Factual ~ uooL EWS Objective

NASHVILLE, TENN. $2 PER YEAR JUNE, 1957 SERS to Continue 'Grant of $234,916Made l8~o of School Districts For Next 2 Years' Work In Region Desegregated otJTHERN EoucATLON REPOR1"tNG Service has received a grant of A PPROXIMATELY' 18 PER CENT OF THE SOME 3,700 BIRACIAL SCHOOL DIS­ 1 4,916 from the Fund Cor the TRICTS in 17 souLhem and border states have begun desegregation dvancemenl of Education to ex­ since the U.S. Supreme Cour·t decision of 1954, according to a SouTH­ d its activities from July 1 of ERN ScHOOL NEws school year-end survey. ·r to June 30. 195~). according tl) There are 684 districts which have begun or accomplished the de­ announcement from SERS segregation process. All but seven of these are in the border states. Of an Frank Ahlgren. the seven, two are in Tennessee and five are in Arkansas. The states The Fund. an ind('pencll'n t agcn- of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, , Mississippi, North Carolina, .· established by the Ford Foun­ South Carolina and Virginia have no public school integration. (One district in Texns-Fiatonia in lion, provided the original g1·ant Fayette County-long assumed to be Louisiana · SERS in 1954 for a pc1·iod of desegregated and so listed in last In lhe first such forecast !rom a po­ year. In 1955 it apprnprhtcd month's SSN map, was disclosed to litical figure, Louisiana's Democratic 3.884 to extend SERS fM two have taken no action.) national committeeman predicted his state and other states would eventually . At that lime it was sllpulat- LEGISLATURES 1\fEETING desegregate their schools. Meanwhile, . that a modest charge be made Six state legislatures were in session the state was seeking new trials in subscriptions to SouTHF.RN as the school year neared its end. suits which have produced federal Among significant pieces of legislation ooL NEws-a policy which has court desegregation orders in four col­ were: leges. in effect since the July (Vol­ Repeal in Missouri of old statutes !\fa ryland e II) issue of 1955. authorizing segregation and failure of The state cou•·t of appeals upheld similar efforts in desegregating Okla­ Fll'St chairman of SERS wns Vil·­ LUTHER H . FOSTER BERT STRUBY the legality of school desegregation as ius Dabney, editor of the Ridtmond homa. several counties prepared to extend 1 ttt•-Dispairlt . Dabney wus succcoed­ New Members of SERS Board Passage of a pupil assignment law their integration programs. 1 &:t this year by Ahl~ren, who is editor in the Texas legislature-the eighth Mississippi the Tlfempltis Commercial A m>enl. law-making body in the region to Some 1,000 local taxing districts are 1 1 ~ I execullve dit·cctor wns C. A. adopt such legislation. completing consolidation into about 150 Ill: . night, now c:'ditot• or lht• c Ita rlotte Consideration of school-closing laws such districts in 82 counties as the first er. McKnight was succeeded in SERS Board Picks Editor, and similar "last resort" measures in phase of a physical equalization plan. by Don Shoemake•·. edttor of Tltl' Alabama and Florida. Missouri 'lle Citizen. No court decisions dealing with At the end of the school year, only Educator As New Members school entry cases were announced five hlgh school dic;tricts in the state 1JTER FROl\t WEISS during the month but litigation con­ remained segregated, with fewer than 'fication of approval of the SERS T wo NEW MEMBERS have been resentative on lhe Commission to Study tinued in several states. A Texas court 7,500 out of 68,000 Negro pupils in all ,...... ,.... ,....li on Cor nn extension of its Rural Higher Education in India. He put operations of the National Asso­ Missouri schools still in segregated added to the Board of Directors ciation for the Advancement of Col­ was received by Chairman Ahl­ of the Southern Education Re­ is a director of the United Negro Col­ systems. Old statutes authorizing seg­ ~ May 2. In n letter to Ahl~·<'n. lege Fund and a trustee of the George ored People under a modified perma­ regation were repealed by the legisla­ IIQk ikt K. Wei~. as.c;islant vice-pr<'sidc:'nl porting Service. Washington Carver Foundation. He is nent injunction. ture in a little-noticed action . ::r • the Fund for the Advancement of a member of Phi Delta Kappa and SSN correspondents report that ad­ North Carolina They are: Dr. Luther H. F oster, ditional desegregation steps are ex­ ~~·1uc:ation. wrote as follows: president of Tuskegee I nstitute, !rateroities and is Legislators were studying proposed ·~ .l,t its meeting earlier this week married and has two children. pected this fall in Arkansas (Little new laws to open NAACP fi nancial r..-r.: Board of Directors of the Fund Tuskegee, Ala., and Bert Struby, Struby, a native o( Macon. became Rock), Tennessee (Nashville), Missouri records and to make "barratry" a ~::~ unanimoush· to grant George editor of the Macon Telegraph, edito1· of the Telegraph after a career (nine more districts) and Delaware (a crime. School officials of the three ..::t=bbocJy College $23·1,916 for the sup- Macon, Ga. with the Macon papers which led him "general" movement., affecting some largest cities disclosed they had been from reporter through executive editor. south Delaware districts). Additional­ meeting privately !or several years to =~J-t of SERS from July 1, 1957 The two were nominated by a com­ c'!',~h June 30, 1959. He is a journalism graduate of Mercer ly, four districts in Virginia (Arling­ discuss mutual problems-including mtttee of SERS board members con­ ~- As I am sure you know, this om­ University, a former trustee and presi­ ton, Charlottesville, Newport News segrega lion -desegregation. sisling of Coleman A. Harwell, chair­ action is only one measur<' of dent of the Mcree•· Alumni Association. and Norfolk) arc under court order to OklaJtoma enthusiasm nnd suppot·t which man, George N. Redd and Thomas R. In 1941-46 he served wth the U.S. Navy desegregate at specified times. Two The legislature failed to remove seg­ Board and officers of the Fund Waring. Election was by mail ballot in the P acific theater and was released school entry suits, described as "key" regation sections from its school code (or this important program. It and was unanimous. to inactive duty with rank of lieutenant cases, were pending in Florida. though state school districts generally come as no surpris<' to you, I Foster has been president of Tuskegee commander. St.ruby is a member of the A state-by-stale summary of major are complying with the U.S. Supreme w, to tell you that l'nch member since 1953. A native of Lawrenceville, American Society of Newspaper Edi­ developments follows: Court decision. our Board has indlviclunllv hnd Va., he received his B.S. from Virginia tors and of Sigma Delta Chi profes­ Alabama South Carolina ~ .,.. ght to his attention hy p·N·sons State College and Hampton Instilute; ~iona l journalistic fraternity. He is the The legislature began its 1957 session The end of the school year found r!-:1- I connected with the Fund lhe his M.B.A. from Harvard and hls M.A. recipient of a citizenship award given May 7 with a large number of pro­ public schools tightly segregated, with rtancc and merit of this pro­ and Ph.D. degrees from the University by the Macon Young People's League segregation bills-most of them con­ the state legislature in session and . There can be no question that of Chicago. He was budget officer o( for Belter Government and a citation cerned with school-closing-before it adding more laws aimed at continued and your colleagu<'s on the Howard University in 1936-40 and came from lhc Anti-Defamation League of for action. Contrary to p1·edictions, segregation. d as well as Mr. Shoemnk<'r and to Tuskegee first as business manager. B'nai B'rith in recognition of contri­ Gov. James E. Folsom did not men­ Tennessee staff have done an outslancling Foster is a member of the board of the butions toward "good human rela­ lion the issue in his address to the Trial of segregationist John Kasper in a difficult nnd sensitivt> nrea. Southern Regional Council and of the tions.·· A member of the Macon Rotary legislature. and 15 other persons charged with The terms of this ~rant wtll bt• the Biracial Commission of the Episcopal Club and of the American Legion, he Arkansas contempt of court in the Clinton dis­ e as those of our previous sup­ Church. In 1954 he served as U.S. rep- is married and has two children. Pro-segregation laws were under fire turbances was set for July as Clinton for this program. from a church group. The white Citi­ High School graduated its first Negro. We are lookinl! forward to our zens Council asked Gov. Orval Faubus Texas tinued associntton with vou and Regular reports, written in a depart­ to "order" whites and Negroes to at­ Legislators adopted a pupil assign­ colleagues with both pleibly by Septem- West Virginia Copies arC' availnble-whilc they 'ts and the stnff, I nm rxlt·t•mdy th<' rcocipient of numerous awru·ds and her." A special survev of inteJ:(rnted lnst-nt $1 each, postpaid. tateful for this evidence of con­ r1•cognition for its objective and factual District of Columbia schools indicated that desegregation I ))ued confidence in SERS. coverage of school segrcgation-dcscg­ The new SERS publication is a District Supt. Hobart M. Coming, 68, has brought savinrrs which range from ~ Through SoUiHt.RN ScHoor. Nr.ws. rrgation. One of these is the coveted stati,tical summary, state-by-state, who guided the school system during a few hundred dollars to $250,000 an­ other puhlicalions nncl rc-Ccorencf.' Russwurm Award o£ the National of nil pel'lincnt data in the field of lhrec years of desegregation, an­ nually. :ark for literally hunclr<'ds of news NC'wspnper Publishers Associnti~n. hirncial education. Cited nre school nounced he would retire next year. ia, govemmcontal nnd <'ducntional Amon~ newspapers commenlmg on enrollments, number of districts Florida C'x tension of the SERS grant were The and their status, teacher pay, and 'l!ncies and scholar!:. the or~anizn- The state legislature neared the end Index Na.~ltl'i/le Tennessean and the Rich­ information ahout colleges. The State Page • ~ has encl<>nvored to tdl the of its regular session tangled in debate lllole story of !:chool st'gr<'gntion­ mond Neu·s-Leader. summary i'! in loose-leaf form for Alabama ...... 13 ~..~ -but taking no final action-on sev­ Arkansas ...... 8 p, ~egation in the South fnctuallv TlaP Tt>nnessean said in an editorial handy rc£ercn<'e or filing and will he kept up to date hy periodic eral pro-segregation measures, includ­ Delaware ...... 7 ::d objectiv<>lv. In I ht•S(' t irncos or <'nlith·d. "SERS Fund Grnnt Well Dc­ ing a "last resort" local option bill. Di'ltrict of Columbia ...... 16 ~at tensions: tht• R• •potlinl! gC'r\'ict' sco rvl·d:" -.upplcment<; at 11 small cost to per­ "A."' om· of the bendiciaries of the '>llll'> who reftuest them. Georgia Florida ...... •...... 11 it cnn JWI form a \'ilal fliiH'­ ~eves Georgia ...... 6 • providing (•ssenti;ol in­ impartinl reporting done by SERS ?n Several hundred such requests An Atlanta Negro was re-elected to lhrou~h Kentucky ...... 12 !.'lnation which is nccurate nnd im­ a mosl difficult' subject-that of rnctal have hcrn received from school lhe city's school board and another ttial. clPs<'grco)!ation progress in 17 Southcorn nfTit'iallnl<•s, I( you wish n summary, write Nortlt Carolina ...... 9 The Neu•s-Lender snid in an cdi­ "SUMMARY," Southern Education lerritol'ies, and 18 foreil!n countries. KcntuC'ky Oklal10ma ...... 5 tori<~l entitled, "A Grant Well Rc- Reporting Service, P.O. Box 6156, ver, the great hulk of its circuln­ A special survey of two years of South Carolina ...... 10 is in the South. IL includes school nt•wed:" . . . Acklcn Stntion, Nashville, Tenn. "The Reporting Scrv1ce •s domg n school desegregation in Lexington dis­ Tennessee ...... 15 s and school authol'itics, g-overn­ uml enclose $J. A co py will then closed that 30 of the city's 2,750 Negro Texas ...... 2 . I officials, newspnpC'rs and radio­ joh that is of hig~ v~ l ue to prcos~nt-,dny he .. cut to you. wn!l'I'S, nnd o{ mdtspensahlc v.olu( to pupils were altconcling mixcc.l classes Virginia ...... 4 , stations, hhrnri<>s. coll<'gl' :ulminis­ under a free-choice plan. West VirginiA ...... 3 s and inlcre!ited Jay p(·rsons hbtori:llls of tl1e future." PAGE 2-JUNE 1957-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS Texas as requested in a lawsuit filed I by former· Atty. Gen. John Ben Shep­ ~ Texas Legislators Pass perd. (State v. NAACP, see SSN, Oc­ ,~ tober-November, 1956.) The final trial was conducted by as­ f Pupil Assignment Law sistants under Atty. Gen. Will Wilson, including Davis Gr·ant, who had han­ ~ dled the case (rom the beginning. C. B. p AUSTIN, Texas mC'nt act which prohibits any evalua­ Bunkley Jr. and W. J. Durham of Dal­ tion based on "national origin of the ,: A PUPIL ASSIGNMENT law and a hs represented the NAACP, with as­ J requirement for approval at pupil or the pupil's ancestral lang­ sistance from its national counsel, ,. uage." Thurgood Marshall. f elections before other school dis­ Under fiB 65 (election law) Texas Durham said after Judge Dunagan's tricts integrate were passed by the school boards must decide promptly if decision: "Officers and committee ~ legislature and signed by the gov­ they intend to order integration with­ members of the Texas conference f· out an election. The effective dote is [NAACPJ are not sel"iously aggrieved ,. ernor. (See "Legislative Ac­ Aug. 22, or 90 days after the legisla­ t ion.") by the judgment of the Tyler cour·t. ture adjoumed. They feel they are not enjoined (rom ~ A modified permanent injunc­ Under the election law, a district any act they could have done lawful­ t' t ion against the National Associa­ partly integr·ated by board order ap­ ly under our charter before the Tylc1· J' tion for the Advancement of Col­ parently can abolish segregation en­ suil." ~ lir·ely without an election. ored Peop'e was issued by a state ,. APPROVAL PREDICTED judge at Tyler. (Sec "Legal Ac­ ELECTIONS REQUIRED I' tion.") Otherwise, the law says: "No board Judge Dunagan said that NAACP has "been enjoined from all of the •' A federal court hcat·d the Hous­ or trustees nor any other school au­ •'~ thority shall have the right to abolish abuses that they have been charged ton school board's plea for delay with in this state." He predicted also before ordering integration. (See the dual public school system nor to Sen. Henry B. Gonzale~ o{ San Antonio, who filibu <; tered futilely against lht ~ that the judgment would stand in the Texas pupil placement law last month, is shown here talking to the empty stab abolish arrangement for transfer out highest court. "Legal Action.") of the districts for students of any mi­ of his colleagues during the 36-hour talkathon. Sen. Abraham Kazen o( Lartdo • The University of Texas received nority race, unless by a prior vote of The injunction bars the NAACP, its also spuke at lcngU1 . national publicity because a Negro the qualified electors residing in such branches and personnel from: j:!irl was dropped from the public per­ dish'ict the dual school system therein 1) Engaging in the practice of law or gration," accordmg to Glenn Fletcher, dents) to new standards of aclueve. for·m:~nce of an opera, where she was Is abolished." financing a suit in which they have administrative assistant to Supt. W. E. ment and adjustment to new standards no direct interest. fot· control and discipline. to sing a r·omantic part opposite a An election could be called on peti­ Moreland. Present crowded conditions white boy. (See "In the Colleges.") tions sij:!ned by at least 20 per cent of 2) Engaging in political activities or in the Houston schools would prevent REPORT ON STANDARDS Dallas public school staff members the qualified voters in the district. If in lobbying activities contrary to slate a liberal transfer policy which the in an "opinionaire" showed more than the election fails. at least two years law. board contemplates, Fletcher told the Dr. Harry J. Walker, professor of 71 per cent opposing immediate inte­ must elapse beforE' another is called. 3) Soliciting lawsuits, either directly court. At one point, Judge Connally sociology al Howard University, told gration. (See "Under Survey.") The same procedure is set up for an or indirectly. observed that there is a distinct differ­ the coud thot integration of publlc ~t 4) Hiring or paying any litigant to ence between rocial desegregation and integrated district to renew segrega­ schools in the District of Columb11 tion. bring, maintain or prosecute a law "forced integration." "You are talking had not lowered standards but had rt• The law provides that any district suit. about a system of forced integration suited in great improvement in lhf violating its provisions shall lose its The order also held iliat the NAACP, as distinguished from desegregation performance of Negro students. ' slate school aid. A person violating the which has done business in Texas since aren't you?" Judge Connally asked in Questioned about a congressional act could be fined up to $1.000. 1915, is a non-profit organization and reference to a school system map sub-committee report on Washing!Gn .. as such is not required to obtain a state showing residence of each school child. schools, Dr. Walker said that the com. Two laws sponsored by pro-segrega­ 17 ASSIGNMENT FACTORS permit but "under the law is required "You understand the difference, don't mittee's report was contrary t.o facts · tion East Texas legislators were signed to file franchise tax reports or returns you? The decision of the Supreme 1 A new law which attracted more at­ which he personally knew about. At by Gov. Price Daniel, effective Aug. and to pay franchise taxes for the priv­ Court does not in any sense require one point, Dr. Walker said: "I know 11 tention in the legislature is the pupil 22, 1957. ilege of operating as a corporation." that schools be integrated, but it does more about it than the committee did.· These arc HB 65 by Rep. Jerry Sad­ assignment act. Seventeen standards The NAACP was ordered to pay all require lhal forced segregation be are set for placing children in schools. Board attorney Bert H. Tunks tried Ie~· ?f. Percilla and HB 231 by Rep. accrued franchise taxes, plus interest abolished. the distinction being thus: to keep Walker from testifying and Vrrgmra Duff of Ferris. Included are availability of space and there is no prohibition, so far as I transportation, adequacy of a pupil's then to get his testimony strieken. HB 65 prohibits future integration know, against a liberal tronsfer policy. This was overruled by Judge Connal· until it is approved by a majority at a preparation, scholastic aptitude and "That is, if a Negro child wishes to relative intelligence, psychological ef­ ly. Tunks complained that the school school district election. More than 100 Year-End Summary go to school used totally by white stu­ boord had refrained from getting lnlo Tl·xas districts already desegregated fect on the student and on other stu­ dents, and if he lives nearest that dents, possibility of friction, health, sociological aspects of the problem will not be affected, allhough the new 1) Integration continued but at school, he may do so. And if a white morals, personal standards and sex. in law provides the means for elections somewhat slower pace than the child wants to go to a school used lo­ 15- YEAR PROGRAl\1 to be called to restore segregation, Rep. Duff of Fenis, where schools previous school year. An estimated ta!Jy by Negro children, he may do so. have more Negro white pupils upon petition of 20 per cent of the than 3.400 Negroes-of 248.532 enrolled That's a vastly different thing from Other witnesses included Supt. enrolled, said her bill will strengthen electors. in public school'l-

was to obtain further educallon. As I phone t·alls complainin~ ;II>Out her hc­ th<' uni\'cr~itv in this whole area. Fi­ onlv contact I hn\'e had with anv Texas ing in the opera. C\'CO before it hecam<' nallv. we w~re com•inccd that if lhe m('mber or the legic;lature concerning thought about it J realized, too, that (Continued From Page 2) known publicly that she was sched­ opl·~a wen• produc<'d as planned, it the whoIt> mnlt<•r •.." not appenrinncc, which included after holding it up Cor several days. have bl'cn oppoc;ing segregation bills result of some three months' work l'llCl's, a whit<' boy and a N(.'!!rO gu·l th!' D1 an of om Colle'!c of Fine Arts, Th<' opera <'pisodtc hnd hl'cn a matter (.'xpre:.-scd !t acti\'e The ~ni~ersity of Texas witnessed borne in mind, moreover, thnt th<' nd­ N. Chapman, who told me he had relationships wi.th both students and in urllin Miss Smith's removnl from 1 ministration is accountahh. not onh· to first InCident over intcj..'Talion since heard that a romanhc opera was to be faculty been more than satihfnctory, the casL commcndl'd President Wil­ the facult) and students for what the son's hanifl;n<" or the Cc'ISe. Chapman :t !K:hool in 1950 began to accept Ne­ givf'n. with a Ncsn'O ~irl to play a but the univeM>ity's School of Muo;ic univrr,..ity hut nlso t? . th<' ;JCCU~"d "rabble-rousers" or Irving to ro students. The Univcrsitv of Texas spon~ors. lt·ndin~: roll·. H<' reportecl that several has bt>en everythinr ocadcmicnllv that alumni. the le!!islnhu c•, nncl tlw l'ltlzl'n" •lir lhe matter ''to put Dr. Wilson on September. 1956. abolished ~cgrq~n­ Of his lo >J.:i~laiiVt' C'Ollo:'aJ.!UCS had in­ T coulrl hav<' hopro for .•. Perl~aps I at all levels. ;~I l;~rge. . qtllnd ;thout this llf' w:ts t•;~lling, he ~ohould have anticipatro ~om<·lhin~ likl• the spot" Louise Smith of Pillshuq.,:. "1-Tcrt' was i1 ~ilmtllon in whu·h tlwn• saitl, hC'cau:;f' he fell \'Cry definitely this, hut I hnd not I waq tolallv had nlrcarly been thrrab or violl'llCl' to ~· last year ll'<.msfcl·red from that any such presentation would be shocked. In all my relationships with · ne Vil'w A&M, o scgrc~atcd col- the studcnl in question and to others unwist' nnd would have serious nega­ everyone I had come directly in con­ for Negroes, to the stnte uniVl'r­ dil·ccllv invoh·cd. We lwd nmpl<' rl'O­ tive ciTI'rl" upon the public relations t.'lcl with. there had never been the son ' he npprchcnsivc that the pn·­ slightest indication that a happening l as a fine Ql·ts student 111 mu~ir 10 of the un1versitv. I informed Mr. n October, 1956, n fncultv committee ~cntntion of the opera with the c~n- Ch.1pman or th<' decision we had al­ like this was possible.... However, . ted cast would be the oC'casiOn after the fi1~L ~hock oncl hurl had One Texas County, Fayette, was ~ Miss Smith as one ~f two gil'ls t Clll)>I .1 · . rl·ady mncle the day before. He said he for rnajor dcmonstmtion,., nnd vllup<'r- p~cd I lwgon to rt;nlizc that tht ulli­ dropped from the Jist reported to have SU'Ig in alternate casts in the OJwra had nothin~ furtht·r to SIIY and in his a degree of integration. Earlier reports ntl\'l.' public tttlacks and dcft•nscs. \~ l' mnlt' success of intc~:ration at the uni­ lllld Aeneas," a romantic role hril f <·ornnwn ts to me t her(' wns not that Flatonia had remov('(l Sl'Jn<:gation hdil•\•cd it would pk\Ct' II' in a po,-1 \'t•r:>it\ w.ts much more irnJ>Ortant than ., . a .. \~·hite male singl'r Thl' tlw ,.111 hlt·,t sugJ.(t·,tion o( any intimi­ wc1·e found to be incorrect tJon of l't''iJWil~ilulity for pultlt• II ;t(' my npp... nr.mcc 111 thl• opera. D1do 1s a wluh gill. cl.ltion 01 thn•a t Of lt•L:islati\'C t'eprisa) lions hcyond Olll' t·ontrol ;md would Smith reported later that :.he n•gnrdinl( tlw unh t•rsity. This is the " My ori~inal purpose in coming here -I # I rt:tcivcd many anonymous tell•- jeopardize I hl d is"rl'IIOn;•rY JlO\\l'l of PAG E 4--JUNE 1957-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS Virginia's Pupil Placement Law Is SouTHERN ScHOOL NEws Challenged by Number of Parents Southern Sc:hool News is the offic:ial publication of the S.outhern Educ:ation Reporting Service, an objec:tive, fact-findin~ agency .e~tabl.shed by sou!hern RICHMOND, Va. speed; the District Court, disregarding newspaper editors and educators with the. 111m .o~ prov1d o~ g accurate, un~o~sed uncontradicted facts of record, decreed information to sc:hool administrators, publ•c offocHtls and •nterested lay. c:!lrtens IRGINIA'S P U PI L PLACEMENT its end with intemperate speed .... on developments in &ducation arising from the ~· S. Supreme C~urt. opo"'on of V law faced a challenge from a May 17. 1954 declaring segregation in the ~ubloc scho~ls uncons!•luloonel ..SERS "Virginia's laws do not differ sub­ is not an advoc:ale, is neither pro·segregatoon nor anh·segrogatoon, but somply number of school patrons last stantially from those of North Carolma reports the fac:h as it finds them. stale by state. month, while attorneys for the and South Carolina. The statutes of Published monthly by Southern Education Reporting Service at 1109 19th Ave .• state and two local school boards both of those states have been upheld S.• Nashville, Tenn. by this court. It has told plaintiffs there Second c:lau mail privileges authorized at Nashville, Tenn., under the authority struck back at a federal judge that administrative remedies provided of the act of March 3, 1879. who had ruled the law unconsti­ by those statutes must be exhausted OFFIC ERS tutional (See "Legal Action.") first. The District Court was in error in Frank Ahlgren ...... · . • · · · · · · · · · · · Chairman Mrs. Theo T. DeFebio, whose failing to reach the same result here ... Thomas R. Waring . . . . . • · • · · · · · · Vi~e -Chalrman two sons were suspended from ''The decree ordering substantially Don Shoemaker ...... • · · Executove Direc:tor immediate desegregation was not justi­ Patrick McCauley, Assistant to the Executive Director Fairfax County schools because of fied by the facts of record. Newport her failure to sign placement News has a school population that is BOARD O F DIRECTO RS forms (see last month's SouTHERN almost 60 per cent Negro. The differ­ Frank Ahlgren, Editor, Memphis Com­ Charles Moss. Executive Editor. Nuh. ScHOOL NEws), announced ences between the white and the Ne­ mercial-Appeal, Memphis, Tenn. ville Banner, Nashville, Tenn. Harvie Branscomb, Chancellor, Vander­ through her attorneys that the Vir­ gro pupils are very marked indeed. All George N. Redd. Dean, Fisk University, of the responsible local officials are of bilt University, Nashville, Tenn. Nashville, Tenn. ginia Supreme Court of Appeals the opinion that desegregation in the Virginius Dabney, Editor, Richmond will be asked on June 10 to order Times·Dispatch, Richmond, Va. Don Shoemaker, Enc. Director, Sou. immediate future will be destructive to Luther H. Foster, President, Tuskegee Education Reporting Service readmission of the two suspended the school system and to the best inter­ Institute, Tuskegee, Ala. ests of the pupils of both races. In these Bert Struby, Editor, Macon Telegraph, boys. SEN. BARRY F. BYRD Coleman A. Harwell, Editor. Nashville Macon, Ga. Meanwhile, altomcys for the state circumstances, nothing is to be gained Tennessean, Nashville, Tenn. and for the Norfolk and Newport News CTiucaL Of Judge and much is to be lost by the decree Henry H. Hill. President. George Pea­ Thomas R. Waring. Editor, Charleston for immediate desegregation. body College, Nashville, Tenn. News & Courier, Charleston, S.C. school boards appealed to the U. S. Later in May, Mrs. DeFebio's attor­ Fourth Circuit Court !rom the decision ''The pattern that should be followed C. A. McKnight. Editor, Charlotte Ob­ Henry I. Willett, Superintendent of I neys announced that they will go be­ is that established by Judge Hutcheson server, Charlotte, N.C. Schools. Richmond, Va. of District Judge Walter E. Hoffman, in fore the Virginia Supreme Court of which he had ordered desegregation (District Court at Richmond) in the CORRESPONDENTS Appeals on June 10. The motion ask­ Prince Edward County ca-;e. He fol­ in those two cities and had declared the ing readmission of the boys to school ! ALABAMA MISSOU RI pupil placement law unconstitutional. lowed the great equity tradition to bal­ contends that their suspension was ance the relief sought by the plaintiffs William H. McDonald. Editorial Robert Lasch, Editorial Writer, St. (Sec "Legal Action.") Writer. Montgomery Advertiser "arbitrary, capricious, unlawful and against the harm that would be caused louis Post-Dispatch In an appeal brief, Judge Hoffman ARKANSAS void" for these reasons: by the grant of such relief. He there­ NORTH CAROLI NA was charged with using "intemperate 1) It deprives the boys of their right Thomas D. Davis. News Editor, Ar­ speed" and with abusing his discretion fore refused to order immediate de­ kansas Gazette Jay Jenkins. Ra leigh Bureau Chief, to attend public schools "as guaranteed Charlotte Observer I se5trcgation .... in outlawing the pupil placement law. bylaw." DELAWA RE He was charged also with having pre­ ''This is not, of course, a case of chil­ William P. Frank, Staff W riter, W il­ OKLA HOMA 2) It forces them to violate the Vir­ dren seeking to assert their rights. It is mington News Leonard Jackson. Staff Writer, mla­ pared his desegregation decision "ap­ ginia compulsory school attendance parently in advance" of the hearing in a struggle between adults. In the strug­ DISTRICT OF COLU MBIA homa City Oklahoman-Times law. Jeanne Rogers, Education W riter, the cases. ~de, the children are helpless pawns. SOUTH CAROLI NA 3) The state constitution puts gen­ That .is the irony of the chaos into Washington Post & Times Herald Judge HolTman also was verbally at­ eral authority for supervision of schools FLORIDA W. D. Workman Jr., Special Corrt· I which the representatives of these spondenl, Columbia, S.C. tacked by U.S. Sen. Harry F. Byrd, "solely in the State Board of Education" Bert Collier, Staff W riter, Miami who told an audience in Hoffman's plaintiffs have plunged Virginia. U they Herald TENNESSEE and local supervision in local school win the battle, they will, of course. lose home town of Norfolk that the judge GEORGIA James Elliott, Staff Writer. Nashville boards "not in the Pupil Placement the war. Courts cannot Coree 99 oer showed "arrogance and prejudice" in Board 'or any other agency." Joseph B. Parham, Editor, Tho Macon Banner statements from the bench last Novem­ l'ent of the white people to do what News Wallace Westfeldt, Staff Writer, 4) The Pupil Placement Act violates they are convinced is wrong: there are KENTUCKY ber concerning tbe school segregation the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Nashville Tennessean not marshals enough nor jails enou~h Weldon James, Editorial Writer, situation in Virginia. TEXAS Constitution. to accomplish that result. All that will Louisville Courier-Journal LOUISIANA Richard M. Morehead, Austin Bureau, OTHERS FAIL TO SIGN emer~e .is a j!eneration of dama~ed Dallas News children of both races who have re­ Leo Adde, Editorial Writer, New Or­ In Richmond, parents of more than loans Item VIRGINIA 300 children have failed to sign place­ ceived inferior schoolin~ and become MARYLAND imbueti with hitterness. Yet that is what Overton Jones, Editorial Writer, ment forms as required by law. School Edgar l. Jones, Editorial W riter, Ric:hmond Times·Dispatc:h Supt. H. I. Willett said only a very the District Court proooses. To call its Baltimore Evening Su n Nicky DeFebio, 9, and Teddy DeFebio, few of the children arc white. He said actinn arbitrary is to speak only a half­ MISSISSI PP I WEST VIRG INIA 14, were suspended from schools in Fair­ he didn't know how many of the par­ truth: ito; action is so fundamentally Kenneth Toler, Mississippi Bureau, Thomas F. Stafford, Assistant to the Memphis Commercial-Appeal Editor, Charleston Getelte fax County in April because their ents had flatly refused to sign and how unwise ;1nd hard that it shocks the con­ science." mother had refused to sign placement many simply were tardy in handling MA IL ADDRESS the matter. applications for them. Formal place­ HOFFMAN CRmCIZED P.O. Box 61 56, Adlen Station, Nashville 5, Tenn. ment applications were necessary in The 300 cases were reported to the Judge Hoffman, who prior to being Re turn Postage Guaranteed their cases because the boys had en­ Placement Board, and the board took named to the judiciary was Republican rolled on Jan. 18, about two weeks af­ action which appeared to leave the way candidate for attorney general of Vir­ teJ· the Jaw took effect requiring the open for the children to complete the ginia in 1953, also came in for attack parents of all new students entering current school year, even if their par­ from Democratic Sen. Harry Flood The Committee on Law Reform and ceived its opinion," he said, "and callei Virginia schools to fill out placement ents fail to comply with the law. Byrd of Virginia. Racial Activities spent two days in witnesses to bear it out and avoid~ applications. The board asked Richmond school of­ Speaking on May 9 to some 600 per­ Farmville quizzing witnesses concern­ any who might have refuted it." ficials to determine why the forms were ing aspects of the Prince Edward Coun­ Mrs. DeFebio declined to sign, ex­ sons at the Hampton Roads Maritime CIIARLOTI'ESVILLE HEARING plaining that this "is a matter of con­ not signed. Principals of the schools dinner in Norfolk, Byrd accused Hoff­ ty desegregation case. After question­ science and morals-the purpose of this involved were assigned the task of in­ ing 36 persons, Delegate J ohn M. Thom­ The Committee on Offenses AgaiN man of "bombastic and political state­ the Administration o£ Justice conduct placement program is to deny a seg­ vestigating the cases, and it appeared ments." Referring to the Norfolk and son of Alexandria, committee chairman, ment of the American population the likely that this procedure would not be said that "testimony indicated there ed a hearing in Charlottesville on Ml: Newport News desegregation cases, 15. right to equal education." The DeFebios completed before schools close June 12. Byrd said: "I am reliably informed that could have been violation of the canons are white. Oliver W. Hill, NAACP attorney, said a federal judge stated from the bench The Charlottesville hearing, like t.h one in Farmville, was closed to the pu"' When Mt-s. DeFebio failed to sign he represents "a large number" of the before hearing evidence or arguments during the 15 days permitted by the parents who refused to si~m . The Rich­ on an integration case that he was in­ Year-End Summary tic. Aller the session, it was leamd law, her sons were dropped from mond edition of the Afro-American clined 'to throw the whole case out 1) The General Assembly en4Ct­ that some of the plaintiffs in the Char school. newspaper has advised parents not to of the window.' This he did by reading ed a package of anH-integration loUesville desegregation suit had testi fied to the committee that when th• BOARD STATEMENT si~. a decision prepared before the hearing. l4tos, including those to set up a In processing about 8,500 forms from PupiL Placement Board and to signed papers dealing with the ~ On April 30 the three-member Place­ "This judge further said from the throughout the state, the Placement bench, 'The integration problem will deny state funds to any schooL matter, they were not aware that lhf ment Board, meeting in Richmond, of­ Board encountered one outright refusal never be resolved in Virginia until we that integrates. were authorizing suilo; to be brougll fered Mrs. DeFebio, through her attor­ to sign on the part of parents of a 2) A U. S. district court refused in their names. neys, a limited compromise. She was have a different political leadership.' Negro child in Norfolk. Norfolk au­ This remark evidently had reference to to set a. deadline for desegregation Other plAintiffs, however, who Wei' told she could sign the forms "under thorities also have ~a id that parents of in the Prince Edward County case summoned by the committee but 114 protest" and the two boys would then the coming campaign, when the effort two other Negro children there have will be made to elect a Republican gov­ while the U. S. Supreme Court re­ called to testify, told reporters the be readmitted to school. The board is­ refused to sign. fused to review Arlington County were fully aware of what they wer sued a st(ltement which said, in part: ernor of Virginia. "We vest great power in our judges and Charlottesvilte desegregation signing. Oliver W. Hill, NAACP at "The board ... recognizes the right HEARING JUNE 11 gc and expect decisions to be rendered af­ orders and a district court ordered torney, said "they (the committee) of every citizen to his religious and The Pupil Placement Act (Chapter Norfolk and Newport News to de­ people with no cxpc1·icnce in this kin personal beliefs; and on the assump­ 70, Acts of the Genernl Assembly, spe­ ter due hearings and without preju­ dice or predetermination. segregate. of thing and ask lending questions· tion that Mrs. DeFebio's refusal to sign cial session of 1956) will figure prom­ 3) NAACP actlvities were under Nobody has an oppot·tunily to eJtam the application is based on sincere con­ inently in a hearing before the Fourth "Judge Hoffman must have known that he was dealing with a very explo­ investigation by legislative com­ ine witnesses to see if they undcrstan viction, the board has no thought or Circuit Court in Asheville. N.C., on mittees wit/~ the NAACP fighting the purpose or what they arc desire to restrict or hamper Mrs. De­ June 11. sive subject and that such a display of arrogance and prejudice from the bench back tltrottf}h courts. Febio's beliefs or rights. Attorneys for the slate and for the 4) Tl1e segregation issue wa.<; in­ " It is sugl(ested to her counsel, there­ school boards of Norfolk and Newport could not fail to cause bitter resentment and inflame public opinion." jected into the guberna.torial cam­ fore, that if Mrs. DeFebio would exe­ News will seek a reversal of District pairfn. Atty. Gen. J. Lindsay Al­ cute the applications required by law, Judge Walter Hoffman's decision which SEEK DISI\-llSSAL mond Jr., !'andidate for Democratic Albert A. Smoot, candidate for A!e2 the board would act on the ap~lica­ ordered desegregation in those two cities The state last month asked dismissal nomination, clashed verbally with andria's seat in the House of Delegall lions. and that neither Mrs. DeFebio and which also declared the Placement of two district court suits filed by the State Sen. Ted Dalton, possible now held by James M. Thomson. sa:uc nor her children would be prejudiced Act to be unconstitutional. (School GOP candidate, over state's segre­ out at Gov. Stanley and Thomson lll Board of Newport News v. Jerome A. NAACP attacking the constitutionality should she add to the application that of five so-called ''NAACP laws" en­ gation policy. statement on May 9. "No window d.reS the same was sismed 'under protest' Atkins. and School Board of Norfolk v. 5) Tlte Pupil Placement Act was ing, no muddying of the waters. no dt Leola Pearl Beckett.) Desegregation acted by the General Assembly last and on condition that her act would not year. Two of the Jaws require the dtallenged by some parents who ni11ls. can change the fact that ~ wouU have to begin by September in constitute the waiver of any le~tal or NAACP and other organizations in the refused to sigl\ placement foTm$. St.·mley and James Thomson are constitutional right to which she or both cities. under the order M issued. in~ to -close our public schools." he sai The brief in the Newport News case field of race relations to register with her children nrc entitled." "Gov. Stanley, in hL<; statement (the brief in the Norfolk case is sim­ the State Corporation Commission and ·~ of professional ethics [in the Prince press conference at Richmond. P~~. ATTORNEYS' STATEMENT ilar) says, in part: to disclose certain membership and financial records. The other three laws Edward case) stnce some witnesses tes­ the truth of what I have been 5111" On May 1 Mrs. DeFebio's attorneys, "The District Court In this case has amend previously existing statutes tified that they had no idea of paying all alonst. He stated that his ad.mi~tn Albert I. Kassabian nnd C. Douglas arbitrarily set aside a Vir,tdnia statute court costs or attorneys." Adamo; Jr. of Annandale, announced clraling with illegal practice or lnw. lion is willing to src thr public Choo just two weeks nfte•· :ts cfTectivc dale, He added that "six yea1-s after the 0 thAt she would not sign and that they bdore nny substantial action w11s taken A special three-judge feclc•·al coml close in Arlington County nnd will hea1· the cases here on June 26. suit was instituted, some witnesses don't loLtesville. This will happen to AicXIII would institute court action. A state­ pursuant to it and in the absence of recognize themselves as plaintiffs in that ment released by the attorneys said any knowledge of the method of ils op­ dria if Gov. Stanley nnd James Th~ suit." have their way." Mrs. DeFebio would refuse to sign eration in practice. It has taken this But S. W. Tucker of Emporia, an al­ "notwithstanding her deep concern over action, we believe, de11pite rulings by lornl'y representing some of the NAACP STANLEY'S STATEMl':NT threats that her children would be this court [the Circuit Court) in sim­ Two legislative committees created mcmbc1·s questioned by lhe committee, In his press confcrC'nce, the govel1l taken away from her and placed in the ilar situations !'Ontrarv to its position. by the General Assembly last year are snid that tlw que-stionin~ had not de­ hnd h<'rn :-ask<'cl whnl advicr hP w~~ hands of the Stnlc Welfare Depart- ... The Supreme Court directed that continuing their probe into activities of veloped the full circumstances or the give school officinls in tho,e two Cl ment." segregation be ended with deliberate the NAACP. :s uit. "The committee had already con- (Continued On Next Pngc) SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-JUNE 1957-PAGE 5 ·II Oklahoma Segregation Features Are Quietly Left in School Code OKLAHOMA CITY, Okla. lt has now been revealed that st t Ada. The resolution called on the State ~;tudents in the Kinta high school. Don­ N uNPUBLICIZED MOVE to wipe sch

War ll although a building fund of ors have been asked in a petition, ing of at least six Negroes to attend. on Race" in January, has resigned his Virginia nearly $800,000 has been accumulated. signed by an estimated 275 persons, to When the chamber discovered this, it pastorate at Second Presbyterian (Continued From Page 4) "Why should Sussex County stand alone build a school consolidating Negro ele­ sent telegrams to the Negroes saying Church here. He accepted a call lo when 90 per cent of Virginia counties mentary schools in the lower part of the invitations to them had been sent Central Presbyterian Church in Kan­ the wake of the U.S. Supreme are proceeding with school construc­ the county. inadvet·tenUy. (See SSN, May, 1957.) sas City, Mo. 's refusal to review Arlington and tion?" Levy asked. 5) The first step toward resumption Although the six Negroes had stated Dr. Olert gave no reason for his res­ arlottesville desegregation orders. The county has been considering of school construction in Albemarle that they would not attend the din­ ignation. He told a reporter, however: "1 e only advice I could give them is building a new centrally located high County, suspended since the Supreme ner, a careful rechecking of the invi­ believe in basic civil and religious free­ use every power of persuasion they school !ot· Negroes. But M. D. Magee, Court's desegregation decision in 1954, tation list had failed to determine the dom. I could stay here and weather this integration,'' the governor school board chairman, opposes doing was taken May 9. The school board race of several other persons who had ~;torm, but I wish to do nothing to hurt "U this fails, we will have anything on that project until the four adopted a resolution asking the super­ been invited. It was thought possible this church." use the other legislation enacted by while scl1ools are repaired. visors for permission to have a study that some of these may have been Ne­ A souvenir coin of defiance has been General Assembly." made of building need:;. The county groes and that they might show up at issued by a William County com­ Howard H. Carwile, Richmond atl()r­ BOYCOTT ENDS has an accumulated school construction the dinner, but none did. mittee which was appointed to plan the who is opposing Atty. Gen. J. Lind­ 2) The long boycott of a one-room fund of $650,000. county's local observance of the 350th Almond, Jr. for the Democratic gu­ Surry County Negro school has ended. 6) In a referendum on May 14, Char­ MRS. STEWART llONOHED anniversary celebration of the James­ nomination, told a Negro The boycott began in February, 1956, lotte County voters gave overwheJrning town settlement being held in Virginia here on May 7 that he approval to a $500,000 bond issue for One of the six Negroes-Mrs. Ella when the school board rented the build­ Phillips Stewart, past president of the thts} ear see how any segregationist could school construction. Two buildings are mg to supplement the overcrowded five­ National Association of Colored Women One side of the coin shows the county justified in voting for Almond. room Lebanon school. Parents of the planned, one for whites and one for Ne­ courthouse and these two inscriptions: lost every single legal round in -was honored at an interracial testi­ third grade students who were to use groes. monial dinner held in Toledo, Ohio, on ''The Constitution or the Supreme fight to save segregation, and yet the room withdrew their children on Court," and ''Liberty or Tyranny." The wants to be elected governor to the same night that the Virginia State tht' grounds that the building was Chamber's dinner was being held in other side shows the original cow1ty segregation," said Carwile. Car­ not fiL to be used for school purposes. circuit court seal. has staled that he favors comply­ Richmond. Tht·ou)(hout the spring term of 1956 a About 250 civic, social and church Sen. A. Willis Robertson (O-Va.) with the Supreme Court's deseg­ teacher sat in the room each day with gave coins to 19 southern Democratic decision. leaders gathered at White Methodist no students to teach. Church in Toledo to pay tribute to Mrs. senators, "as a symbol of my belief that Last September two of the children Stewart. Dr. W. Arthur Milne, super­ you stand, as 1 do, on the side of li~rty U.S. Sen. Herman E. Talmadge of returned, two more came in October intendent of the Ohio Conference of against tyranny. So long as there are and nine others finally showed up. The Georgia told the Richmond Kiwanis the Methodist Church, urged those two of us left in the U.S. Senate ca­ 13 who returned at·e only half the num­ Club on April 29 that Virginia is the pable of matching these coins," Robert­ Gen. Almond has given the present to sign a letter addressed to ber who were in the class when the "numbet· one target of those who would Gov. Stanley of Virginia which said, son wrote, "I am confident there will that Virginia localities may use boycott began. The others are attend­ destroy home rule and local seU-gov­ be no unchallenged acceptance of the funds to build separate in part: ing other schools, nine being in a private et·nment in this nation." "We convey to you, sir, our feeling base counterfeit which is being circu­ for white and Negro pupils. He Refel""ring to a ser·ics of court deci­ school. of humiJiation which IS shared by mil­ lated under the label of 'civil rights.'" in the Supreme Court's de­ At no time during the boycotl did the sions, including the one on school seg­ The Virginia Spectator, described by decision would prevent lions of Americans because of the af­ stat<' make up any move to enforce the regation, Talmadge said: ''These deci­ front cast upon a fellow American, and its editor as the "humor magazine of of separate schoob. compulsory attendance law stons are unconstitutional. They are not the University of Virginia," published opmion had been sought by \Vil­ the accompanying violation of the dig­ tht' 'law of the land; as some falsely nity of personality." a self-styled "Jim Crow Issue" in May. A. Jones, commonwealth"~; attor­ llll'isl. They are the judge-made laws IU~S IG NS POST Novelist WiJliam Faulkner told a Included were these articles: "Why I of Richmond County. The county of force and force alone." The people 3) Chairman Paul F. Swtasey of the class at the University of Virginia a Believe in Integration,'' by Mrs. Sarah had planned to appropriate of the South, he saicl, "will never sub­ Patton Boyle, wife of a university fac­ Hunovet· County school b?~r·d h~s sub­ mil to this unlawful and unconstitu­ few days after the dinnet· that the with­ a new Negro school, but Jones drawing of the Negroes' invitations was ulty member; " Integration in Vir­ exrore~~"tl the view that such usc of milled his t·esignalion, cttmg dascour­ tional judicial tyranny." "the sort of thing you'd expect Missis­ ginia," by Dr. Edwin B. Henderson, be illegal in light of the agemcnt with the board'll inability. to move faster on a school construct.Jon sippi to do, but not Virginia ... Vir­ president of the Virginia State Confer­ Ct.urt decision. ginia to the rest of the South must be ence of the NAACP; ''Letter to the other local school develop­ program. . ed North," reprint of an article by Wil­ be like Caesar's wife, above reproach." In Virginia last month were ''Good schools are more to destr than a low tax rate,'' he said. ••r hope Faulkner is a Mississippian. liam Faulkner; "Integration Means De­ Ulat in the near future these truths The State Chamber of Commerce's generation," by Floyd Fleming, vice T. Levy, member of the Sussex dinner for "distinguished Virginians" president of the Seaboard White Cit­ school board for 10 years, re­ may inspire greater financial support PASTOR RESIGNS and cooperation of all t~e people of now living in other states came off with­ Izens Council; and "Segregation or in pt·otest of the board's "do- out incident at a local hotel on the night The Rev. Frederick H. Olert, presi­ Death!" said to be the first article by policy" on Negro school con­ Hanover County to provtde the b~sl of May 17, with 550 people-aU white­ educational opportunities Col· our· chtl- dent of the Richmond Ministers As­ John Kasper to be printed in a maga- The county has undertaken attending. The dinner had received na­ sociation at the time it adopted its Zi'lC'. school construction for either dren." · 4) Klllg and Queen County supervts- tional attention as a result of the invit- controversial "Statement of Conviction I## or Negroes since bdo1·~· World PAGE 6-JUNE 1957-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS pl:Jincu the action by calling segrega­ visors of Louisiana State Universit tion "mOI'illly indcCensible." who IS now edttor of Tlte Counctz:r' Gn•vcl told the ACLU the react.ion to monthly ncwsi<'Ul•r of the Cititze ' Louisiana Party Official Forecasts )tis stund wus fuvorable. He received a Councils. Sh~: silid southern wom ns to111l ot 72 JoLters, he said. Fifty-four should form "Nen:r, Never Clubs" : conunt•nclcd Ius stand. Of tbe 18 un auxilianes to the Councils. State Will Desegregate Eventually favotable letters "H came from Citizens Cr·iticism of the U.S. Sup•eme Court warned parents that a ..subvers 1ve" Councils," Gravel said. came fr·om another quurter-Crom the , La. In non-school federal court segrega­ joint meeting of the State Bar tion action, desegregation of New Or­ h1story textbook was being proposed "Not one of the 101 members oi the As.socia. FIRST PREDICTION from a po- T 'IE leans public transit and park facilities for use m eighth g.-ades in public Democ1 o:~l1c State Central Committee,.. t10n ~md State Law Institute in litical figure that Louisiana was ordered by Judge Wright. And a schools. The book was The Uuited he o:~ddcd, "suggested I resign as nation­ Shrl'\'e)>erl May 9. and all other states would even­ .States-SWTY of a Free PeOI)le, by al committeeman." New Orleans Negt·o pl'ize fighter, Jos­ COl11tT C RIT I C I S~l l ~ V I TED tually desegregate their public eph Dorsey Jr., challenged the statute l::>amud ::>Lemberg. The same ACLU meeting heard Gravel predict congres:;ional passage of schools highlighted the quietest (Act 5i9 oC 1956) banning mixed Davis said the book was "largely anti­ Without mcntiOI'mg the school de­ matches. South and is aimed at creating preju­ the civil rights bill-"not perfect, but cis•on specifically, the bar association month in some time for segrega­ The bus and park decisions were be­ dice in young minds against their fore­ a good one." And il heard the Rev. Wil­ president, Clarence L. Yancey of La. tion activities. ing appealed; both facilities were con­ rathers.'' He said the book "lauds the liam J . Kenealy, S.J., professor of law fayette, said the Supreme Court should Camille F. Gravel, Jr. the state's tinuing as usual-segregated. carpetbag and reconstruction eras as at Loyola University of the South, Le criticized fo1· "mdulgmg itseU in so. Democratic national committee­ bcing constructive .. . Booker T. Wash­ praise Gravel for his ''courage and in­ cial philosophy rather than the rule of man, made the forecast, saying ington and George Washington Carve1· tcgl'ily." law." lie urged lawyers to lead the Yeat·-End Summat·y at·e hailed as heroes and saviors of the Later Gmvcl had two questions put cl'i ticisrn o£ tllis trend. If they "do not that compliance in the "fringe South, but evidently the author could to him by SouTH.ERN ScuooL NEws: assume the role of guardians of the areas" of the South to the Su­ I) Witho1tt opposition, the 1956 find no southern whites worthy of men­ Did he think Louisiana would ever public against U1c tyranny of the ju. preme Court order would set the legislature passed 10 segregation tioning." comply wiili IJ1e Supreme Cout·l's diciary, the• e might be no check on this pattern for desegregation in Deep laws affecting schools. Nine became The book was not being considered school desegregation order? And, how powerful arm of the govemmen~• South States. (See "What They law over Gov. EarL K. Long's sig­ for use in New Orleans schools, ac­ did he believe his segregation stand Yancey said. nature, and the 10th became a cording to curriculum director Edwin would affect his political future? Another speaker, Clarence A. Davis, Say.") state constittttiona.l amendment H. Friedrich. He said the superintend­ Undcr·secr·etary of the Interior until last May was the first month in the past with voteTs' appToval. ent's office had received three copies 'ALL WILL COl\lPLY' J

ing of the races. the boards kept th~ or mrslt.>d the public on the fuU mean­ opened to CatholiC!!, Charles Freeman grand juries, school boards, min~terlal Georgia rule in effect but agrel•d to table reso­ rng of hrs onl(inal resolutron. of Macon, who rdenllfit'd hlmseU as assoCiatJ.ons and other Like agencres be encouraged as a step rn th1s direction. (Continued From Page G) lution~ "of such grave imporwnce" for the Great Titan of the Sixth Province a month before considerrng them in the of Georgia, U.S. Klans, Knights of the McNeill s;ud that southerners arc now :ne financially responsible, regardless Ku Klux Klans, Inc., said the South so touchy on the race question that they i who they arc. Sutton resigned in pro­ Iutur·e. The conlrover·sial rc:solulron was m­ Carolina speech referred to a different no longer think clearly on most fun­ :.St to the policy and a dynamite ex­ troduccd by the Rev. William T Boden­ Klan and the Macon KKK did not wel­ damental issues and asJSerted that "even )!osion blew out the gloss fr·onL and hamer, state board member, and unan­ come Roman Catholics. a southerner can't hold out forever :mtaged some goods in the feed store. imously passed at the April mectrn~ against irrefutable testimony of his own ':oAnother shooting, in which a bullet (see SSN, May, 1957). experience, especially as it is tempered m a speeding car struck near a Editorials in a number of the lnrger A crowd of more than 2,000 persons, with the relentless per1;uasion of the lli­ ~htwatchman, was rcpor·tcd at Koin­ daily newspapers in the state criticized over half of them robed in Klan regalia, ble:' ra by Clarence Jor·dnn, co-foundrr·. the acton. The League of Women Vot­ heard E. L. Edwards of Atlanta de­ SOUTHERN UNITY URGED l'I'S of Gcoq.,trcak" at a meeting of the Gov. Griffin in an address in Green­ Several other or·ganizations and imli­ scind the ban. The l\Tncon Councrl _on Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in Ma­ ville, Miss., urged southern states to 'lduals jomcd groups who hnd e mentioned as a possible can­ :;egregated. "As long as l am governor," ' Koinonia. Southl'rn Prcshvterhms. Georgi<~ youn~ people and not tht' or­ crt\' to hold the meetmg m the munici­ didate for heutenant governor in the he said "Georgia will have separate .oteting m Birmingham, took ~ stronl-! g-nnization. also han hP pai audrtorrum. Macon Klan leaders ac­ 1958 Democratic prunary and an un­ public rlools or no public scl1ools." ~? against racral drscri~inatron ~rnd Later, in a speech at Crawfordville, liftt.-cl t·u~l·d crtv officrab of drscrimination in successful gubernatorial candidate in / <'cried treatment of Kornonra Farm ll'ltrn)! N~gro Elks hold a downtown pa­ the 195-1 primary, critiCized the U.S Ga., the governor said the federal gov­ .embers. The Southt>nst<•m Rl•l!ion

PAGE 8-JUNE 1957-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS lion and there is no such thing as fed ity." The paper did not back Gov. t•ral aid without fedl·ral control E· • Coleman for governor. Y ('at·-Eml Summary if tht> lnw provides that the fed;en 1 The governor, a non-veteran, imme­ Mississippi Equalization 1) Mississippi was stilL holdi119 govenmJCnl w11l havt• no control rat diately drew support from the veterans . Ol·tr organizations in his effort to assure the line on segregation. No legal the CXJI!"ndJlUrC' o£ COn!ttruction money construction of the VA hospital. efforts to force public school inte­ appropri••tions must be made each Y ' The VFW post of Yazoo County, gration l1ad been made. and it will be \'c ry stmple to enact~ Completing First Phase however, accused the sovereignly com­ 2) Allocations under the 11ew rider on the bill denying any st«~ mission of yielding to •·federal black­ Negru-wltite public school equal­ money that opet";Jtes a segrega~ JACKSON, Miss. lowed a study of integration in federal st·hool system." facilities by the Stale Sovereignty maH to get the veterans to accept inte­ ization pror1ram, designed to dis­ JuLY 1, MissiSSIPPI's $120 ON Commission, the state's segregation gration." courage l!fforts to seek integration, Gov. Marvin. Griffin of Georgia ad­ million program for physical "watchdog'' agency, despite an asser­ Stale Rep. C. B . Newman of Issa­ totaled $20 million with 78 1'er cent clresscd a C1t1zens Council rally t Greenville on May 9 urging south:n equalization of Negro public tion by the governor, who is its chak­ quena County called on members of of the funds going to Negro school man, that there is nothing the state the sovereignty commission to rescind buildings. unity in the "fight to keep our sehoot. schools with those of the whites 3) Reorganization of the esti­ segregated. H we in the South band to discourage integration efforts can do in the matter. their action or else "it will forever be Atty. Gen. Joe T. Patterson, member a black blot that will stain the history mated 1,000 school districts into together nnd present n united Iron~ will have completed its first phase of the sovereignty study committee and oi Mjssissippi from now to eternity." 150 districts in the 82 counties was they'll ne-ver gel lo us. 1£ we get seat. --consolidation of an estimated a member of the J ackson Citizens The Association of Citizens Councils of to be completed JuLy 1. lered, Otey'll pick us of£ one ala t~." ·1) The NAACP was centering on 1,000 local taxing districts into an Council, recommended that the sover­ Mississippi sent a resolulion to the BISITOP IIEARD eignty group recommend to the build­ Cong1·ess to "enact such legislation as fulL 11oting ri{tllts for Negroes and estimated 150 in the 82 counties. Bi::;hop S. L. Greene of the African (See "School Boards and School­ ing commission to make the donation they deem fit to cause veterans hos­ not scltooL integration. despite the fact that the faci!Hy will pitals to be operated in conformity with 5) Mississippi's segregation Methodist Episcopal church spoke al men.") be integrated. the customs, traditions, and law of the "watchdog" agency, the 1956 leg­ Jackson where the Nntional Fraternal Meanwhile, groundwork for the states wherein they are located." islative-created State Sovereignty Council of ChurchA"OW which upheld the Little Rock plan for tions to Tegister with the commis­ sion, eliminating compulsory at­ mended "the essentially Christian and Howington did not mention the free local monev for usc on schools. gradual desegregation. (See "Legal Wil<'\ A B~anton of Pine Blul tendance at iutegrated schools and democratic action" of those who Supreme Court ruling in his sermon Action.") Negro · attorney fot· 32 Negro clieo authorizing the expenditure of worked and voted against the legisla­ or make any reference to segregation schooL funds to fight integration tion. in schools. Sl'l'king immt·diatc ;~nd total in~ suits. The delegates, in another resolution, He said later in nn interview that he lion of Little Rock !;Chools in aNAAC 4) ln the November, 1956 gener­ protested "all efforts to establish pri­ favored the gradual approach to inte­ sponsored sUit, let M~ty go by witho• The state convention of the Arkansas al election three pro-segregation vately controlled schools designed to gration put into effect by the Lillie announcing whctht•r he would npPI! I Christian Churches opened May 6 at measures were approved for in­ support enforced segregation and dis­ Rock school boord. a decision supporting tha gradual in~ Hot Springs with lhe Rev. William L. tef"1)osition and nullification., for crimination in our society." "We were making good progress with gralion plan of the Little Hock sehoO Miller Jr. of Rogers, convention presi­ this approach and then we have been On April 29, the Eighth ~irc~it ~ interposition and for pupil assign­ SERMON JDTS SEGREGATION dent, telling about 500 delegates from ment. conf•·onted by the 'all or nothing' de­ at St. Louis had upheld D•str1ct J ·u 75 congregations that some churches 5) Gov. Orval Faubus, consid­ The Baptist minister who devoted his mond from the one side (the Negroes] John E. Miller's dismiss:.! at L• which "yell violently" about gambling ered a "moderate" segregationist, May 21 sermon to a condemnation of and the nothing at all idea hom the Rock Aug. 28, 1956, of the NAACP Sli and liquor issues maintain a "deafen­ in the 1956 Democratic pritrnu·v for racial segregation and prejudice is lhe reactionary groups," Howington said. (Jo1m Aaro11 e1 al ' '· William G. COOl Rev. Nolan P. Howington. His 2,700 c>t nl). ing" silence on racial matters. governor won over Jim Johnson, 11 He said he had decided to write the er Miller said, "Let us with the boldness "stTon.g" segregationist. member church is one of the largest sermon to help the drive by Arkansas Branton had snid on May 6 th of a Pete•· or John tell our representa- Baptist congregations in the state. Baptist dlut·ch<:'s to raise money for the (Continued On Next Page)

- • SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-JUNE 1957-PAGE 9 ·N . C .Lawmakers Get Bills to Open NAACP Records, Ban 'Barratry' HALElG!l. N. C . Undct the "ban.tll·y'' bill, organ1za- EG1SLATION DESIGNED TO OPEN lions found guilty of t.he practice could Friday said, "The administration NAACP financial records and he lined up to $5,000 wh.Ie individuab should secure to every member of the L faculty that freedom in teaching and make ''barratry" a crime has been found guilty would be guilty of a mis- demeanor. Lawyers who practiced bar- State Treasurer Edwin Gill told the research which is an essential condition introduced in the North Carolma •·ntl·y would be displaying "unprofes- St.ate Board of Education that North of the proper and effective discharge General As~ernb1y. (See "Legisla- s1onal conduct" and would be subject to Carolina's handling of its school prob­ of his duties as a member of the fac­ tive Action.") disbarment. Barratry would also be lt·ms has boosted the state's credit rat­ ulty. '·Furthermore, we must recognize In Greensboro press inquiries about that faculty members, like Americans In Durharn, Thurgood Marshall, grounds !or a motion to non-suit dur- ing. He noted a "tremendous improve­ a school meeting at a hotel there re­ ing the course of a trial. ment'' in llllerest rates on school build­ everywhere, have the freedom to speak chief NAACP counse,1 ca11 ed for a vealed that school adnunlstrators from as responsible citizens on the issue be­ mg bond notes. Greensboro, Charlotte and Winston­ of school integration "in BARS PAYING COSTS fore the people." start Gill said the improvement was due in Salem have been holding sessions in Durham and the larger cities of Loopholes in the barratry bill would part to "the fine and moderate solutions Dr. Frank P. Graham, former Uni­ restaurants and hotels for three or four versity president and now United Na­ North Cru:olina." (Sec ''What cause il not to apply to NAACP lawyers we have found to our problems in­ years at which they discussed mutual tions mediator, said F l'iday "has always They Say.") unless costs of litigation we1·e paid by volving public schools." problems, including segregation. Com­ In Du1·ham, Thurgood Marshall, chief been his own man, beholden to no man, Public school officials in G1·ccn!>- the lawyers. It is designed to bar the munications media were not aware lhe authority or power, except lawful au­ NAACP from paying costs in vat·ious NAACP counsel, urged "those who are m4.:t'tings were being held. boro. Charlolle and Winston-Sa- civil rights actions. willing now" to take steps to knock thority ru1d his own conscience under John Fosler, chairman of the Greens­ God." Jem have been meeting in hotels The bills bearing the support of Gov. down segregation in the state despite boro Board of Education, said those at­ Gordon G1·ay, Friday's predecessor and restaurants for the past three Hodges are conceded an excellent pressures directed against them by ''the tending had early agreed they would govemor and legislators." and now director oi U. S. Defense Mob­ or four years to discuss mutual chance o£ passage. Anothe1· measut·c not talk about the meetings. Asked if ilization, said Friday "has a capacity !or along similar lines, sponsored by Rep. "I know of no better place to start segregation had been a topic, he said, problems. inclu d ing that of school B. I. Satterfield of Person County and growth unparalleled in my own experi­ than m Durham and the larger cities "It was; it's been discussed at every ence." segregation. (See "School Boards eight other representatives, calls for of North Carolina,'' Marshall told an meeting during the past two years. Some 7,000 persons attended the in­ and Schoolmen.") both financial records and membership audience at North Carolina (Negro) We've talked about the pupil assign­ auguration ceremonies. Student bands A University of North Carolina stu- lists. Co!Jege. He said he saw signs that ment plan, talked about local situations which provided music for the occasion dent club transf1nn·d ib p1cn1c to an- At a committee hearing, Satterfield's North Carolina "is pushing back" in­ in regard to the segregation matter." included two Negroes. other site when a Negro ml•lllbt'r was bill was criticized by some legislators, stead of going forward on integration. Foster said that neither Dr. William ordered to lt-il\'e tht: Willi;~m B Um- who felt its terms would apply to Part of the blame for this, he said, can Hampton, Negro member of the Greens­ stead State Purk ncar· R.lll'l~h (S<'t' "In chu1·ch groups. IL is expected that the be lmd to the Negroes themselves for boro Board of Education, nor any other the Colleges.") Sath.·rfield measu1·e wlll be dropped in !niling to use the1r votes to change the Negro has attended any of lhe infonnal At 36. \\'J!Iiam (;Iyell Flidm· was in- f the process in all \'Jant to accept any condition. requir­ the sovereign head of the state, you B. Umstead State Park when the uni­ vades. mg compulsory integration w1U1out a at·e immune to federal court orders." versity's Cosmopolitan Club met there courl suit. Brown said the people of Pulaski for a picnic. The Cosmopolitan Club­ maintain interracial membership, to or­ Jn its initial announcement of the County and the stale "expressed them­ composed mainly of fo1·eign students­ ganize and to speak out for social clcdsior.. to withhold aid, the Rockwin SC'Ivcs" last November by approving promptly moved the picnic site !rom the change. To penalize the members of any hoard said il had decided that "the th1·cc scgregolion proposals (interposi­ park to Hogan's Lake near Chapel Hill. organization in the exercise of such pre~ent administration ~f schools ~r tion, interposition and nullification, The student legislature at the uni­ rights endangers them for all. The sup­ Monilton has not concc1ved or. acll­ and pupil <~SSignmcnt). versity condemned the park incident, pression o£ liberties is a violence in it­ vated a pr·ogram related to lhe dJscre­ Brown t•an as n pro-segregation can­ and membet·s of the Baptist Student seU, which leads to counter-violence." V. L. Boren was fired May 6 ~·s llonary fund [endowment ] and shows didate for the Lillie Rock school board Union chapter in Chapel Hill urged the SUperintendent oC Morrilton :.chools no evidence or desire to do so the~e­ m the March election. He was defeated. General Assembly to open all state alter the Rockwin Fund board nn­ by denpng children of ~,he commun1ty 1\flNISTERS JUT PILGRIMAGE park facilities to all citizens. In a mes­ IIOunced May 4 it was \\ ithholding part ~age to the legislators, the chapter said: the benefit o£ the grant. A group of 20 Negro ministers at or the money bein~ pmd to the Mor­ On May 16, Virgil T. Blossom, su­ " ... In view of the large proportion of tilton dbtrict under the fh·e-year pro­ pe1·inlendent of LitUe Rock schools, L1ttle Rock issued a statement April overseas students in the group, we feel ,,nnounced at a Rotary Club luncheon 29 condemning the national civil rights that this incident has been exceptionally cram inillatcd hy Winthrop Rockefel­ pilgrimage to Washington. ler to give the town a ''model" school that Little Rock voters would be asked detrimental to America's position as a The Haliwar Indians of Warren and One of the ministers, the Rev. W. H. system. in December, 1958, to approve bond working example of democracy in the Halifax counties have requested that the Hall, presiding elder of the African General Assembly designate them as The fund bonrd said it would curt:•il issues for construction of t.hree n~w eyes of the world. Mcthodi<;l Episcopal Church, called the Indians, and that school boards in the lhe funds bC'cau:;c th<.' Mot nlton :;chool clcmcntal·y schools for white pupils "But we !urther {eel that this stu­ pilgrimage a "fanfare. .of .publicity two counties provide an Indian school 't and additions to four Negro elcmen­ dent's being denied entrance to the tfficials hac.h been usmg Lhe grant to seekers." He said the m1rusterial group advantagt'. Cited spccilically was schools. park was. in effect, an abridgement of plant. The Baliwars now attend Negro Lll favored civil rights but that the pil­ schools. be fact tha! only $92 had been sp<.•nl his status as a student at the univer­ grimage "smacks of politics." The sity as well as a violatit>n of his rights W. R. Richardson, serving as spokes­ br research although the 1956 budget statement thanked President Eisen­ ncluded $5,000 for that purpose. as a person." man for the Haliwars, said legislative hower "for all that he has done to action would permit his people to at­ Under the five-year plun Rockwin alleviate the suffering of Negroes ..." tend Pembroke Indian College, a state­ to providc "<'nl'ichmcnl cndow­ The Capital Citizens Council o.r Little FRIDAY INSTALLED "as Rock a pro-segregation orgar:uzation, On May 2 at Hot Springs, the Gen­ supported institution in Robeson Coun­ llent" and other aid while the distl'icl eral Board of the Christian Episcopal William Clyde Friday, 36, was form­ ty. Beyond that, he said, was "a pride as building a new physicnl plant. The aPJ>e~lcd to Gov. Faubus .Apn~ 30 to ot·d<'t" continued segregation m the Church, a Negro group which claims ally installed as president of the Uni­ of race and a desire to be legally ~lire program would co::.L about $2,­ members in 40 states, passed a resolu­ versity of North Carolina in ceremonies known as Indians." llO.OOO. At the end of the five-yea•· Little Rock schools this fall.. Fnubus had made no pubhc reply. to tion endorsing Lhe pilgrimage to Wash­ held in Reynolds Collseum on the cam­ County commissioners in the two ~riod, the district would be expected ington. About 500 delegates were at pus of N.C. State College. A University counties withheld action pending con­ II • 1·cqucst He had indicated <'arhcl' lo take ovet· thc entire support of the lC • Jd 't , l ' the Hot Spl'ings meeting. graduate, Friday pledged his efforts to sultation with their boards of education. !)>stem. Although school and Rockwin in the week lhal he wou n Ill ct- . L'ttle Rock's plan for gradual ### uphold academic freedom. t/f## afficJals huv~ not been clcm· on the \'cne m 1 • PAGE 10-JUNE 1957-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS End of Year Finds South Carolina~s • Schools Still lD Separate Status COLUMBIA, S.C. sovereign powers held by the state of how Thurgood Marshall ovedooked it. South Carolina; lhe other would im­ It will make trouble ... if you com­ T HE THIRD ANNIVERSARY of the pose severe penalties upon anyone pel someone to move from your farm." Supreme Court decision in­ seeking to block or interfere wiU1 laws Bills in both House and Senate have validating South Cru·olina's school enacted within lhe scope of the state's been referred to Jud1ciary committees. segregation laws passed with the reserved powers. Both bills were sent A number of legislative delegations to the Senate Judiciary CommHtee. from various South Cat·olina counties state still maintaining separate At the end of May there seemed lit­ continued in May to obtain special acts schools and the General Assembly tle like.lihood that any substantial ef­ requiz·ing organizers soliciting member­ adding more laws aimed at con­ fort would be made to pass the Long ships in their respective counties to tinued segregation. (See "Legis­ bills, since the Judiciary Committee secure offical permits before engaging lative Action.") chait•man, Sen. L. Marion Gressette of in such solicitation. These Jaws could Calhoun County, announced publicly be applied to NAACP organizers, to State political leaders, both in that no further segregation legislation union organizers and others. and out of office, spoke out against would be recommended at this session. the Supreme Court's "encroach­ Gressette's announcement was made ment" upon states' rights at va­ in his capacity as chairman of the 15- State Sen. L. Marion Gressetle, chaim1an of South Carolina's Special Scgrega. rious May meetings. (See "What man Special Segregation Committee tion Commitlce ( left), is shown wiUt three new members of the committee. They which he heads. (See "Under Survey.") are, :,ccond from left, Sen. Julius B. Ness o ( Bamberg County, Rep. WillilllD C. They Say.") Dobbins Jr. of Laurens County, and Rep. J oseph 0. Rogers Jr. of C lar~ Considerable public attention NEW GOVERNOR'S POWERS County. Two oUter new members of the 15-man group are Sen. James P. Mo-: was given the disclosure that the There was strong probability, how­ The U.S. Supreme Court was asked zingo, Ill, o£ Darlington County and Rep. Walter J . Brutow Jr. of R~ in mid-May to dismiss an appeal from Presbyterian C h u r c h, U.S.A. ever, that legislation would be enacted vesting the governor wilh considerable a group of 17 Negro school teachers who County. ' (northern), had advanced the last year initiated a suit to test a 1956 executive authority to declare emer­ South Carolina branch of U1e NAACP, The Rev. W. R. Fairley, Negro Bap. rn tlu.nk the Negro wants his own church, repealed this year. The act for­ Rep. John C. Hart of Union County, uary referred them to state administra­ everywhere.'' his own school, a chance to get along and Sen. Long, in lhe Senate, have in­ tive and judicial channels, while retain­ The episode was brought to light and fai1· opportunity." bade public employment of NAA­ ing the case on the federal docket. It CP members. (See "Legal Ac­ troduced bills to repeal the following when a Columbia official of the Asso- The Rev. Douglas F. Dorchester, ex. section of the stale's election laws: was from that order the plaintiffs aP­ cialion of South Carolina Klans, Knights ecutive secretary of the New England tion.") "Whoever shall assault or intimidate pealed to the Supreme Court. On the of the Ku Klux Klan, cited a Jan. 6 Southern Conference of the Methodist day following the filing of the appeal, School authorities at Charleston any citizen because of political opinions issue of the magazine, Presbyterian Life, Church, in his commencement addre~ blamed the NAACP for the defeat of a or the exercise of political rights and Gov. George Bell Timmerman Jr., in which reference to the $10,000 ad- at Claflin University (lor Negroes) al school bond referendum aimed pri­ privileges guat·anteed to every citizen vance was made. Robert E. Hodges of Orangeburg: "A new age is emerging, marily at improving Negro school fa­ of the United States by the Constitution Columbia, "kligrapp" (secretary) of the not only a new South but a new No~ cilities. (Sec "School Boards and and laws thereof or by the Constitution Year-End SWl1Dlary local klavern of the KKK, made the a new East and a new West. Your lov~ Schoolmen.'') and laws of this State or, for such rea­ statement in reply to a southern Pres. will win the world, carrying the spiril son, discharge such citizen from em­ 1) Offi.cial attitude of the state bylerian statement criticizing the Ku of Christian love and understanding ployment or occupation or eject such and of all schooL districts remained Klux Klan. You will make contributions to aU peo- citizen from a rented house or land or opposed to all efforts aimed at de­ "Few Americans and fewer Presbyte- ple, not just your own race. You wil other property shall be guilty of a mis­ segregatillg public schools. This rians ever thought they would see lhe break down the superficial, nonsensica The General Assembly, meeting in a demeanor and, on conviction thereof, was reflected both through public day," Hodges said, "when the Presby- barrier of man and bring about the bro· session prolonged by dispute over pro­ be fined not less than $50 nor more than pronouncements of govennnental terian Church would sink so low in the therhood of man under the fatherhoot- posed teacher pay raises and the man­ $1,000 or be imprisoned not less than officials at aLL levels and by legisla­ mire of social gospel politics as to raise of God." ncr of financing such raises, continued three months or more than one year, tion enacted by the South Carolina funds for the race-mixing activities of to study a number of segregation meas­ or both, at the discretion of the court. Gelleral Assembly. the Communist-dominated National FLORENCE l\1ETIIODISTS ures during May but saw little new 2) Popular resentment among REASON FOR REPEAL Association for the Advancement of The Florence Southern Mcthodis legislation proposed. white South Carolinians to the ra­ Colored People." Notable exceptions were two com­ When he introduced his bill on May ciaL commitments of both national Church, in a resolution attacking eJ. panion measures introduced by Sen. 15, Hart told the Bouse that "(Attorney political parties was largely re­ BLAKE ACTION APPLAUDED forts toward forced integration: "WJ Jolm D. Long of Union County. One of General Herbert) Brownell could not sponsible for the formation of a object to our people being forced II Later in the month, at the 92nd Gen­ mix in the schools, colleges, institutio~ his bills would define and declare the have done a better job ... I don't know third ticket in the 1956 Presidential eral Assembly of the Presbyterian race. These "South Carolinians for and al! branches of the armed service Church, U.S.A., at Omaha, Dr. Blake and other places of worship, work Independent Electors" polled a to­ was given a "standing ovat.ion" for his tal of 88,500 votes for Virginia's Lravel or rect·eation ... We, as Chris Chase Manhattan Bank of New York, action in advancing the $10,000 to the tians cannot continue further with thi Mississippi was too hjgh and all bids were re­ Sen. Harry F. Byrd and Mississip­ NAACP defendants of the libel suit. pi's Rep. John Bell Williams. evil ;,ovement. Such a forced mixtun (Continued From Page 8) jected. The next low bid was 3.2216 He reported that $9,595 had been repaid. will cause our blood to be mixed. I per cent by a Jackson, Miss., syndi (Straight Democratic vote was May 20 ma1'ked the expiration of a "as for Congressman Diggs inquiring 136,300; the Republican vote was will demoz·alize us, cause us to lost cate. deadline which Sen. Nash had set Cor about a legion meeting in Mississippi 74,600). self-respect, to have weaker faith an( The governor said the last full-faith his possible return of the $10,000 judg­ it was none of his business, but for 3) There was no change in the cause us to go against what God a~.~ the information of all, the meeting bonds, totaling $1,580,000 for a new ment to the NAACP officials. Nash of­ His Son, Jesus Christ, has taught us. health building, were sold in March status of the Clarendon County fered to give the money back if he wez·e was a joint meeting of two legion posts case which wa.s one of the five J . M. Dabbs of Maysville, farmer an1 with an interest rate of 2.52 per cent. provided a list of donors and if he were for the purpose of heat·ing an expert evoking the Supreme Court deci­ one-t.imc college professor, comment· On that basis the bond commission felt assured that there would be no school ing in a letter to the editor of Th• on communism, to which the general the current offers were out of line. sion of 1954. That case is still on public was invited." integration suits filed in Sumter Coun­ State concerning a legislative proposa Another date for the bond sale is like­ the docket with instructions for Coincident with answering Diggs' in­ "prompt and reasonable" compli­ ty for a 10-year period. Since his offer to repeal a South Carolina ly to be set. was not met, indications are that the "ci~il ri~h~' quiry, Pace warned all Negro posts in ance with the Supreme Court di­ law: "We live in a world wh1ch, Ill 1b the American Legion in Mississippi "to rective, but the schools of the money will be divided between the essential nature, is moving from custon Shriner's Hospital for Crippled Chil­ rid their membership of radical agita­ Summerton district are still segre­ toward law. There is no way to prev~ dren at Greenville, and the First Pres­ tors or face expulsion from the organ­ gated. this except by reversing the en~ byterian Church of Sumter, of which Ization.'' 4) ELloree school officials, of treni of the modern world; and The Mississippi Stale Conference of Mississippi financial aid in the de­ Orangeburg County, asked the Nash is a member. lies, I think, beyond both possibility an! NAACP branches answered the asser­ fense of Clinton, Tenn., citizens facing U. S. Supreme Court to dis-miss an desire.... I'm afraid thai we of ili_l federal trials for contempt of court in tions of Sergeant Badeaux, stating that appeal in another lawsuit challeng­ South are acting true to form . in thil the school integration controversy has "po~ibly the most detrimental forces ing the constitutionality of a 1956 matter and that history will agam ... been asked by Jack Kershaw of Nash­ ~o operating against democracy today are legislative act barring public em­ us up. Seeking to defend everythin~ those so-called patriotic organizations, ville, vice chairman of the Tennessee ployment of NAACP members. we m:>y lose what we could have kepi. Federation for Constitutional Govern­ ;~nd of course, those who would vio­ (The act was repealed during the Dr. Raymond W. Logan, head o~ tht ment, and chairman of the Freedom late the sanctity of law and order in 1957 Legislative session.) historv dcpaz·tmenl of Howard Uruve~ an effort to get their points across." Fund for Clinton. South Carolina's Special Segregation 5) Most serious instance of vio­ Committee, headed by Sen. L . Marion sity, ~t the commencement exercises Kershaw called on Gov. Coleman as lence occurred in December when chairman o£ the Mississippi Sover­ G1·essette of Calhoun County, issued Benedict Collc~c in Columbia. on Mal a Camden High School bandmaster this brief statement following its meet­ 20: ''The walls of segregation wer1 eignty Commission for a donation from was beaten by a group of masked mg of May 23: steadily tumbling down In 1954. bu the $250,000 legislative appropriation men for allegedly having ·made given the segt·egation "watchdog" "The committee met to consider sev­ since then there h::~s been a resurgenCf pro-integration remarks (which he of opposition to our gains." agency. denied having made). Six menn.ow eral routine matters and discuss several Coleman said he would present the bills no·N pending in the General As­ await a second effort by tile circuit sembly. The consensus of the commit­ t·equest to the next meeting of the solicitor to have them indicted for tee was that in view of the situation at As of June 1, 78 of the 82 counties in sovereignly commission. No meeting is assault and battery of a high !md Mississippi had been reconstituted scheduled soon. aggrat>ated nature. present no fur-thet· recommendations for under the Negro-white public school Earlier, Mississippi refused to inter­ legislation at this session are necessary In early May, the State Depart~ent: or· advisable." Education called the attention equalization program as to district ot·­ vene in the Clinton case. Gov. Cole­ 11 ganizations. In that task, the five-man man has said Mississippi is able to school trustees throughout the state Mississippi Educational Finance Com­ handle its own racial problems without signed a new legislative act repealing a new statute requiring apphcants fo mission has approved district reorgani­ interference and does not feel that Mis­ the law under attack. As a consequence, teaching and other positions to list . ~ zations which have reduced the num­ sissippi should inject itself into issues attorneys for the defendant school au­ names of orgamzations and assoctalio ber of local areas from the nearly in other stales. thorities of Orangeburg County now Former Gov. James F. Byrnes, speak­ to which thev belong. The new Ia¥. 1,000 111 existence when the program have asked the Supreme Court I() dis­ ing May 17 before the Ohio State Bar admittedly intended to acquaint schoO . sh'1 01 started, to 138 in the 78 counties. By miss the appeal, saying the entire ques­ Assocation in annual meeting at Co­ ofiicials wllh NAACP member P ~ the deadline of July 1 !or reorganiza­ tion has become moot with the repeal lumbus, Ohio: "If the Supreme Court the part of teachers, re~laces a ~b tions, the total number of districts will o! the 1956 statute. can alter the Constitution by its de­ statute which flatly proh1b1tcd the P not exceed 150. Clennon King, whose newspaper ar­ Considerable controversy was stirred cisions, lhen five men-a majority of the lie employment of NAACP member! The Mississippi Bond Commission, ticles critical of the NAACP in Feb­ in May by the disclosure that the Pres­ court--can make the court a Constitu­ That 1956 act was challenged b~ ~ headed by Gov. J.P. Coleman, on May ruary stirred a campus-wide strike at byterian Church, U.S.A., advanced tion-maker instead of a Constitution­ cral court action and was earned 29 rejected bids for purchase of the Alcorn A and M. College for Negroes, $10,000 to NAACP officers in Sumter defender. . . . There is a fundamental the way to the U.S. Supreme Court.( state's first bonds for the Negro-white has been granted a new one-year con­ to pay off a judgment in that amount objection by the people of many states A $i.100,000 school hond issue d~ growing out of a libel suit brought by the Charleston city schools was , school equalization program because tract by the Board of Trustees of to this social experiment of the Su­ 11 the interest rate was too high. The State Institutions of Higher Learning. former State Sen. Shepard K. Nash. preme Cout·t ... The decision ... has featcd May 21 by a vote of 930 to ine first sel'ies of full-faith obligation Dr. E. R. Jobe, board secretat·y, said The advance was made by Dr. Eu­ undone all that men of good will in City School Supt. W Robert Ga bonds auU1orized by the 1956 legisla­ King's contract was renewed at the gene Carson Blake, head of the north­ both races had accomplished. Instead attributed the defeat to NAACP oppO lul·e and oiTercd for sale in May to­ May meeting. At Alcorn, President em Presbyterian Church. He said he of impz·oving, the situation is worsen­ sition. saving: . offi taled $10 mUlion. J. D. Boyd expz·esscd the belief that made the payment "from church funds ing. Thoughtful people of both races "My understanding is that certam AC Gov. Coleman said the low bid of King would not return to leach next on the authority of lhe (Presbyterian 1 know that an order of a court cannot cials of the local chaptez· of the NA.-c 3.15 per cent interest, by a group of year. assembly." chunge overnight the minds and hearts decided three days ago that Ne6·-­ investment interests headed by the ### James M. Hinton, president of the of people, and they fear the future." (Continucd On Next Page) p

SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-JUNE 1957-PAGE II MIAMI, Fla. CLORlDA1S LEGISLATURE s p C n t ner in which this will be accomplished." There has been no official acknowl­ f many days in dcbal<' on ~<'gt't'­ Florida Legislature Hotly Debates edgment of the request by the school ptiOn issues. Exccl)l for the pa~­ board. ~ of a controversial inlerposi­ The Tallahassee Negro Inter-Civic ton resolution, it adopted no ma­ Issue But Adds No Council urged the Leon County school New Race Bars authorities to start immediate action Jt laws. (See "Le~isla ti vc Ac- ~': took the floor to explain that his cation on grounds that it might bring substandard school soon is to be re­ on desegregation. Its resolution said po~~hon has been disto1·ted. He sa1d he these schools under the provisions of that Leon County schools for Negroes fJOR. ") Is \'IOlenlly opposed to the immediate placed. Ahotl y debated measure to per- the Supreme Court integration rulings. One issue in the case was the inter­ are "tangibly and intangibly unequal ov~rthrow of southe1·n customs," but op­ and inferior in every respect to those l!lil closing of public sc:hools by posed HB-671 because "it would pro­ Rep. J . Emory Cross of Alachua called position resolution adopted by the the committee's attention to the Girard Florida legislatw·e. Attorneys for the furnished white children." It said "no loCal option dted in the Senate af­ \ okt· violence and the immediate over­ perceptible progress toward compli­ throw or segregation." College decision opening to Negroes the petitioner contended this put the in­ ter House passage. Gov. LeRoy Philadelphia institution set up for "poor tent of the legislature-to maintain ance with the mandates" has been Collins had announced he would 01·r's statement was greeted with made. The council offered full coop­ heavy applause, in contrast to the si­ male white orphans." segregated schools-on record as pub­ "I don't want the Supreme Court en­ Lic policy and showed the motive be­ eration in working out some plan. 1-eto it. lence that followed his dt·amatic address County School Supt. Amos Godby A legislative packa~e aimed at lust summet·. croaching on both public and private hind the pupil assignment law. schools," he said. said the resolution would be brought NAACP failed, but the NAA­ Finul vote for passage was 57-36. Judge Choate ruled that the resolu­ to the attention of the school board invesligating committee was The bill was requested by the State tion could not be placed in evidence. "for study." Leon County has adopted TIED UP lN COJ.\'IMITI'EE Board o( Control, and backed by the He said it was "completely unconsti­ two years. the pupil assignment law as official for [n the Senate, the bill went to the pl'i vote school association, to require tutional so far as this case is con­ bodies in Miami and Tallahassee policy. Education Committee which held it for private schools to be chartered and reg­ cerned." A biracial committee was named al­ for action toward dest•gregating 10 days. When a proponent tried to get ulated by the state. Dr. J. Bt·oward Cul­ While sitting in West Palm Beach, pointing to three yt•ars of in­ most two years ago to study possible the measure to the floo1·, the Senate pepper, secretary of the board of con­ Judge Choate ruled that the city of desegregation. It bas filed no report. (See "Community Action.'') voted 21-14 lo re-refer it for another trol, said it would protect the public West Palm Beach has no right to bar 10-day period. and encourage better private schools. Negroes from its municipal golf course. The bill, which allows a local election The measure was approved by the Previously he had made the same rul­ to abandon public schools on petition of committee after parochial, denomina­ ing in a case against the city of Miami 25 per cent o( the registered voters tional, trade and business schools were Miami is appealing, although its at­ ~:aused a split in the governor's cabinet: excluded. It was placed on the calendar torney advised the position would be Atty. Gen. Richard W. Ervin, its au­ for possible action in the closing hours "difficult to defend." thor, said it was "not a call to intemper­ of the session. As the Florida legislature reached the att> resistance. It is rather a legal and g days of its term (with an extra honorable means to preserve our cus­ The Berea Baptist Church of Jack­ ·on almost certain). it appeared that toms and traditions in a democratic sonville plans to build a 12-grade ures to mamtam school st•grega• way." He called the measure '·an ob­ school as a means of avoiding integra­ which occup1cd much of the time, VIOUs necessity." tion, the Rev. R. D. Ingle, pastor, an­ dead. Mal'lting the third anniversary of the nounced. Stale School Supt. Thomas D. Bailey first Supreme Court mandate against ' Only exception W<~S lhl• l't•solut1on of S trying to do the job the law requires Contestants from Pasco and Her­ 'As one of U1e leaders in this great 11 to do.'' nando counties left when the Negroes t to abide by the U S Suprcmt• Only two witnesses were heard­ were invited to the luncheon table. llrt's decision, undPI no condil1on ~:;m County School Supt. Howell L. Wat­ The contest proceeded without them. be identified with anv moH•nu·nL kms and Henry Earwood, school board The Dade County chapters of the L wiiJ pt·olonJ.{ !e o f NA district. cause they are just and right." Ulocations made by the Slatt> Edu­ supported Negro school. nal Finance Commission to the ##If The school board countered that the ### · 0 1 equa1ization and expansion pro- PAGE 12-JUNE 1957-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS The two schools received about 50 Ne­ have included a stop at a nearby amUSe gro students each when high school menl park. This was cancelled wh~ Year-Eml Summary classes were closed out last foil at. Hag­ the park management stated that no Maryland Court Upholds 1) Small tmmbers of Negro1·s erstown's one ali-NegiO school Hirsc~­ Negroes would be admttled. The stu. were admitted to formerly all­ man summed up the first-year experi­ dents understood _the situation, and white schools in five additional ence by writing that '"sociolly" deseg­ nenrly aU agreed wtth the decision ac- Desegregation As Valid counties, ·making a total of 13 t·egat.ion had gone "very well"; but cording to reports." ' counties, plus Baltimore city, hav­ scholastically "not too well." BALTIMORE, Md. Maryland Court of Appeals was one of ing some mixed classes out of the NO RETURN According to Hirschman's findin~s, T HE LEGALITY of school desegre- four identical suits brought last fall in 22 Maryland counties with Negroes The Baltimore Afro-American did a county circuit courts. The petitioners of school age. the Negro pupils have found the white survey of desegregation in Baltimort gation was upheld by the sought a writ of mandamus requiring 2) T here was an upsurge of an­ high school work "tough going," and the three years ofter the Supreme Court Maryland Court of Appeals in the county school board in each case ti-integration activities at the start "dropout" rate among them has caused decision, and reported that "integration May, while several counties were to maintain separate schools for white o/ school year and a. short-lived some comment. With the small number is being accepted as part and parcel of and Negro pupils. The suits argued that boycott movement in two com­ of Negroes mvolved, he concluded that life in Baltimore, and while perhaps not preparing to extend their integra­ "integration has not made any. percep­ tion programs. the U. S. Supreme Court school segre­ munities, Poolesville and Easton. everyone is happy over desegregation gation decisions were erroneous, con­ 3) Ma.ryland Petition Committee tible difTerence in the scholasltC levels there is no danger that Baltimore wiU Maryland's highest co u r l stitutionally and on merit, in part be­ lawyers tried without success to in Hagerstown." cvet· return to a segregated system." Lurned down the appeal by attor­ cause the Fourteenth Amendment was have state segregation la.ws de­ Socially, Hirschmon wrote, "things The Afro said that despite "a fear neys of the Maryland P etition illegally adopted. c1a.red stilt valid, first in four coun­ have gone as well os anyone dared hope. expressed by some short-sighted indi. Committee to have Maryland's The appeal was taken by attorneys ty circuit courts and later before There has been only one 6ght reported. viduals that integration would lead to George Washington Williams and C. the Maryla.nd C01n·t of Appeals. That was last September, when some 3 loss of jobs by colored teachers" segregation laws declared still in Maurice Weidemeyer in the case of 4) A hands-of/ attitude was taken North High Negro students were at­ about twice as many new Negro leach. force. The cow·t said it was bound Ernest Heintz et at v. Board of Educa.­ by the General Assembly on school tacked by a group of white non-stu- ers a year are hired now as formerly by the decisions of the U.S. Su­ tion of Howa.rd County. The court's de­ segregation-desegregation questions dents. were hired. cision, sustaining the lower court's de­ for the third successive year. The Afro survey also included two preme Court and had no power 'NO DIFFERENCE' Lo overrule them. (See "Legal murrer, was filed on May 10 by Asso­ 5) U. S. District Judge Roszet C. counties adjoining Baltimore city. A ciate Judge Stephen R. Collins. Thomsen stated f'rom the bench " ln conduct, in courtesy, in truancy school official in Baltimore County was Action.") After referring to past cases in which that he considered Harford Coun­ there has been no difTerencc between reported as saying that all grades of Montgomery County is expanding its the validity of the Fourteenth Amend­ ty's desegregation plans "too Negroes and whites. T~. is the unant­ 53 out of 89 schools were open to both desegregation program next fall to ad­ ment was accepted, the opinion said: vague" a.nd that county school mous opinion of all prmetpals, teachers races and that the remaining schools mit another 227 or more Negro pupils officials s1tould bring in a progra.m. and students questioned." One of the would he desegregated when new con­ to white schools already integrated and BOUND BY illGII COURT providing for more pr01npt inte­ high school principals wns quot~d as struction relieves present overcrowding. to four white schools not previously in­ "Even if we assume that the Four­ gration of secondary schools. saying, "I don't t•e membc~· havmg a In Anne Arundel County, wbert tegrated. Three other counties have also teenth Amendment was not validly single Negro student in thts office for Negt·o children were admitted to the announced the continuation of desegre­ adopted and that the Brown and Bot­ misconduct in class." fit-st three grades of white schools last gation programs. (Sec "School Boards ling cases . . . were based on delicate without any such power. On the con­ Some special problems have nrisen, fall, Dr. David S. Jenkins, school su­ and Schoolmen.") social and economic questions and was trary we must recognize the binding Hirschman noted, particularly in terms pct"intendcnt, was quoted as telling the The fh-st year of high school integra­ pure judicial legislation, as contended force of such decisions of the Supt·emc of ofT-campus situations: "The senior Afro: tion in Hagerstown, Md., has been sum­ by the petitioners, we are faced with Court and be controlled by them " guidance counselors must now look for "If the future goes the way things are marized as going "Socially: very well the fact that the Supreme Court of Negro job opportunities as w~U as th~sc now going, we will completely dcsegrt. Scholastically: not too well." (See "Un­ the United States has passed upon pe­ for whites. This can be a dtscout·agmg gate without incident, as I see it. Peo­ der Survey.") titionet·s' contentions and found them search. ple are being conditioned to changes in untenable and unsound. "Athletic teams must now choose a way that gives me a great deal of Edwin Hirschman, education reporter "Whatever may be the powers of the carefully the places where they stop for pride. It is not l:e~g done abruptly; it's Supreme Court to correct and overrule for the Hagerstown Morning Herald, being done in a way that people are ac­ its own decisions relating to the con­ did a survey report in May of the meals. "A trip last week of some foreign cepting it." The case that attorneys !or the Mary­ struction or interpretation of the Con­ first year of mixed classes in the city's (Sec MARYLAND, Page 14) land Petition Committee lost before the stitution of the United States, we are two high schools: North and South High. language classes to Washington was to Kentucky School Study Shows Extent of Mixing Under Free Choice Kl S r in into traditionally while schools for the LOUISVIT..LE, Ky. 4) Negro teachers accepted the re­ End of Lh e . ~ ('U e purpose o£ speci6cally bringing about a TNO YEARS of voluntary sponsibility of securing training in Brtlanl desegregated situation. AFTER terms of college hours equivalent to or free-choice desegregation, those of the white teachers. NO 'GREAT CHANGE' only 30 of Lexington's 2,750 Ne­ And the outlook for 1957-58? gro school pupils are attending NO !\lARKED SHIFT "I do not antictpate any great mixed classes. (For other details 5) The court's decision and the poli­ change," Ridgway said. "The situation of the "quiet" Lexington program, cy subsequently adopted by the board does not seem to be a very active issue similar to many others in Ken­ of education did not result in any de­ in Lexington ... Negt•o athletic teams tucky, see "School Boards and cided shifting of the school population. have participated with white teams or Schoolmen.") 6) It appears that the Negro popula­ mixed teams during the present year. After one year of the highly tion concurs in the principle set forth This seems to have elicited no parlieu· by the court but does not desire to lar public discussion. The fact is that publicized Louisville program, suddenly or in large numbers inter­ we have been working t·ather closely Supt. Orner Carmichael, a Uni­ mingle its children withjn schools tradi­ within the schools of this city since versity of Alabama graduate who tionally attended by while children. aboul 1941 . I assume thal as time passa on May 27 received an honorary 7) The Negro teacher has not en­ the liaison will become more closely doctor-of-laws degree from the couraged children of her own race to confirmed. University of K entucky, expects attend white schools and reflects some "I believe the success of the program "trouble from outsiders" next fall. distaste for the idea. in Lexington has been due Lo the view· (See "What They Say.") 8) White teachers and Negro teach­ point of the board of education and the ers work together well upon curricular calmness with which teachers and chi!· problems and in community projects. dren have been willing to accept 9) The attitude reflected by white change. SUPT. JOliN RIDGWAY pupils and their teachers toward Negro -Louisville Times "I would not wish to advocate the Most desegregated school districts in Describes Program pupils reflects no animosity but is cas­ Lexington plan for any other commun· Kentucky have emphasized the volun­ ual in nature. ity. These are matters that must be particularly upon the secondary level, wot·ked out by each system confronted tary or [ree-choice plan. Prominent changing among races was anticipated." not from any discord between the Ly the racial situation." among them is Lexington, in the heart "We prepared to move slowly but ACADEMIC PROBLEMS races, but because Lhey miss the social of the Blue Grass region, a city gen­ firmly," Ridgway said. "Educationally, 10) The academic problems of Negro aspects of a group from their own race. erally rated as the state's most "south­ il was agreed that the greatest prob­ pupils based upon the small number 12) Negro parents have confidence in em" in tradition and outlook. lem would be the enlightenment of enrolling in traditionally white schools lhe integrity of the white teachers to First large city in the state to deseg­ the poorly informed citizenry. We an­ and the test scores they reflect could accord their best efforts to the instruc­ regate (in 1955), Lexington has now ticipated that difficulties would be in presage scholastic difficulty for a siz­ Speaking in Nashville on May 11, tion of Negro children and have evi­ Louisville Supt. Omer Carmichael said had mixed classes for two years. But a ratio to the speed with which a group able percentage. denced a willingness to cooperate. attempted to accomplish desegregation. he expects "trouble from outsiders" at of some 2,750 Negro pupils, only 25 in 11) Negro patrons do not believe that 13) There is no organized group in 1955 elected to enroll in erstwhile all­ The point was often made to Negro the stat·t of the second year of deseg­ children of their race have been ex­ Lexington having for its expressed pur­ regation next fall. white schools, only 35 in 1956-and at groups that they must realize their ceptionally happy in the white schools, pose the introduction of Negro children the end of each year the initial enroll­ responsibility and be sensitive to the Friends in the Deep South had told ment of Negro pupils had decreased by issues involved." him, he said, that the strategy of the five. While enrollment is 5,705. white Citizens Councils will be "to cit­ How was the Lexington program re­ PElUOD OF DISCUSSION Year-End Summary fend themselves by creating trouble ceived? How has it worked? For the A period of discussion with individ­ 1) Top-to-bottom desegregation given the Supreme Court's deseg­ where desegregation apparently seems :mswers So1JTHER.~ ScHOOL NEWS went uals and school groups of questions of the Louisville schools, with tlte regation decision as ''the law of the to be working successfully." to Supt. John M. Ridgway, 45-year-old stemming from the premise that "the largest Negro enrollment in the la1td." St

SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-JUNE 1957-PAGE 13 MONTGOMERY, Ala. aB ALABAMA LEGISLATURE con­ In Elmore County, also on May 6, vened May 7. A number of pro- Alahallla about 60 Negroes applied for registra­ T Legislature Gets Measures tions. It was "the largest number we've ~ I segregation bills, nullification res­ had in a long time," said a member olutions and declarations of inten­ of the Elmore Board of Registrars. tion to preserve segregation "by • To Maintain Segregation Ill State KING LEADS PILGRil\IAGE aU lawful means" were introduced SomE' 200 Montgomery Negroes, led (See "Legislative Action.") ~oing to do it with a great deal of de­ hbcration,·· Boutwell said. "We don't and it would be better for him and the by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., attend­ In ed the "Prayer Pilgrimage for Free­ his address to the legislature, want to abolish schools except as a last institution if he sought employment dom" in Washington on the third an­ Gov. James E. Folsom, criticized ~csort. But we must be ready to do it elsewhere." in the past for his "soft" stand on t( necessary." Hutchinson, a native of Detroit who niversary of the Supreme Court's de­ has taught at Michigan State Univer­ segregation decision. Efforts .will be made during the cur­ segregation but more recently an sity and the University of Southern Before leaving, King had said: "We he said, to avoid "sensa­ advocate of continued separation r~nt ~~SSJon, California, said, "fm willing put up hope this will change the conscience and trona! ac~ and to concentrate on "an to of the races in public schools, ig­ a fight." He has appealed his case to spirit of the nation in the whole area honest, f~Jr effort" to operate the o{ civil rights." nored the issue in his 75-minute schools Without forced integration. the local chapter of the American As­ sociation of University Professors on speech. INVESTIGATION PROPOSED the contention that the administration Less than 48 hours earlier one ad violated academic freedom. of Folsom's key legislative leaders 0~ May 25, State Sen. Vaughan Hill Robrson of Montgomcr·y introduced a KLAN REBUKED _Sen. Broughton Lamberth of r~sol~tion .ca~ng for a broad legisla­ The first defendant tried in Birming­ The University o£ Alabama student ham's Ku Klux Klan shooting case, Ira Tallapoosa County-had predicted tive r~vestrgatton of organizations "r·e­ legislature unanimously adopted May that the governor would rnake a ~ponsrble ... for· attacks" on segregation N. Evans, was acquitted by a J efferson 14 a resolution "strongly rebuking" the County Circuit Court jury May 23. pro-segregation statement in his m Alabama. The measure is aimed not K u Klux Klan for picketing a univer­ only at the NAACP, which is still un­ Evans, Citizens Council leader Asa E. ~ speech. (See "What They Say.") sity discussion group. Carter, Harold McBride and Loucy C. der a court order restraining it from Some 70 Klansmen, one reported o.pe~?ting in Alabama (see "Legal Ac­ wearing a pistol, picketed a meeting of t~on ), but other· organizations rormed students and faculty members in Cant­ 1) Alabama voters approved far­ smcc the NAACP injunction. The in­ erbury Chapel, an Episcopal-owned reaching "freedom. of choice'' vestigating group would have power to student center adjoining university school amendments in a referen­ su?~cna witnesses and records, ad­ property. The Open Forum, the group dum last August. The amendments, mmJstcr oaths and take testimony. The meeting at the chapel, had previously passed despite disagreement even - Birmingham News resolution stipulates that the report been denied use of university property. between Citizens Coun.cil3 as to Focal point of most of the pro-seg­ should be made to the legislature with­ The ban, and the Klan's subsequent vis­ effects, opened the door for legis­ regation bills introduced so far in the in 40 days after the resolution is pas.~ed. it, followed revocation of Open Forum's lative abolition of public school3 if 1951 Alabama legislature seems to be The resolution notes a "planned at­ charter by the student legislature. deemed necPssary. the ultimate abolition of public schools tempt on the part of a certain undesir­ The resolution condemning the Klan 2) U. S. District Judge Hobart if necessary to preserve racial separa­ able, irresponsible element of our so­ The U.S. Supreme Court on May 27 charged that the demonst-ration, in Klan Grooms ruled that the Universitu tion. ciety to subvert and destroy the estab­ agreed to review the contempt case costume, "gives the impression of an of AlabanUt was ;ustified in expel­ '1!. The legislature was given <'nrt<> lished social order of thi:; state." against the Alabama NAACP. Not at attempt to interfere with such student­ ling Autherine Lucy for her un­ , • blanche authority to do that in n ref- faculty groups through physical pres­ proven charges that the universit!l l i\fcKA Y'S OFFERING issue before the high court at this time ~·~ · · erendum ast August. Voters approved was the injunction against NAACP ac­ ence, which is but a step removed from conspired in the riots whiclt drove .... the deletion of constitutional require­ Rep. Charles W. McKay Jr. of Tal­ tivities in the stale. Hearing on the more direct physical coercion." her fro'm the campus in February, . ' ments for maintaining free public edu­ ladega County,

are available, will be continued next ~nded its desegregation program into teachers had been integrated. County th:n children living in U1e vicinity of Maryland fall. Four schools are expected to re­ a third year. During the 1956-57 school School Supt. Schmidt was quoted as these schools go by bus to more diitan (Continued F rom Page 12) ceive Negroes for the first time, making year, 155 Negroes were admitted to 11 replying, "The decision applies o~y to schools, ii the bus stops were closer ~ mixed classes in 53 out of Lhe county's formerly all-white schools, having ex­ t he admissaon of students-that this not their homes than the schools were. oo denied on Lhe basis of race.'' 98 schools. An additional 227 Negroes ercised their option of attending schools VOLU~TARY PLAN are expected to transfer to white class­ closer to Lheir homes, if space was avail­ Anne Arundel County, which admit­ es, wilh an as yet unknown number able for :hem. The transfers were ar­ ted 77 Negro pupils to the first three Charles County, which has a 4S.S entering kindergarten. About a dozen ranged through individual applications, grades of 13 formerly all-white schools cent Negro school enrollment aUo.!: Negro teachers are expected to be re­ and the seven-member county school in the 1956-57 school year, is scheduled Negro children to enter Lhe fi~t ~ lieved of classes in all-Negro schools board voted in May, upon the recom­ under its desegregation program to in­ of white schools last fall on a voluntazy Montgomery County, which has more for possible reassignment to integrated mendation of County School Supt. Wil­ tegrate "one or more·· grades each year basis. The same policy is beang contin ucd Cot· the coming school year. • Negro children in mixed classes than schools. liam S. Schmidt, to continue th<> ~:~me until full desegregation is achieved. At any other Maryland county, is extend­ The one significant change in the system. the Mny meeting of the county school In the school year just complete~~ ing its "selective integration" program coming school year is that integratior Tne board declared in its resolution. board there was an indication that a Chaalcs County received and accepted next fall and adding a touch of compul­ will not be quite so optional for "down­ "The policy of enrollment in the public move might be made to speed up dc­ applications ft·om five Negro children sion to it. county" Negro pupils, some of whom schools of the county shall be one of .:;egregation. to entct· Lhe white elementary school In its second year of desegregation, have continued to be transported to individual choice, subject to the avail­ at Indian Head, which serves a naval just completed, Montgomery had 686 "up-county" all-Negro schools. ability of building facilities, transporta­ QUESTION OF Tl t\liNG resen•ation. out of its 3,017 Negro pupils in form­ "Down-county" elementary and jun­ tion services and to the approval of the The question of integration timing Queen Anne's County on Maryland's erly all-white schools, whet·e they were ior-high Negro pupils will not be car­ Board of Education of their representa­ was raised by Lhe school board's first Eastem Shore is also continuing Its among nearly 30,000 white pupils. In ried by school bus to distant segregated tive, the County Superintendent of Negro member, Dr. Ari!i T. Allen, near policy of considcl'ing Negro transfett the second year more care was exer­ schools if space ir cwallable for them Schools." During "this period of ad­ the end of what had been a lengthy to white schools, if any Negroes seek cised in the selection •Jf u·ansfer candi­ in nearby integrated schools. If private justment," the board reserved the right meeting. H e was asked, because of the to transfea·. In the past two school yeall dates than had been the case in the first transportation is arranged, that is a "to delay or deny the admission of a lateness of the hoUI·, to postpone the none has applied year, with emphasis placed not only on different matter. The program will just student to any school if it deems such subject until the June board meeting. the availability of classroom accommo­ about complete integration in the down­ action wise, necessa.ry and in the best Asked after the meeting if he intended dations but also on the adequacy of county area. where proportionately f ~ w­ interest of public safety and commun­ to r ecommend integrating more than programs to be opened to Negroes in er Negroes live. ity welfare." one additional grade next fall, Allen white schools. was quoted in the county press as re­ Race relatione; rarely becomes an u, Staff conferences with Negro prin­ C:Ol\BUTI'EE REPORT TRANSFER APPLICATIONS plyin~. "I haven't definitely decided. sue in Maryland politics, but there wen cipals were held to discuss pupils who The third-year desegregation policy Applications for transfers were to but I think some thought should be overtones in May dunng the town el~. might be considered eligible for trans­ was set by the county school board early have been in Lhe school superintend.::nt's given to it. in view of the smoothnes<; lion campaigns in Cheverly, which lia fers. In determining whether an "ade­ in May, following a report by F red L. office by June 14. Applications were ith which integration has gone this in Prince George's County. A questior quate program" was available at the Dunn Jr., chairman of the school sys­ scheduled to he approved or disap­ year." on the ballot called for the eliminatlor school to which a pupil's transfer was tem's Professional Committee on De­ proved by July 30 and parents notified Allen also questioned a county ruling of ward boundaries and Lhe election o being considered, the primary consid­ segregation. The only opposition on the of the outcome. that Lhe nearest school bus represents councilmen-at-large rather than fron eration was the curriculum offered in seven-member school board was ex­ The school board m~ting at which the nearest school. IIc told fellow board representative wnrds. Proponents hac relation to the pupil's "educational pressed by Harrison C. King, who was the third-year policy was set was at­ members Lhat he could not "personally said frankly that they feared the wa~ needs." The needs were interpreted reported to have felt that the committee tended by an eight-member delegation see any benefit" from the bus ruling. system might eventually result in tbC broadly to include such factors as emo­ should have consulted with the trustees of the Prince George's County Chapter But the county school superintendent, election of a Negro councilman. tional stability and the pupil's achieve­ and PI'A executive committ~s of the of the National Association for the Ad­ Dr. David S. Jenkins, said that the Mayor Lawrence A. Yates, seeklJ1 ment level in relation to that of the affected schools to get community re­ vancement of Colored People, the schools would lose control over bus another term, favored Lhe chartA> class to which he might transfer. action. K ing was quoted as saying that Hyattsville Independent reported. The transportation if the 25-year-old t·ulc chan~te. He wns re-elected, but the pro Much the same program for integrat­ his fellow board members were "going delegation asked if the county schools were abandoned. The superintendent posal to abolish wards was dofealed b! ing Negroes into the schools nearest , h~t and too r,r" with dese~~:ration were complying with the Supreme Court explained that severe overcrowding was rou~hly <1 5to 4 voir. their homes, when space and programs Prince George's County has also ex- decision, in view of the fact that no prevented nt some schools by requiring #It Five Missouri Negro High Schools Remain Segregated at Year-En ST. LOUIS, Mo. September, 1957 the entire process of Although some high school desegre­ regation had become such a widely ac­ T HE SCHOOL YEAR JUST ENDING integrating the elementary grades will gation has occurred in Lhe booth~! and cepted fact over most of the state that it be completed, and all Negro faculty i in other sections, action at Lhe elemen­ entered none of the statewide cam­ w t n e s s e d no spectacular members will be employed in regular paigns. Both Democratic and Republi­ changes in the status of desegre­ schools teaching predominantly white tary level has been rarer and two can stale candidates appealed to the gation in Missouri. A number of classes. counties retain segregation in all dis­ Negro votes in Kansas City and St. Louis districts completed the transition Thus J ackson County, like St. Louis tricts at all levels. There is litUe ap­ in various ways. The Human Relations Commission to desegregation quietly and with­ County, will see the end of racial dis­ parent disposition by the Negro com­ J ames T. Blair, Jr., the successful Kansas City reported school tinctions in school enrollment, through out incident. By the end of the munities to press for changes in this sit­ Democratic candidate for go"emor, gation to be proceeding smoolhly, in both areas some "natural" segrega­ year, only five high school dis­ uation. The state government, though promised to support appointment of a no signs of recurrence of the threaten tion persists as a result of residential officially fa vorable to desegregation, state human rights commission-the student strike of 1956. tricts in the state remained segre­ concentration of Negroes. does not bring pressure on local dis­ current substitute for FEPC- and made The St. Louis Human Relations Com gated, and one of those had an­ Other communities which moved lhis tricts through distribution of funds or good on his promise by personally pet·­ mission turned its :ttlcnlion durin( otherwise. State school laws have al- nounced plans to desegregate jun­ year to end segregation in elementary suading the House of Representati\les to the year to r·esidential ~ocgregation, ~ iot· and senior classes next Sep­ schools were Bowling Green, New Lon­ adopt this legislation for the first time ing real estate dealers and newspapef don and Troy, in the northeast part of tember. tn several tries. Whether the bill would to end the practice of cliscdminaUng the state; Lexington and Liberty, west Altogether, fewer than 7,500 out Year-End Summar y pass lhe Senate, however, "'as doubtful. to race o£ buyers in offering real estat central; Pilot Grove and Slater, north for sale. The Negro resjdential area • of 68,000 Negro pupils remained in central; Ironton, Frederickton and St. 1) Out of 244 schooL districts St. Louis has expanded markedly in re Mary's, east southeast; Warrenton and with Negro enrollments, 193 had segregated school systems, and STATUTES REPEALED cent years, but Negroes reportedly stl! some of these expected to be de­ Clarence, east. Most of these districts ended segregation by this academic find it difficult to buy property exced have relatively few Negroes. but Ior year and at least nine otl1ers were segregated by the start of the next No legislation alTecting school segre­ in areas contiguous to the existing Nr one reason or another had delayed in­ planning to end it in September. gro district. school year. Out of 244 districts tegration of elementary gr ades until 2) Webster Groves, la.st sizabLe gation was even introduced exceot a Several neighborhood organization with Negro enrollments, 193 had this year. Nine other districts are re­ district in St. Louis County to re­ bill to repeal the old statutes author­ izing segregation in conformity with have been formed in :an ciTot t to main ended segregation by this year. ported ready to make the change with tain segregation, ended it this year. lhe slate constitution, which p~ovided lain housing standards in blocks wh~ The total was expected to reach at the start of the school year next Sep­ So did Jefferson City, t1te state tember. capital. in its elementary schools. for separate school<; unless otherwise Negro families have begun to move it least 203 by next year. Independence, home of Harry S. ordered bv the legislature. Two years Members of these or~nnizations asser Truman and last segregated district ago an attempt to pass the repealer bill that they are willing to live in a mix~ failed, ooponents arguing that the Su­ neighborhood provided it retains it SCHOOL BOARDS .: ·.· CAPITAL DEVELOPI\fENT in Jackson County ( Kansas City), preme Court had not yet handed down one-f;1mily residential character in AND SCtiOOLMUt ,; •,:t , announced plans to complete de­ In Lhe state capital, Jefferson City, segregation in all grades 'te.rt its final orders in the school cases. This stead of becoming a di!'.lrict of roomllt All of the high school and most of desegregation of elementary schools September. year there was virtuallv no opposition houses At the same time, they arga the elementary districts which retain was likewise completed during the 3) Missouri public colleges and and the repealer went throu,r!h quietlv. that the pressure of the Negro migra segregation are in the extreme south­ year, the high school having been de­ the state university continued to unnoticed in many news disoatches. lion would he relieved if Negroes co~ east comer of the state-the cotton­ segregated in 1954. Some 185 Negroes operate on desegregated lines, with The issue was not a !:~hJ,.. by the attornev trencral regation this year was that of Webster University, continued to operate with a 4) The state political campaign as a result c> f the Suoreme Court opin­ efforts of residents in the transition dis triclc; to accommodnte themselves totb Groves, the last sizable unit in St. Louis steadily increasing white enrollment. of 1956 and the St. Lotds sclwol ion. But Negro members of the l e~tis­ County to make the change. Webster The Kansas City Star called Lincoln a board campaign of the spring of lature pressed for repeal as a matter influx of Negroes instead of fleeing II the suburbs in panic, ns has happener Groves had operated a Negro elemen­ spectacular instance of "desegregation 1957 were waged with aLmost no of symbolism tary and high school which accommo­ in reverse." Most of its regular under­ reference to raciaL issues or the in most !'Uch areas up to now. Of 11 In the St. Louis city election of four distinct neighborhoods in St. Loui!. 8 dated Negroes from other St. Louis gt·aduates still arc Negroes, but some school desegregation question. members of the scho:>l board this year, County districts. As the other districts 5) With scltaol desegregation arc> nil-white, 22 all-Negro penlcrs. lwicki,.Yt'rs ;mel olhrr buildin One notable case of desegregation spect law and order. The murderer, be­ elected at large. The present board is crnftsmf'n who hold union cards I statement hailing Lhe "wonderful prog­ during the year occun·ed in the boot­ ress" made in complying with the Su­ lieved to have been an itinerant, never composed of aldermen entirely elected northern citi(.•s arc nol pcmlltlcd t heel town of Morley, where the high was found. by wards. So far as can be judged the ln.tnsfcr hc•·c hcenusc of t.hear ract'. Ho preme Court decision. school grades 9 to l2 were desegre­ A similar situation meanwhile was Negt·o question did not enter into the the unemployccl in the city nrc Negr"Oe gated, involving 35 Negroes and 600 decision of. th.e charter draftet·s to pro­ developing in the sta te's second largest whites. Anothet• boothecl town, Poplar he f'stimntecl. metropolitan at·ea, Jackson County. pose a maJonly elected at hu·ge. They Little more than half of the 120,00 Bluff, announced that the upper two argue for lhe change on the ground Kansas City had desegregated both ele­ grades of high school would be deseg­ Negroes who would be cli~ihle to vot mentary and high schools in Septem­ lhal aldermen representing nar'l'ow lo­ in St. Louis arc rrgistC'rcd, it w£ regated next September. This would cal ncighbor·hood interests have' for· ber, 1955. Independence, the home of require nearby Neely"ille, which had 7• pointed out hv Ernest C;~II0\''~1• hea Han·y S. Tr·uman, desegregated its high been sending its Nega·o pupils to Poplar ~any years obstructed legislation of of the locn.l NAACP. . . . b Missout·i went through th~ 195G elct­ catywack· lwndit to the community as a school at the same time. This spring, Bluff, to follow suit, at least as fat· lH Ht•stdt•ntaal scf.(n•l(alaon was cat< dVc: tion campaign with a minimum of dis­ whole. The new charter is to be voted Supl 0 . L. Plucker announced that by the upper two grades were concerned. cussion of racial issues. School deseg- Andy BaO"I.\11 , J• . chai rman of the\ on later this year. End Community Confer(•nce. f I - SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS-JUNE 1957- PAGE 15

the board of education's desegregaoon considered advantageous because it In other community developments, Trial of l(asper and 15 policy, saying, "We join the board in would tend to prevent desegregation the deadline for complying with two calling on all people of good will to lawsuits, keep unity in homes, and new state laws requiring registration assist us in making the adjustment in eliminate tensions likely to develop with the state of organizations pro­ our schools that may be demanded by between students of segregated and moting racial litigation or legislation Others Set for July 8 this monumental change." desegregated classes, be in keeping passed without any organization reg­ W. A. Bass, city school superinten­ with "Christian ideals," make a favor­ istering. NASHVILLE. Tenn. ~ent, continued his program of speak­ able impression upon foreigners visit­ ### HE TRIAL 0 1' John Kasper and mg to PTA organizations in the city on ing Knoxville, and be "in keeping with the impending change in the school the U.S. Supreme Court decree." lt T15 other persons on charges system. The largest meeting he ad­ was considered disadvantageous be­ West Virginia of criminal contempt for violating dressed was a joint session of PTAs cause it required "too severe a change (Continued From Poge 3) a federal court injunction againc;t from three schools on May 13, all of in one year." schools in Charleston which were closed interference with desegregation at which will be affected by the deseg­ 2) Desegregate grades one through by the desegregation process. regation plan. six at the beginning of a school year, High School has been set. Supt. Lovenstein replied to this criti­ Clinton Recalling the events which preceded then desegregate grades seven through cism by saying the aim is to reopen for July 8. (See "Legal Act ion.") the school board's plan to end com­ 12 at the beginning of the following them later as junior high schools when This announcement by Federal pulsar~· segregation in the first grade, school year. funds can be foWl.d to enlarge and re­ Bass said: furbish them. They presently are too District Judge Robert L. Taylor ADVANTACi:O.:S TOLD of Knoxville came 10 days after "Your school board adopted this sys­ costly to operate as mixed schools. tem with regret. They felt that the The advantage of this plan, accord­ Anderson County's Clinton High community is not yet ready for this ing to boru·d thinking, would be that School ended its first year of de­ step, but they were under compulsion younger children are less conditioned ;egregation quietly and without to comply with lhe Supreme Court's to racial prejudice and there would be fao£are and with the g1·adualion decision .. . less opportunity for discrimination by parents. ~the school's first Negro student. 'WHAT WOULD YOU DO?' 3) Desegregate grades one through (See "School Boards and School­ "As parents," he said, "you can get six the first year, seven through nine mad, cuss us out, call us names. But tl'e second, and 10 through 12 the Historic old Storer College at Harp­ lien.") ers Ferry, closed two years ago for lack In Clinton also. the Anderson Coun­ I'd like to ask you one question: third. What would you do if you were where The advantage of this plan, accord­ of funds, may be reopened if an appeal IV school board announced lhc election for $200,000 in gifts is answered. tf a new superintendent to replace we are? Or, you can take what 1 be­ ing to the board, is that it would allow lieve is the best course Cor all of us for experimentation at each grade The appeal is for money to renovate o. J. Brittain who previously an­ the 90-year- old buildings on the site t.ounced his resignation to take an b­ and say to yourseU: 'I don't believe in this, but it is the law of the land of a Civil War battle. Mary P. Dyson, ~ctor's po$l at New York Univer­ Ominou Shadow secretary of the college's board of trus­ 'ty. (See "School Boards and School­ and I'll be a good citizen of the great­ est country in the world and abide by tees, said if Storer is reopened it would en.") be an integrated junior college with And in Nashville, where the city it' ... "Somehow, we've got to find in our terminal and transferrable credits, and system will start desegregation would include dormitories and boarding fall in the first grade, Supt. W. A. community the substance of what it takes to get along with ow· fellow halL announced his retirement efT£'c­ Storer, founded in 1867, was forced Dec. 31. The school board an­ man ," the superintendent said. "You parents can help us a lot in this prob­ to close after the Supreme Court's de­ the election of a hi~h school lem. You can also give us a lot of segregation decision. Although its char­ to replace Bass. (Sec "School ter had no provision that its enrollment and Schoolmcn.") trouble if you want to. We hope you'll help us." be restricted, the college bad all Ne­ BOBBY CAIN In a question and answer period fol­ gro students. Clinton Graduate lowing Bass's remarks the superin­ The state of West Virginia contribut­ tendent and school board came under ed $20,000 annually to its support be­ government's brief, saying, "If they fire of one school patron, a department cause there was no Neg:ro state college [the defendants exclusive of Kasper 1 store salesman. in the Eastern Panhandle. But after the can establish they did not do the acts court ruling, the state withdrew its sub­ charged, in active concert and parlici­ QUESTION FR0!\1 FLOOR sidy and the school was forced to close. latest development in the con­ p:tuon with defendant Kasper, they "Do the people of Nashville have Miss Dyson said the $200,000 is need­ of court cases (McSwain v. must go free ... All that the defend­ anything to say about how their ed by Aug. 15. The appeal, she ex­ of Education of Anderson ants can really be objecting to is the schools are run?" asked Chester Ma­ nlained, is directed to "all Christi:mc:, arising out of the controversy possible effect that defendant Kasper's son, the father or two elementary alumni and friends of Storer College desegregation in Anderson Coun­ presencP may have on the jury. Cer­ school children. and the millions of Negroes" in the 'd's Clinton High School occurred on tainly thi, speculative psychological "Yes," said Bass, "but they can't set country. Under the olans envisioned by ~y 27 when Federal District Judge assertion does not outweigh the com­ aside a decision of the Supreme Court." the trustees, the college would be able t L. Taylor in Knoxville set July pelling considerations of trial conven­ "Arc people of other communities -NIUhlliltc Banner to handle 300 students, more than twice the date for the joint trial of John wncc tha~ dictate a single trial." more intelligent than we are in fight­ its peak enrollment at anytime in the r and 15 other residents of Clin­ level. Its disadvantage is that it would S ONE CASE DIS!\USSED ing this sickness of integration?" Ma­ be "too rapid for some elementary past. bn and Anderson County. son asked. "Why can't Tennessee take When Judge Taylor set the trial for schools in some areas and would likely All are charged with violating a fed­ action like Virginia and South Caro­ court order, issued last August by July 8, he also dismissed, at the re­ create overcrowding in some schools." lina against it?" 4) The remaining five plans are dge Taylor, enjoining anyone from quest of Crawford, criminal contempt Bass replied, "The final word isn't combinations of the above with slight ttrfering with the peaceful desegre­ charges against one of the defendants, in yet" on the anti-desegregation laws 16-year-old James Dale Patmore. Pat­ modifications. tion of the Clinton school. adopted in those states. The plans were based on suggestions Earlier in the month, after hearing more was charged in the Clinton case "Will all the parents who request as a result of disturbances at the from elementary school principals, di­ ent from counsel for the defend­ transfers fot· their children get them?" rectors and supervisors. Is, .fudge Taylo1· gt·anted thciJ· rc­ school last Dnt of the 6,000 are "silent improvements, recreational develop­ Not once during the 70-minutc cere­ expir·ation of his present contract on August berame the focaL point of members." ment and the protection projects Cor monv was there any reference to de­ Dec. 31. raciaL disturbances in the fait and A week later, on May 10, the Nash­ which money would not otherwise be l.eg•·~galion or the disturbance that be­ The superintendent said he was re­ later in December. ville leader o( lhe Knights of the K u available. The two pt·ograms of human set the school sporadically since it fit·st signing for "personal reasons." 2) A ruling by the state su­ Klux Klan said 3,000 to 10,000 KKK and natural resource development com­ admilled the Negro students. At grad­ preme court held that the Tc>m~e.~­ NEW SUPERINTENDENT NAMED membet·s are expected to be in Nash­ plement each other. The combination uation time six of the original 12 Immediately after the receipt of ville for a rall y on June 8. of the two justify the expenditure of ~ee constitutional provisioa re(flth·­ Negt·o students (including Cain) re­ mg segregatioa in tlte p11blic Bass's letter of resignation, the board, PROTEST IN NASIIVrLLE public funds required for the camp." ~eltools, as welL crs similnr state mained. in executive session, unanimously Gov. Underwood, asked fot· his views klws, WeTe rer1dcred ll!lronstitu­ NEW CLlNTON PRINCIPAL elected W. H. Oliver, principal of The KKK leader, Ernest Carr, Is a late•· on the forestry camp prog•·am, sheet metal contrnctor. He said the tiona! by the U.S. Supreme Court's On Muy 9, R. G. Grossno, ch~rirmnn N:•shville's East High School, to re­ said he has not been in office long decision in the school se!Jregatioa of the Anderson County school board, place Bass. raUy will be held to protest desegre­ enough to pt·operly acquaint himself cases. announced the name of the man who Olive•· received a B.A. degree from gation in the Nashville schools. with the work. But he admitted that On May 11, segregationist J ohn Kas­ 3) The federal c011rt order issued will replace D. J. Bdttain as pri?cipal and an MA. he is favorably inclined toward the idea. per was ordered away from a Klan in the Clinton school case, CILjom- tS from George Peabody College for ### nt the Clinton High School. He 51- meeting on the outskirts of Clinton 1119 anyone from interfering with Teachers. year-old W. Dudley H':'man: a ~an and later chased out of a restaurant the peacefuL desegr<'gation of the with 24 years in teachmft, mcludm't In an interview the day after his election, Oliver said the school board's near the scene by Klansmen. Kasper ~ehool, became the source of a 10 vears as superintendent of the Mor- said the meeting was a "colossal fail­ legal controveTsy over the scope County schools. , dese~rcgation policy was the best that Reference .Microfilm ga~ could have been adopted under the ure." and use of the court's i11j1m<'tlt•e Human received a bachelors de.grec On May 13, three teams in Chatta­ Inquiries Are Invited JlOtcer and precipitated tit<' <'stab­ from Tennessee Polytechnic Insttt~te circumstances. He said the cooperation of the entire community was necessary nooga's softball league withdrew from SERS invites inquU'tes from l:shmeJu of a rt>giouu•idr pffort to in 1933 and a master's in school admm­ the league without giving official rea­ reeure defense funds for l>l'rsons istration from the University of Tcn­ to make it work. educational institutions. libraries Oliver will become an assistant su­ son Cor their action but as an apparent tharged unth crimi1wl contrmpt of r~csse<' in 1954. He is married and h~s and news media concerning a pro­ perintendent July 1 and become super­ result of cl'iticism focused on the ~ourt for aiii'!JI.'dly t•iolatiuq lltr iu­ one child. Human's :~ppomtment IS fessional microfilm , now in prep­ intendent effective J an. 1, 1958. league because one of its teams was )ln~etion. l fTective in August. . . aration, or its voluminous rcCer­ sponsored by the KKK. ence material. The SERS library • 4). Fu•l.' pii.'CI.'I! of }>erm i.~sn•P ll'fi- Whilt• Clinton was endtn.l! tL'i first KNOXVrLLE'S 8 PLANS The withdrawing teams were spon­ 1Sl4tiOII, illdlldrllfl a ptq>rL assrf}ll­ year of desegregation, Nashville's sored by DuPont, Combustion Engi­ numlwrs some 70,000 items and lc; Under pressure of a lawsuit to de­ the only available large rollection ttent lau•. b !I tlw SOt It General ~chool administrators were :~t work segregate its public schools, the Knox­ neering and Peerless Woolen Mills. o( information in this field. The Assemblu were designl.'d to gi 11e pr<'parin!( detailed plans for the start ville school board studied eight pos­ Their withdruwal came shortly after lot'al school boards th<' means to of desegregation in the first grade next the Chattanooga. Tilnes editorialized, film will include tens o( thousands sible plans of desegregation. The plans, of newspaper clippings, magozine retam segregated Jlltblir S('hools. fnll. Final touches on new school zon" '"Are the gt·eat notional cot·po1·ations accorcFnf.( lo school board sources, had articlt>.s, court decisions, important 5) Tlte derisioll by t/11' NaslmiLle plnns were being made in lhc super­ been under consideration prior to the of DuPont, and Combustion Engineer­ !Chao I board. lllrd<'r f c>dera L rom·t intt>ndcnt's office. ing and Peerless Woolen Mills. part of public speeches, study t·eports, etc., suit In !.'SSI'nce. thC'y arc: and a complete catalogue on &cg­ ~rder. to start desegregation ill tlte Teachen: and principnl!: all!.'nderl 1) A plan to desegregate all 12 the huge Burlington mills, the Chotta­ lrst urade 11<'.1'1 Se}>IPIIIOI'r tlll'rPbl/ ll•cttm•s on dcs<'vregalion (~m· hy nooga Gas Company and the Ridgedale regation-desegregation a r ran g e cl 1-(rades during lhl' first month of a for ready reference. 1111 adp it tl~t• ~t•ruucl p11hlw :wl111ol Supt. Omer Carmich:.wl of Lou•s:•ll.l'). dC'sil(nntecl school year, such as was Merchants prepared to go with their o'!J!tlem ••• tlte stare to desl'!/'1.'!/111<' Nashville's while teach~r :-~ssoc•~llon done in Louisville. Such a plan was teams playing boll with the KKK?" ofliciilii:V wl.'nt on record tn suppotl of PAGE 16-JUNE 1957-SOUTHERN SCHOOL NEWS Hobart Corning Retiring As District School Head WASHINGTON, D.C. Council is studying emergency meas­ S UPT. HoBART M. CoRNING, who ures to obtain individual treatment for children facing exclusion from school has guided the District public because of "dangerous'' behavior. The school system through three year~ council said an initial program would of Cull-scale integration, told the cost about $50,000. It would provide for board of education last month he a psychiatrist, a physician, a social worker and a psychologist in the school would retire in March, 1958, after Pupil Appraisal Department to screen 12 years' service. all possible exclusion cases and recom­ Almost immediately, the school mend the "best plan of care for each board began its seru:ch for a new child within the total community facil­ school head. Letters were mailed ities available." to leading state universities, pri­ Special courses at District Teachers College this summer would train teach­ vate colleges and superintendents ers interested in working with incor­ of cities over 200,000 population, rigible children, and the teachers would notifying officials that the Wash­ be assigned to special classes for chil­ ington superintendency will be dren who would benefit from them, be­ ginning in September. vacant next spring. A crowd estimated variously nt from 14,000 to 25,000 gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington 1\Iay 17 The board's letter pointed out that PTA CfiALLENGE to observe the third anniversary o( the U.S. Supreme Court decision against public l>chool l>Cgregation. Speeches, prayers the "integrated school situation pre­ During the annual convention of the hymns and preaching went into the three-hour program of tl1c meeting. called the "Pra) er Pilgrimage lor Freedom.~ sented an interesting chat­ District Congress of Parents and Teach­ Among the participants in the program were the Rev. Martin Luther King J r. of Montgomery, Ala.: NAACP Excculi,•e On the lege" to a school administrator. ers last month, banquet speaker Agnes Secretary Roy Wilkins o( New York; Negro Congressmen Adam Clayton Powell ( D.-N.Y.) and Charlcc; Diggs (0.-1\lich.). Local It stated that a school super­ E. Meyer challenged the PTAs to draft More than 30 states were represented. Scene intendent with an earned a new type of school system which doctorate will get $18,000 a would "fit all children." But, he reported, "tolerance of dcseg­ year, adding that the board has rec­ Mrs. Meyer, author and lecturer, and ommended that Congr<'SS pass legisla­ wife of Eugene Meyer, chairman of the t·egation" increased wiU1 lime; that. as 'Pilgrimage for Freedoml tion to raise that salary to $22,000. board of The Washington Post Co., told preconceived !ears, anxieties and ten­ TO ALLOW TmlE the delegates that parents must be "pio­ sions failed to materialize there was a neers" in getting the type of school lessening of hostility. J Coming, 68, said, "I make my an­ they want for their children. Draws Washington Crowd nouncement at this time so the board Walker and his co-researcher, Harold can begin its search for my successor." She commented that the PTAs "led Mendelsohn, found "no evidence that WASHINGTON, D.C. cuscd the President of a failure of lead­ the way in our battle Cor an integrated ership and a~ked: "What kind of poliU- J His fourth, three-year term expires in scholastic standards were lowered to T HOUSANDS OF OPPONENTS of ra- school system," and added: "Any group cal pressures could have resulted in the less than a year. accommodate Negroes." cial segregation gathered at to which has the courage to do that in our loss of courage of a man who is not His decision step down as head of They pointed to the need of careful the nearly 110,000-pupil school system semi-souU1ern atmosphere will, I am Lincoln Memorial, beginning at running for re-election?" He criticized was r·eached "because it is to my own confident, also have the courage to in­ preparation for desegregation and em­ noon May 17 for a three-hour Democratic congressional leaders and phasized U1at in Washington, despite best interest to plan for a less strenuous stitute a new type of education that "Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom." said, "More and more protest votes are lire." He added: "I shall, of course, con­ will fit your children to become individ­ the development of an avoidance pot­ being cast by southern Negroes Cor Re­ ualists and therefore potential leaders tern, there has been, "a general clear­ The mass demonstration "to publicans, and I don't blame them a tinue until March 1 to conduct the ing of the climate of opinion regarding arouse the conscience of the na­ schools of Washington to the best of m a new America." bit.'' race relations, and this has the possi­ tion in favor of racial justice" at­ my ability, and I shall be happy in so STUDENT LEADERS SURVEYED There were yells, applause and a 4 bility of providing a constructive frame­ waving of pennants and programs when doing." Meanwhile, two researchers making tracted participants from more Coming's leave-taking follows that of work for the development of sounder Mordecai Johnson, president of Howard a special study of District integration race relations both in the school and in than 30 states. his first lieutenant, Deputy Supt. Nor­ reported last month that student lead­ The program marked the third University, said Negroes will suffer the community." "in- man J. Nelson, who is in charge of the ers were the key to its success. Their anything to preserve the NAACP, 1 instructional side of the school system. The House Rules Committee late last anniversary of the Supreme Court eluding prison." study, financed by a grant from the month by an 8 to 4 vote cleared Presi­ decision against segregation in Before integration, Nelson was in charge National Institute of Mental Health, of white schools. Nelson has sought re­ dent Eisenhower's long-delayed Civil public schools. P RAYERS, IIYMNS, PREACIUNG was based on a project conducted among Rights program for House action. The crowd, hushed through much of tirement because of iU health. His resig­ students of a District senior high school Cheered by the throng at the nation­ nation becomes effective next fall. Corn­ House Democratic Lead­ al shrine, Negro speakers called for King's 20-minule speech, broke out with and a junior high. yells, cheers and chants of "amen" at ing currently is screening top colleges On the er John W. McCormack leadership from President. Eisenhower In a report to the American Associa­ National various times in the program of speech­ for candidates for Nelson's position. tion for Public Opinion Research, Har­ (Mass.) said he would call and Congress. Scene up the four-point measure es, prayer, hymns, scripture reading, 1 ry Walker or Howard University stated: CO!\fl\DTI'EE AND CORNfNG the week of June 3. 'GIVE US BALLOTS' go, pcl singing and fervent preaching. "It was found that student leaders are "," said the Rev. Manv wore buttons proclaiming the Candidates for Corning's job wiU be House leaders generally agreed it considered by the school board person­ Martin Luther King and the Prayer cvcn.t. When King, speaking on a 1 would be passed. Leaders on the Sen­ Pilgrimage crowd chanted, "Give us U1e nel committee and Coming himself. ate side of the capitol weren't too hope­ platform with the statue of Abraha~ : Committee members are Walter N. To­ Year-Encl Summary ballot." Lincoln dit·ectly behind him, finished hts ful. Senate Republican Leader William "Give us the ballot,'' he repeated, "and talk he was surrounded by an excilecl briner, chairman; Mrs. F rank S. Phlllips, 1) A congressional investigation F. K.nowland (Calif.) forecast "lengthy acting president; and Wesley S. Wil­ of current school standards and we will no longer have to worry the crowd of well-wishers. who wrung hi• debate which some might call a fili­ federal government about our basic liams, one of three Negro board mem­ conditions under integration stirred buster." Southern senators are planning hand, pnttcd his shoulders. The crowd bers. Tobriner announced that the cir­ controversy over the District's de­ rights . .. Give us the ballot and we stood and vell<'d 'lnd applauded. to fight the bill with aU the weapons will quietly and nonviolently, without culation of letters concerning the job segregation program. at hand. Shot·tly before the ceremonies began, ' opening did not "preclude" the appoint­ 2) Citywide school efforts were rancor or bitterness, implement the Su­ the three co-chairmen of the event The legislative battle over civil rights preme Cow-t's decision ..." we•·c presented keys to the city by thft ment of someone already in the school undertaken to improve student this year finds many of the old argu­ system. Corning made this same point achie1Jement in such basic subjects King, leader in the Montgomery, Ala., District commissioners. ments obscured by a new issue raised desegregation fight, spoke calmly and in regard to his advertisement of the as ,.eading, arithmetic and social volves the right of trial by a jury. The studies. slowly before an orderly crowd esti­ FACES lN CROWD J deputy vacancy. by southern civil rights opponents. It in­ On June 30, the three-year terms of mated variously between 14,000 and That was the pilgrimage itself-but 3) Adclition4l cla~ses for slow bill now pending congressional action three board members expire. One mem­ 25,000. Park police estimates ranged what of the pilgrims? learners and child1'Cl~ with beha­ would permit the U. S. attorney general ber, C. Melvin Sharpe, long-time presi­ vior problems were established. from 14,000 to 20,000 while Pilgrimage There was !;inger Ha• ry Belafonte who to seek an injunction in a federal court leaders claimed 25,000. Pre-pilgrimage said: "We play a hit and run game up dent, has announced he will not seek 4) The board of education 1'e­ against anyone who "has engaged in or re-appointment because of iU health. forecasts had been up to 50,000. here. We come down here like this quested pennission to borrow $69 is about to engage in any act or prac­ Sharpe suffered a heart attack a few milLion to build an adequate single The minister's address was punctuat­ and say our piece and then it's all over months ago. Other members who have tice" which would deprive another per­ ed by shouts of "Yes, yes" and the wav­ Bul the Rev. King has to go back and • school plant. son of the right to vote in federal elec­ said they would accept re-appointment 5) School Superintendent Hobart ing of pennants and programs. Most of face it nil over again." are Mrs. Phillips and Williams. tions or primaries. Failure to heed such the speakers talked dispassionately. There was Robert E. Lne, 70, a West M. Coming announced he will re­ an injunction, if granted, could lead to tire at end of his 12th year of serv­ Chesler. Pa , landscape gardener wi.lh COURT-APPOINTED BOARD a contempt conviction without a jury 'REJECT RED SUPPORT' ice in March, 1958. n silver beard and a wom black SUJt. A special three-member education trial. A. Philip Randolph, president of the He said: "You can run a do~t just so far, committee of district court judges is AFL-CIO Brotherhood of Sleeping Car and he'll turn and bite a little. We've SPOKESMEN ON ISSUE Porters, told the crowd that Negroes accepting names of board candidates. playing a kind of waiting game. These been druq arC'und long enoul(h. We're The full court will make the final se­ Spokesman for the southerners, who must "reject the support of Commun­ tired or it Thi!; is like a drop in a · leaders have indicated that when re­ argue that this provision denies a basic ists because we are opposed to the use lection early this month. Board mem­ sistance to desegregation has waned, buckl't . . drop. drop, drop. Il will soon bers receive no pay. Under law, three right, has been Sen. Sam Ervin, former of immoral means to attain moral ends." fill uo. i( it don't leak out. I left Flor­ the fit·st overtures toward integration justice of the North Carolina Supreme He added, "We have come to call upon of the members must be women, and will be made. ida as a voung man because T ~ot tired traditionally three members are Negro Court. Senate champion of the bill (S. President Eisenhower ... to speak out of that f~oli , hn<'"~ " on the nine-member board. "There is need first of some assur­ 83) has been Thomas C. Hennings of against the lawlessness, terror and fears The Washington Post wrote editori­ ance that their status in the social struc­ Missoul'i, a former St. Louis district that hang like a pall over the hearts" of MONTGOMERY SEAMSTRESS ally of Corning's decision: " ... it comes ture of the school is secure before they attor·ncy and a practicing attorney. southern Negroes as the result of bomb­ Another (ace in the crowd was thai can become involved in action designed ings and intimidation. He urged the of Rosn L Parks. a Montgomery, Ala., at the apex of his career when he holds to bring about greater integration o( Major immediate hurdle in the Senate the respect and gratitude of the whole is in the Judiciary Committee, headed President t.o "counsel" Americans to !