v n nt rv nt n. rdl , th n t n th t A.A. n t
" r " ld pp r n l t r. Wh n n d r d n nj n t n th th p t rd p n th t t t d A.A. " r r " f r l h l , th nt nt f th p b l r. ll ll th rl pr v r th t A.A. r v d — Elr v nd th r r t r l h r n t r t nt n pr l n
A.A. " r ."
v r, rl 40, th nd f p bl p t r n h d lr d b n r pl d th f r h bl r p t n. r x pl , th M nt n n t d, " h r n t n x l n th h ll b t th t h r d.
h pr f r th t r rr t d b th d t th n v r n h n, d t th r l h l ll r , th l p nd t th f r t dr n f n n v t bl
l . h nl n th t — OW th r fr nd h pp nd th t th r fr d nd h pp n d p nd n h h h lp th v th r f th r n
nd — OW." 2 h t n t rth f r v r l r n . It l rl t
n l t A.A. b r fr th b t n rh t r f " r ." Wh t f ll
n th r nt r t n p r d x. O t n bl , A.A. b r n v r n h n th
ht " l p " (pr bl l th r nd d t th " l h l ll r ." Of
Ib d., 8 . 2 n n , " h Str n l M v n St r f nd f l r nt pl Wh C ll h lv Al h l An n nd l S v A r n v — And A r n ," M nt n S nd M z n , M r h 40. 0
r , n th nv nt n l l n f A.A., th l d t th " n v t bl l " f dr n n . On n, S l rth " ll r pl b n" f r l ,
pl x rr f p h l nd ph l .
I d n t nt nd t tr v l z th n l . In r d n nt b b th pr f n l nd l r t r , th p nf l t ll f th b ffl n t f b h v r v r v d nt. S l rth th r n tt pt t nd r t nd t t f b n th t d f d xpl n t n. A.A. h d n t l lf pr t n " r " n d bt nt nt n l nd pl d n th v r n — n th n th t ld d ff r n n th l h l r n r t dr tt nt n.
On n, A.A. b r h p r , th l f p n dr pp d ( r tr n l l f d, h ll . t rn n r tt nt n t th
Saturday Evening Post rt l b Al x nd r, f nd f rth r v d n f th .
Wr t n n 4 , Al x nd r nf r , " h r , th r d, n h th n
n x l h l . . . . h b t h n h p f r t b n rr t d . .
" On n, th h ft fr " r " t " rr t." A n, th r
n t nt th th ll r d l ( r th d b t n l th t Al x nd r h lf
. On d n t " r " n ll r b t r l " rr t " t b v d n th
ll r n.
v r, ft r d b n n A.A. " r ," Al x nd r n t
ntr n rt n r rd n th ff f A.A. "On h ndr d p r nt
ff t v n th n np h t dr n r h n r l nt t t l d b th r r f Al h l An n . h pr r ll n t r , th dd, th
Al x nd r, .
th h nl nt t nt t t. " 4 th b nn n f 4 A.A. lr d h d 2,000 b r nd pr bl ld h v h d n "f l r " l n th . h rt l nt n , "A t p bl t d l f ll b rd r l n
ppl nt , th r n p r nt f r v r f ll b l th 00 p r nt
r . A rd n t A.A. t t n, 0 p r nt f th l h l t n n h nd r v r l t d t l 2 p r nt t ll ft r ff r n r l p r t ,
nd th r t r n d btf l. h r t f x pt n ll h h: A n t d rl r, Al x nd r r f l t n t th r f th t t nt. p t th ff t d bj t v t , Al x nd r t ll d pl pr d b W ll
W l n nd th t b l fr nd . 6
v r, Al x nd r n t n t ll thr ll d th W l n. n v n
h t r n nt f nr tt S b rl n nt , Al x nd r f r t
pr n f W l n th t h " th r n r d bl n ïv r b t t p d."
v r, ft r f ll n W l n r nd n t r th t n l d d A r n nd
Cl v l nd, Al x nd r n v r. " n v p r t d nd h
nd r nt f th ll h p h l h rt d th t h t r n
l fr nd f r r t ." 8 In f t, h v nt ll d t b tr t
n . Y t, d p t th f v r bl r pp rt b t n th t , Al x nd r t ll r n d h t t n h rt l . r x pl , h r t , "Alth h t
4 Ib d. Ib d. 6 K rtz, t G d, 0 . It On, 24 . 8 Ib d., 246. 2 t rl t t t th t Al h l An n th d f n t v n r t
l h l , t br f r rd pr v nd t r v n h p f l pp rt."
h , d p t th f t th t A.A. p bl l b d fr r f rr n t
t lf " r ," t nt n d t pt t l f ff . h f rth r h hl ht th n f n f th ll r th r . In th r d t l f ll n th p bl t n f Al h l An n , t f n rn f r t r l t n h p th b th th p bl nd th d l n t , th ll r n pt
n f d th n A.A. nd d n t d p bl l th pt d, n t nt v .
h pl h d v r l th n . r t, t rv d t n f th d
n pt f l h l . In dd t n, th l f A.A. "r d " r th r th n
" r " h lp d t d r r nd l f ff , th r d n th
r n z t n xp r t p bl r d l . n ll , t h lp d A.A. t nt f r p pl h r d dr n n — th r r l p r lt f th ll r , nd n t
r fl t n n A.A.
v r, b 4 , th ff rt f A.A. h d t ll n t nd r d t nt r l t th h rt nd nd f d l pr t t n r . M b r nt n d d l t d n t b l n th r r l nd d l r t . Ern t K rtz t j t h pr r th d n :
r l b t r f ll h d b n t n f r th r th r p r th l , Al h l An n n t nl tt n d th p r t n f d l nd r l pr f n l b t v d d b n pt d b th r r p. It h v d th b (l r l pl tl pl n th n ff n t th th r. E h f n v . r l n d b t t ll r n t d n th 40 , nd h l th t l d n h p — d n nd r l n — t r t ff Al h l An n b l n n
Al x nd r, .
t th pp t n, t n bl d A.A. t lf t f nd ff t th r n n br b th r r p.20
h , h l th ff rt f A.A. h d n th n fr nd n d l pr t t n r , th b l nt n d t l n t A.A. nd t ff rt t
d l z l h l . Ind d, th r t l t n d t l v d n t t th t A.A. pp rt r d d n t b l v th " d l b n ." In 4 , l r l thr h th ff rt f r. rr b t, W ll W l n d t ddr th
A r n h tr A t n t t nn l nv nt n n M ntr l. ll n h ddr , f r r pr d nt f th A A nf r d h th t " t d f th f
A.A. n th r , nd lf, I d n t th n n l n f ll b l v d rd f r xpl n t n."2 W l n rpr d, f r h h d r v d n v t n. " . . . th ld n r pl d, W ll, Mr. W l n, A.A. h v
h ndr d th nd r v r nd n th p h tr pr f n h v nl f . h r ppl d n th r lt , h r th n th . "22
Cl rl , n nt th 40 , A.A. d l z d v f n br t h d n t n d
r d b l t th n th d l n t . Ent r rr b t.
6.4 t z n A.A. nd d f n n th Al h l r n l t
A v d n d b rl r h pt r , A.A. rt nl h d n fr nd n th f ld
f d n nd p h tr . r pr l f r p rt nt rr b t.
20 Ern t K rtz, " lv St p r r ," n d. t r . n , Sp r t l t nd th S l r Q t, v l. 22 f W rld Sp r t l t : An En l p d t r f th l Q t, d. E rt C n , ( Y r : Cr r d, 6 . 2 W l n t r. hn G., O t b r 6 t d n K rtz, t G d, 22. 22 Ib d., t l W l n . It rth n t n th t th t t f p h tr t lf n rt n d r n th p r d. h tr nd A.A. r b th n t l t t th r v nd th r p — nd th b th h d n n r l t n h p th th th r t f rth d x d n . 114
p h tr t nd th ph n n h r t l th d S n t r n
Gr n h, C nn t t. n t ll xp d t A.A. h n h d t r d pr p bl t n p f Al h l An n . I pr d b th p t nt l f th v nt, h p d t l n t n f h p t nt . M rt M nn
ld n t b A.A. f r t f l b r nd d n r n z n f r th n th l h l v nt. , b t ld f ll n p rt nt r l n th b dd n l h l v nt. t nl ld h n t pr v d p h tr n l n t W ll W l n, h b n t p n dv t f r
A.A. nd t d t t h n th f ll h p h d t ll n t n d l t
th n th d l n t . pp rt f th r n z t n n t d t , h v r. Wh n h nfr nt d th th r t v p r f A.A., h d d d t "d v r h t d A.A. t ." 2 ld n t p bl h v r l ll
n n rt l n th bj t nd r d f n A r nd r t nd n f th
l h l p r n l t .
On nv n d f th th r p t ff f A.A., b t r d t r l l thr h th 40 ( nd b nd t l t z th r p nd t
rldv th n th f ld. p bl h d n r rt l t rd th nd. h
t nt r t n f r th f t p n rt l p bl h d n 44 nd b ldl t tl d, " h S ndr f Al h l Add t n." h p p r f n t n nd
rr nt l r d n .
In pr nt n th l n l p t r f l h l dd t n, b t t ll d n tr t r f ll n n d nd r t nd n f l h l . In b t
d l, th r n pr x t n ph l nd t n h h r t l h l dd t n.
2 White, 142.
At th t , th r n nd rl n p h l l nd t n th t d t r n t v . th r, pl x nv r n f ph l nd p h l l tr t pr d th l h l dd t.
Appr pr t l ( r r n ll , d p nd n n n p nt f v , th p p r
r n ll pr nt d t th S p n r v nt n nd r t nt f
Al h l , h h p n r d b n n th r th n th C A t th nn l
t n f th A r n A t n f r th Adv n nt f S n n
Cl v l nd, Oh , n 44. rh p th t nt r t n p t f th rt l th t b t nt nd f r t t b d d n t d b th r p h tr t .
h r l rl nf r d b th r t l n d r t n , b t t h rt nt t b xtr l pr t l.
b t p n h rt l th th b ld rt n th t " h t tl f th p p r
h ll n nd nt t b th t." 24 hr n th ntl t d n t th
d l n t , h d l r th t l h l dd t n n b l t t l th ht f l n l ndr . th n pr p t d l n t th ndr
n b th "l n t d n l p r p t v " nd n " r t n l t ." 2
b t n t tl n th l n t d n l p r p t v . t l z
b n t n f ph l nd p h l l f t r th t r t ll r n nt f
S l rth " ll r pl b n" th r . b t t t nt l f t r th t b v d nt n l n t d n l p r p t v : f r t, t n n t t th n th
nd v d l h h v nt ll pr d p tt rn f nt r tt nt dr n n pr
24 rr M. b t, M. ., " h S ndr f Al h l Add t n," h Q rt rl rn l f St d n Al h l , n . 4 (M r h 4 : , 2 Ib d. 6
nd, b nt p r d f pr r v d t r r t n th t l d t t
nv lv nt.
A b t pr d t d v l p th l n t d n l p t r , h nt n t
t d l t b l n f p h l l nd ph l f t r . Wh n th
nd v d l "dr n n r r" b n , h h b t nn t b d ff r nt t d fr th f th r p pl . v r, n t , d ff r n d r . r t, th f t r l h l t rn t dr n n r ft n th n th r h n nfr nt d th d ff lt . S nd, th nd v d l dr n t th p nt f nt x t n. A h d v l p t l r n f r l h l, th " nd d t " n d r t r nt t t
bt n th d r d ff t. S n, h d pl h f r t n ntr ll d dr n n pr —
n nt rv l f nt n dr n n . A v d n d h r , b t t th t p h l l t v t n t ll l d t th ph l r nd t n n f th
nd v d l. h pr b r fr nt nd t th p nt th nd v d l b d t b n l h l dd t (n t th t h d n t r f r t th l h l , th h h d r f r t th p t nt n l h l . h d nh ll pr r n
nt n d rl r b n t r . h pr v nt ll l nt l l f ,
n ff t, n nt n pr . If l ft n h d, t h n pp r th d th th lt t t .
b t d v d th d nh ll pr r n nt thr t : th pr dr l
t , th t t , nd th hr n p l v t th t
pl t n . In h d l, th pr dr l t nt ll l th f nd t n f r th nd t th h r th nd d t d v l p n v r h h r ph l t l r n f r l h l. In th t t , th nd v d l d pl tr
p l n f r dr n n , b t h pr r t ll nt r tt nt. In th f n l t th
l h l h n ntr l v r h p l n t dr n . Onl n n nt rr pt d
t t f nt x t n n p th dr n r fr th nb r bl r l z t n —
n v t bl n b r nt rv l — th t h n t r v n th r t f t n h h h
n . "26
th p nt, b t h r r l f ll d r l d l f
dd t n. v r, h n t rn th n pt n t h d b t n th t th l h l p r n l t , n f t, pr d t f th l h l dr n n , r th r th n t . d th b tl n n th r t n l p t f th thr
t pr f l d b v . v r, n th f r t nd th rd t r pr nt pr bl t xtr (th f r t h l n r n p t f n r l t , th l t
b r d b th t h n lr d t n pl , d r pt n f n th r
p rt l rl f l d n t d.
In t d, h pr d t d t th nd, r t , t . n t ,
" h t h r t r z d, lr d br ht t, b th l nt f
nt r tt n . It l h r t r z d b th d v l p nt f p r p d
l h l p r n l t . h t n b n t n f rn h th t nv n n
v d n f th x t n f th l h l ndr , nd r t f ll d n." 2
h l n n p l t th pl x t f b t nd r t nd n f l h l
dd t n. h l nt f nt r tt n r f r t t f b h v r . pl th t th nd rp nn n ht b p h l l, b t th d f n n l nt t
f b h v r — p f t f ph l t . A h ll l t r, b t
26 Ib d., . 2 Ib d., 8. 8
pl th t th n t th nl r f r l v l bl t p pl — b t
th n b t th l h l dd t (p rh p nd rl n ph l l f t r h t t rn t l h l r l f t n n. h n t nt
th th n xt l n nd t ll n t "th d v l p nt f p r p d
l h l p r n l t ." h p t nt n t b rn th th p r n l t d rd r — t
b pr d t f th t f b h v r tl n d n th rl r t f th ndr .
In th r rd , l h l h n th b dd n dd t nd j t h h b d . W th th , b t t rn n th nv nt n l ( . ., r l nd r t nd n f
l h l n t h d. h l h l p r n l t d n t pr d dr n n r th r, dr n n pr d th l h l p r n l t . l b r t , rdl
f th r n l t p f p r n l t tr t r , th lln pr r th r t r t nd n t r t n nt ll l r , ff ntl l r, n f t, t j t f th p n n th t th l r t r pr nt n th r t p l f t r n th l h l ndr ." 28
Wh t r th l r t ? In v n d t n tl r n nt f th d l r f nd n Al h l An n ("S lf hn — lf nt r dn " ,
b t l p th p r n l t tr t nd r th n r " ntr ." 2
A n l d n th t th rd pr bl t , b t n n th l f l th l b l
n ppr pr t n . In n nt r t n d v l p nt, h nf r th t, "It
ll nd r t d, f r , n t nl th t th r l dj t nt d pl ntr
l t b t l th t th l h l ntr l t d n t d ff r n f ntl
28 Ib d., 40. 2 Ib d. fr th f nd n th r l nt ." 0 v r, h dr t d t n t n b t n th l h l dd t n ndr nd th r l nt . r t, ntr t
x t n th l h l th t n "d tr t n rf pt t l h ph b , nx t ph n n , nd th l ." S nd, tl n d b v , "A
h r t r t n t ll t n f ntr tr t ld d t th r d r n th
r f th lln ." 2 h n f nt b , lth h th p r n l t tr t b n v r l n th l tt r t f l h l dd t n, n n t nt p tt rn r n th pr l h l p r n l t . h pr bl t , t th l t, f r p h tr t h ht b tr n t d n n n th rl
t f th ndr . b t r f th b t nd d t p t b
t n d n b d n th p t nt dr n n p tt rn r th r th n p r n l t tr t . " h pt tl n d b d r t r f r d d n
h th r r n t th p t nt ff r n fr l h l dd t n. h r r n
h dr n l r nt t nd ff n pr . Unl , h v r, th fr n
t p p nd th d nh ll r pl n, n n nl p t th t th nd v d l
pt bl , nd n nl rn th t th f t r nt n th r f tr bl ."
b rv t n r rth n t n . r t, b t b f r d n
t ll h hl bj t v (d p t h n t n th t th d nh ll r t b
"pl n" . Al , nl th lf d n l nt f A.A., b t nv t n th p h tr n t t t n n th t f d n nd b n l b l n
° Ib d. Ib d. 2 Ib d. Ib d., 44. 20 p t nt " l h l dd t ." I t h nt nt n t nv t th p h tr
n t t b n t v l p rt p t n n th n n pr f
d l z t n h h A.A. h d n t t d.
h t n f th r l t n h p b t n ph l nd p h l l f t r bv l f r t nt r t t b t. r t rn t t v r l t ,
n t n th b f r n xp n v h p th r rd n dd t n t lf.
"If l h l n t v t n th ntr d f th nd v d l, th n th
l nt f dd t n b v d l lt r n f th nd v d l n th d r t n f ntr t . " 4 th n f n t n n l , nl n h v n t th p nt. n t , "It tr th t th d f th b nt
ntr d v l p nt t b f nd n th nd v d l. It tr , l , th t th d b d v r d n v r t f l . Und r th n rt r n f l h l, l d n rd n, th d pr t v r l nd n v r h l th
th r h r t r t , th t t l t ll th rd n l pr tt h l ."
In th r rd, b t xpl n t n f th l h l dd t n ndr
n lln t r n t l rl th W l n f th h rt d
t ph r t d rl r. A n W l n x pl , b t t th r n b
lt pl t v f t r th t l d t n pt t l . rh p th
t nt r t n ntr t th r f l t r r nv nt n — W l n
d l t ph r h n ddr n r l d n , h r b t
d t n ( rd n n , th t p rh p n nt nt n l ll n t th G rd n
f Ed n h n ddr n d l d n .
4 Ib d., 4 . Ib d. 2
rr b t l n d r bl . h h h f r l t n f l h l
dd t n ld lt t l b p r d d, th ph t t n f h th ht pr v d nfl nt l. r n th 40 , h p d p n th b h v r l d l nd d v l p d t nt t t r f r . d d th , r n ll , b bl nd n th
n l n n t nt th r f p h l nd b l th t h d d n t d
rl r d b t v r n br t . ld b v bl nd v r nfl nt l pr p n nt f A.A. ntr l t pr t n A.A. t th A A. ld
v nt ll j n A.A. rd f r t r , nd th ntr l f r n l t z n A.A. th n th d l n t .
v r, v n th nd f l n r n b ll d d t b W l n f ll n h
ddr t th A A n 4 , n nd r b t th ff rt f f r h
rr b t t pr t th d l z t n f l h l . It t th t
A r n br d th d f l h l d n th th t
W ll S l rth d d. U n n l t nt t v r n n , A r n d t
, "Y n t t ll th p pl r n t ." p t r t n th n th d l n t t lf, th p nt f v pr v l d nd b th p r d thr h h h A r n ld nd r t nd n br t f r d d t
. On f n l t ll pr v d n ll tr t n f th nd f f l d th t
br d nd pr t d th d l z t n f l h l . h l r r d n r r h n th d n pt f l h l t n A.A. t n . "A
n n A.A. b r, t ld th t xp rt r n l h l n t
d , l d bl n f r nt, hr d l htl , nd d, W ll, t r
n t th p t r f h lth. Sh th n t rn d b t th A.A n r h 22 tr n t h lp, h h d th h l t b d th f th r n, r.
b, n rl 40 r b f r ." 6
6. C n l n
h ntr b t n f t d t th nv nt n l h t r r ph f th d v l p nt f th d n pt f l h l . h t nd rd h t r l n rr t v f d l z t n n th r n pr nt th d n pt
ppl nt n th r l (r d : r l d l th t h d pr d d t. G n r ll ,
h l r h v f d n v r l r n z t n th t r t pr p t n th d n pt f l h l , n t bl th r h C nt r f r r bl f
Al h l, th Y l C nt r f r Al h l St d nd p f ll E.M. ll n r b nn n n th 0 .
In f t, th tr n t n fr r l t t l t z d d nt t n th r n t n r pl t . It f r l nt t d, ft n b d l p r nn l th lv . h n f th p nt f th : th n p r d , h h
A.A. l r l r p n bl f r d n t n , t ll r pr nt d pl x
xt r f d l t ph r nd p r t l r d . h l t z n pr p rt
f d l z t n r d t ff t v l br n th nd v d l b t p r n l r l xp r n ( th n h h d n t n bl r pl t b n
th . r n l th r n f l h l : t r pr nt d n n l n t n f p t nt d n n th lv th n lln th t n ph n r , n f t, n ll n t pt.
6 rr h nd hn . rr , " t r n th v l p nt f Al h l An n (A.A. ," n nj n K n nd nr l t r ( d . , r t nt nd h b l t t n f th Chr n 2
I h v tt pt d t n rp r t th l h t r th t rv d b dr p t th d v l p nt . Wh l th nt t r I h v h n t f n h v b n l pr t th n th r r h r f th C A r
Y l C nt r f r Al h l St d , I b l v th r nfl n f r r pr f nd
nd f r r h n . h r ppr pr t bj t f r th h t r f r r t
v nt. nn n th W ll S l rth, nt n n th W ll W l n,
b rt S th, nd th th r l h l th r d th, nd f n ll l n t n
n th r f rr b t, th ft n n n nd v d l h lp d r fr th v r n n f th t r " l h l ." It h ld b l r b n th t th p bl br f A.A. nd t th r t l nd rp nn n h d h r t d
th t th r p t ff th n th p r v p r f t rh t r .
v r, th d n pt ntr l t A.A. th n n fr d n .
W t l rl th W ll S l rth nd h ntr b t n t th b
Al h l An n n , nd t nt n thr h th r f rr
b t nt th d nd l t 40 . h nd v d l h lp d r f r l t th r l t n h p b t n d n nd r l n v r th r f th t nt th
nt r . h d f th l h l h b n l t d nd r pr d d b
ntl th r 2 t p pr r . It h b ntr l p rt f th A r n
d nt t .
Al h l , v l. f h l f Al h l ( Y r : l n r , , . I IOG A Y
IMA Y I E A U E
MA USC I S A CO EC IO S
Ar h v , G n r l S rv Off f Al h l An n , Y r , Y.
Gr t n r h tr C nt r, Gr t n r , .
l nd h tr C nt r, Or n b r , Y.
C nt r f Al h l St d br r , t r Un v r t , t , .
U IS E A UA E O S
E hth Ann l p rt f th l nd St t p t l t th p rt nt f M nt l n r th l Y r End n n 0, 8, (Ut , Y: St t p t l r , .
nth Ann l p rt f th l nd St t p t l t th p rt nt f M nt l n . r th l Y r End n n 0, , (Ut , Y: St t p t l r , 40 .
nth Ann l p rt f th l nd St t p t l t th p rt nt f M nt l n r th l Y r End n n 0, 40, (Ut , Y: St t p t l r , 4 .
El v nth Ann l p rt f th l nd St t p t l t th p rt nt f M nt l n r th l Y r End n n 0, 4 , (Ut , Y: St t p t l r , 42 .
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Al h l An n : h St r f M n h nd f M n nd W n v v r d fr Al h l , d d. Y r : Al h l An n W rld S rv , In ., 6.
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Cr th r , . . h f In br t fr Al h l, Op , nd Oth r r t r . Y r : E. . r t, 8 .
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S br , W ll . A l . Y r : r rt, r nd C ., 4 .
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