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Internet of Things (Iot) Technologies for Smart Cities

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Internet of Things (Iot) Technologies for Smart Cities See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319938161 Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies for Smart Cities Article · September 2017 DOI: 10.1049/iet-net.2017.0163 CITATIONS READS 19 9,671 5 authors, including: Badis Hammi Rida Khatoun Télécom ParisTech Télécom ParisTech 16 PUBLICATIONS 83 CITATIONS 62 PUBLICATIONS 331 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Achraf Fayad Lyes Khoukhi Télécom ParisTech Université de Technologie de Troyes 4 PUBLICATIONS 19 CITATIONS 113 PUBLICATIONS 577 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: blockchain View project Cloud-SDN Architecture for Smart Grid Energy Management. View project All content following this page was uploaded by Badis Hammi on 25 April 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. IET Research Journals ISSN 1751-8644 Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies for doi: 0000000000 Smart Cities www.ietdl.org Badis HAMMI1 Rida KHATOUN1 Sherali ZEADALLY2 Achraf FAYAD1 Lyes KHOUKHI3 1 Telecom ParisTech, 46 Rue Barrault, 75013 Paris, France 2 University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0224, USA 3 Troyes University of Technology, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes, France * E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The large deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) is actually enabling Smart City projects and initiatives all over the world. Objects used in daily life are being equipped with electronic devices and protocol suites in order to make them interconnected and connected to the Internet. According to a recent Gartner study, 50 billion connected objects will be deployed in smart cities by 2020. These connected objects will make our cities smart. However, they will also open up risks and privacy issues. As various smart city initiatives and projects have been launched in recent years, we have witnessed not only the expected benefits but the risks introduced. We describe the current and future trends of smart city and IoT. We also discuss the interaction between smart cities and IoT and explain some of the drivers behind the evolution and development of IoT and smart city. Finally, we discuss some of the IoT weaknesses and how they can be addressed when used for smart cities. 1 Introduction cameras, traffic lights, connected cars and many other smart devices in cities. With over 50 billion devices connected by 2020, municipal- As cities grow and expand, smart and innovative solutions are cru- ities will be very much concerned for the safety of their intelligent cial for improving productivity, increasing operational efficiencies, cities [2] [3]. However, solutions to address safety, security, and pri- and reducing management costs [1]. Citizens are gradually equip- vacy concerns of smart cities relying on diverse intelligent objects ping their homes with IoT devices such as TV and Internet box. In fall not only into the technology realm but also in other areas includ- the real estate sector, connected objects include thermostats, smart ing sociology, legal, and policy management. alarms, smart door locks, and other systems and appliances. At the United Nations conference on climate change (Cop21) held in Paris In this chapter, we present an overview of IoT in the context of in 2016, connected objects were extensively addressed and gave to smart cities, and we discuss how IoT can enhance a city’s smart- many local communities the opportunity to rethink their environ- ness. We also identify the weaknesses and risks associated with IoT mental objectives in order to reduce their CO2 emissions through deployment and adoption in the smart city environment. In the next the use of IoT∗y. The latter can play a vital role in the context of section, we present some background information on IoT and smart smart cities. For example, intelligent waste containers can bring real city. Section 3 discusses the main architectures used within IoT. benefits to citizens; they will be able to indicate that they are soon Section 4 describes how IoT can be considered as an enabling tech- going to be full and must be emptied. Citizens can check through a nology for smart city. In Section 5, we describe the weaknesses that smart phone application if the waste containers in the street are full need to be addressed when IoT is used for smart cities. Finally, in or not. Also, after waste containers reports their status, companies the last section, we make some concluding remarks. can offer route optimization solution to the teams responsible for garbage collection. Places can be equipped with sensors and moni- tor environmental conditions, cyclists or athletes can find the most 2 Internet of Things and Smart City "healthy" trips and the city can respond by adjusting the traffic or by planting more trees in some areas. The data will be accessible to In the recent literature, several authors have provided definitions all citizens to promote the creation of applications using real-time for the term Internet of Things [4] [5] [6]. IoT may be defined as information for residents. Cities have become hubs for knowledge- "Objects having identities and virtual personalities in smart spaces sharing. The technologies and solutions needed for creating smart using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within cities are just beginning to emerge. Figure 1 describes an example of social, medical, environmental and users context [7]". Huge invest- a smart city. ments are currently being made in the IoT area to support the Gartner has reported [2] that the investment in IoT will be cru- delivery of a wide range services. Various aspects of social and eco- cial to build smart cities, services as data using will generate most of nomic life are currently being studied for IoT. Trust in IoT implies the revenues. Safety and security of smart homes will be the second that investors do not hesitate to commit to it financially; 100 million largest market in terms of service revenues. As for services related to euros were invested by large corporations such as Telefónica, SK health and well-being, they should represent a market of $ 38 billion Telecom, NTT Docomo Ventures, Elliott Management Corporation in 2020 [2]. A practical solution must find the trade-offs between and industry groups GDF SUEZ, Air Liquide for research and devel- effectiveness and privacy risks. A sophisticated attacker could, for opment of IoT. example, take control of various intelligent devices such as lights, The deployment of IoT needs communication standards that seamlessly operate among the various objects. Several worldwide ∗ organizations are involved in standardizing such communications. http://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/cop21-can-the-internet-of- These include the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), things-improve-organizations-sustainability-performance/ the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the yhttp://www.cloud-experience.fr/cop21-le-role-des-tic/ Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Global Standard1 (GS1), zCISCO Copyright 2014 the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information IET Research Journals, pp. 1–14 c The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2015 1 Fig. 1: Development of smart citiesz Standards (OASIS), the Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC), and Naming Service (ONS) which is based on the Domain Name Sys- several others. We briefly present some of these IoT standards and tem (DNS). In fact, in 1970 the European Article Numbering (EAN) initiatives in Table 1. For example, the Internet of Things Standard standard emerged for product identification. However, this EAN Global Initiative (IoT-GSI) supported by ITU made two recommen- barcode is actually used to identify a class of products, not indi- dations: the ITU-T Y.2060 [8], which provides an overview of the vidual instances within this class. Furthermore, in IoT, a unique IP concept of IoT and ITU-T Y.2061[8], which describes the conditions address for each connection is required. This is why EPC was pro- for the machine interface oriented towards applications. Various posed by GS1 as a new standard. Meanwhile, OASISy issued various standards were proposed by IEEE and IETF at different levels for recommendations on network technologies in IoT and messaging sensor networks based on the Internet Protocol (IP). For example, at technologies such as Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT), the link layer, the IEEE 802.15.4 standard is more suitable than Eth- Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) and the Data Dis- ernet in industrial environments. At the network level, the IPv6 over tribution Service for Real-Time Systems (DDS). In 2014, a new Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) standard Industrial Internet Consortium (ICCz)was launched in order to coor- can adapt the IPv6 protocol for wireless communications [9]. In dinate and establish the priorities and enabling technologies of the 2011, the IETF published the IPv6 Routing Protocol (RPL) standard Industrial Internet. There are thousands of founding and contribut- for Low-power Networks. ing members of ICC and they include: Bosh, Intel, IBM, Schneider, Huawei, Cisco, and several others. There are currently 19 Working IETF has also launched a Working Group to standardize an appli- Groups and teams working on different areas: Business Strategy and cation layer-oriented protocol for connected objects. The reference Solution Lifecycle, Legal, Liaison, Security, Technology Testbeds, protocol is called the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). Marketing and Membership, and so on. Figure 3 summarizes some CoAP (see RFC 7252 of June 2014) provides methods and com- IoT’s protocols and standards and Table 2 details the used acronyms. mands (such as, HTTP Get) to query an object and change its status. CoAP relies on UDP and can optionally use Datagram Transport A smart city is defined as a city connecting physical infras- Layer Security (DTLS), to provide communication security. Oper- tructures, ICT infrastructures, social infrastructures and business ating systems [10] used in IoT include: TinyOS, Contiki OS, Man- infrastructures to leverage the collective intelligence of the city [15].
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