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Subdivision of Arthropod Cap-N-Collar Expression Domains Is Restricted to Mandibulata Sharma Et Al

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Subdivision of Arthropod Cap-N-Collar Expression Domains Is Restricted to Mandibulata Sharma Et Al Subdivision of arthropod cap-n-collar expression domains is restricted to Mandibulata Sharma et al. Sharma et al. EvoDevo 2014, 5:3 http://www.evodevojournal.com/content/5/1/3 Sharma et al. EvoDevo 2014, 5:3 http://www.evodevojournal.com/content/5/1/3 RESEARCH Open Access Subdivision of arthropod cap-n-collar expression domains is restricted to Mandibulata Prashant P Sharma1*, Tripti Gupta2, Evelyn E Schwager2, Ward C Wheeler1 and Cassandra G Extavour2 Abstract Background: The monophyly of Mandibulata - the division of arthropods uniting pancrustaceans and myriapods - is consistent with several morphological characters, such as the presence of sensory appendages called antennae and the eponymous biting appendage, the mandible. Functional studies have demonstrated that the patterning of the mandible requires the activity of the Hox gene Deformed and the transcription factor cap-n-collar (cnc)inatleast two holometabolous insects: the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the beetle Tribolium castaneum. Expression patterns of cnc from two non-holometabolous insects and a millipede have suggested conservation of the labral and mandibular domains within Mandibulata. However, the activity of cnc isunknownincrustaceansandchelicerates,precluding understanding of a complete scenario for the evolution of patterning of this appendage within arthropods. To redress these lacunae, here we investigate the gene expression of the ortholog of cnc in Parhyale hawaiensis,amalacostracan crustacean, and two chelicerates: the harvestman Phalangium opilio,andthescorpionCentruroides sculpturatus. Results: In the crustacean P. hawaiensis, the segmental expression of Ph-cnc is the same as that reported previously in hexapods and myriapods, with two distinct head domains in the labrum and the mandibular segment. In contrast, Po-cnc and Cs-cnc expression is not enriched in the labrum of either chelicerate, but instead is expressed at comparable levels in all appendages. In further contrast to mandibulate orthologs, the expression domain of Po-cnc posterior to the labrum is not confined within the expression domain of Po-Dfd. Conclusions: Expression data from two chelicerate outgroup taxa suggest that the signature two-domain head expression pattern of cnc evolved at the base of Mandibulata. The observation of the archetypal labral and mandibular segment domains in a crustacean exemplar supports the synapomorphic nature of mandibulate cnc expression. The broader expression of Po-cnc with respect to Po-Dfd in chelicerates further suggests that the regulation of cnc by Dfd was also acquired at the base of Mandibulata. To test this hypothesis, future studies examining panarthropod cnc evolution should investigate expression of the cnc ortholog in arthropod outgroups, such as Onychophora and Tardigrada. Keywords: Amphipod, cap-n-collar, Centruroides, Deformed, Harvestman, Labrum, Mandible, Parhyale, Phalangium, Scorpion Background species [1-4], a minuscule fraction of those for which Gene expression as evidence for phylogenetic nucleotide sequence data have been collected. In addition, relationships as evolutionary developmental biology is often driven by As indicators of phylogenetic relationships, arthropod inquiry into the origins of particular morphological embryonic gene expression patterns are among the most structures, the state of a gene’s deployment is often idiosyncratic, frequently lending themselves to ambiguous not assessed in lineages and/or specific stages that statements of homology. This stems in part from limitations lack a structure of interest, thereby engendering gaps in in taxonomic sampling; comparative gene expression data comparable expression data. As a consequence, the degree are presently available from approximately 25 arthropod to which expression patterns are conserved is largely unknown for many well-characterized genes involved in * Correspondence: [email protected] embryogenesis, barring such exceptions as anterior Hox 1 Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, genes, segmentation genes, limb-patterning genes, and Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article some neurogenetic markers [1,5-7]. © 2014 Sharma et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Sharma et al. EvoDevo 2014, 5:3 Page 2 of 10 http://www.evodevojournal.com/content/5/1/3 In other cases, even when broader taxonomic sampling lineage of arthropods [10-12]. These data have been increases confidence in assessments of the evolution of gene interpreted to mean a possible role for col in patterning expression, the incidence of homoplasy (and particularly the appendage-less tritocerebral state of hexapods [10]. reversals) can create further ambiguity in the interpretation Indeed, the perfect correspondence between the incidence of evolutionary patterns. The sum of phylogenetic and of the intercalary segment and the expression domain of phylogenomic studies of arthropods supports the mono- col is suggestive of a convergent function for col in phyly of Mandibulata - a clade comprised of myriapods, a patterning an appendage-less segment. However, an paraphyletic group commonly termed crustaceans, and alternative interpretation of these data has been putative hexapods - and its sister relationship to Chelicerata - a clade support for the Atelocerata hypothesis, which unites composed of arachnids, xiphosurans, and pycnogonids Myriapoda and Hexapoda as sister groups (Figure 1B) (Figure 1A) [8,9]. Morphological data are strongly [11]. This interpretation is implicitly based on Dollo consistent with these relationships: mandibulates are parsimony (non-reversibility of a given character characterized by a six-segmented anterior tagma (the head) state) and renders a large number of better-sampled bearing antennae on the deutocerebral segment and no morphological and molecular characters homoplastic [13]. locomotory appendages, whereas the seven-segmented A comparable example is the case of leg gap gene expres- anterior tagma (the prosoma) of euchelicerates bears the sion, where the expression boundaries of homothorax (hth) namesake appendage on the deutocerebral segment, and and extradenticle (exd) support the controversial sister all walking legs with a distinct podomere called the patella, relationship of Myriapoda and Chelicerata (Figure 1C) which confers the appearance of a “double-knee”.Contrary ([7,14], but see [15]), a relationship otherwise only to this topology, the head-patterning gene collier (col)is poorly supported by some analyses of molecular sequence strongly expressed in the intercalary segment of myriapods data [16,17]. and hexapods, but not in the corresponding segments of A counterexample of gene expression evolution con- crustaceans (the second antennal segment), chelicerates sistent with the total evidence phylogenetic tree may be (the pedipalpal segment), or onychophorans - the sister provided by examining an unambiguous synapomorphy Figure 1 Competing hypotheses in arthropod phylogeny. (A) Mandibulata unites the non-chelicerate arthropods in a clade and is the hypothesis most stably recovered in phylogenetic analyses. Multiple terminal icons indicate the non-monophyly of Crustacea. (B) The Atelocerata hypothesis unites hexapods and myriapods to the exclusion of crustaceans. (C) Myriochelata unites the myriapods and chelicerates in a clade. (D) Segmental architecture of Arthropoda. The depiction of Myriapoda corresponds to the millipede bauplan (a second maxilla is present in other myriapod lineages). The anterior-most head segment, or protocerebral segment, is to the left. Yellow circles indicate the anterior tagmata, the chelicerate prosoma and the mandibulate head. Sharma et al. EvoDevo 2014, 5:3 Page 3 of 10 http://www.evodevojournal.com/content/5/1/3 of Mandibulata: the mandible. The eponymous biting Methods appendage of mandibulates is a gnathobasic structure Embryo cultivation and fixation occurring on the fourth head segment of all mandibulates, P. hawaiensis adults were cultured in artificial seawater irrespective of the architecture of the remaining head (Instant Ocean, Blacksburg, VA, USA) with crushed coral segments (Figure 1D) [18-20]. Two genes are required for at 28°C. Animals were fed daily with ground aquaculture the proper formation of the mandible: the Hox gene feed: 40% TetraPond® wheat germ sticks, 40% TetraMin® Deformed (Dfd) and the basic leucine zipper family flake food, and 20% Tropical® spirulina (Tetra, Blacksburg, transcription factor cap-n-collar (cnc) [21-23]. In the fruit VA, USA). Gravid females were anesthetized with CO2, fly Drosophila melanogaster, Dfd is required for patterning and embryos were collected as described previously [28]. the mandibular and first maxillary segments [24]. In both Embryos were fixed for in situ hybridization by incubating D. melanogaster and the beetle Tribolium castaneum, cnc in 3.7% formaldehyde in 1 × PBS for 2 minutes at 75°C is expressed in two domains, the first in the labrum and followedby20minutesin3.7%formaldehydein1×PBS the second in the mandibular segment [25]. Functional at 4°C. Membranes were manually dissected from embryos studies in both species have shown that cnc is required for in PBS and embryos
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