DOCSLIB.ORG

Diptera: Culicidae) in Australia and New Zealand

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diptera: Culicidae) in Australia and New Zealand Australian Journal of Entomology, 1997, 36: 287-292 287 Ecology of the Aedes australis (Erichson) 1842 Complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Australia and New Zealand REINHART A. BRUST Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada. Present address: #110 13860 70th Ave, Surrey, BC V3W OS1, Canada. ABSTRACT Most populations of Ae. australis developed their first egg batch without a blood- meal (autogeny), but the proportion of females that were autogenous was altered by environmental conditions. Low rearing temperatures were more favourable than high temperatures for autogenous egg development, when combined with a rich protein larval diet. Neither an adult carbohydrate meal nor mating were necessary for maximum autogenous egg production. Of five Tasmania collections examined, the proponion of autogenous females amongst the different populations ranged from 100% to 0%. In the autogenous Sydney, NSW, population, the addition of a blood-meal did not increase egg production in the first gonotrophic cycle. Introduction isolation was rare or absent amongst these The saline rock pool mosquito Aedes australis populations, and that they should be regarded as (Erichson) is a species complex which currently conspecific (Brust unpubl. data). consists of two species, Ae. australis and Aedes Most populations of Ae. australis are ashworthi@dwards) (Brust and Mahon 1997). Ae. autogenous, but females are known to feed on ashworthi occurs in Western Australia, it is humans in nature and have been reported as a pest anautogenous, and may have diverged from its in eastern Tasmania (Russell 1993). Females from sibling species Ae. australis in eastern Australia Tasmania and New Zealand have been infected in a previous era (Brust and Mahon 1997). Ae. experimentally with Ross River virus, and the NZ australis is distributed along the seacoast from the population was able to transmit the virus (Austin Queensland/New South Wales border south to and Maguire 1982; Kay and Aaskov 1989). The Victoria, including Tasmania and islands in the blood feeding habit, versus autogeny (production Bass Strait, and west to South Australia. It is also of eggs without blood) of Ae. australis should be present in Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, and investigated from different parts of its distribution in New Zealand (Belkin 1968; Dobrotworsky 1966; to assess its potential as an arbovirus vector. Lee et al, 1984). From the number of collection To understand one aspect of the reproductive sites reported in the literature, and from the biology of the Ae. australis complex (viz. autogeny intensity of the populations at these sites, it versus anautogeny), nine populations from across appears that Tasmania is the geographical centre Australia and one from New Zealand were of Ae. australis in Australasia. Biological, examined for the ability of females to produce reciprocal crosses of a population from each of eggs when reared under laboratory conditions South Australia, New South Wales and New favourable to autogenous egg development. Zealand showed that post-mating reproductive Experiments were also conducted to investigate Fig. 1. Map of the sites from which larval populations of the Aedes australis complex were obtained. W-Wardang Island, SA; D-Devonport, L-Low Head, K-Kingston, M-Marrawah, Sw-Swansea, Tas; DU-Durras, G-Guerilla Bay, Sy-Sydney, NSW; P-Purakanui Bay, NZ. 288 R. A. BRUST separately the effects of environmental conditions, intervals were used to determine whether means an adult carbohydrate diet, mating, and blood- of wing length or egg numbers differed amongst feeding on egg development in autogenous females from different populations. females. Results Materials and methods When a population at Durras, NSW, developed Larval collections of Ae. australis were obtained under natural conditions in the field, there was a from Purakanui Bay (NZ), Sydney, Durras and difference in the proportion of autogenous females Guerilla Bay (NSW), Kingston, Swansea, Low that emerged at the peak of summer as compared Head, Devonport and Marrawah (Tas) and to the proportion of autogenous females that Wardang Island (SA) (Fig. 1). Larvae were emerged from the same pool at the peak of winter, transported by air or by road, and were reared when the temperatures were lower and under controlled environmental conditions in the development was slower. Females that emerged in laboratory. They were fed liver powder (ICN winter were larger; 85Vo of the females were Biomedicals, Ohio, USA) daily, in excess of autogenous in July, when the rock pool consumption, and were reared uncrowded in pans temperatures were low (10-18 "C), while only 40% 33 x 33 x 10 cm high. Pupae were removed and of the females were autogenous in January, when placed in clear acrylic cube cages either 32 cm or the rock pool temperatures were much higher 15 cm per side. The autogenous populations were (20-32°C). The number of eggs developed per stenogamous, and mated readily in either sized female was not statistically different between cage. Populations that were partially autogenous January and July (Table 1). or anautogenous mated readily when reared and When the Durras population was reared under maintained at 1618"C, and when more males than controlled environmental conditions of 26 "C and females were available. Adults were offered 10% 16L:8D, the adults were smaller, not all females sucrose, and anautogenous populations were fed were autogenous, and those that were autogenous on a human host. Wing length measurements laid fewer eggs than populations reared at 16 "C, provide a reliable estimate of body weight (mass) at either 16L:8D or 10L:14D (Table 2). The in mosquitoes (Siege1 et al. 1994), and wing length different photoperiods had no statistically of adult females was measured from the axillary significant effect on female size nor on the mean incision (Harbach and Knight 1980) to the apex number of eggs per female. of the wing, excluding the wing fringe scales. The number of autogenous eggs per female was Statistix@software (Tallahassee, Florida, USA) correlated with female size (RZ = 0.39, n = 29, was used for statistical analyses. Regression P < 0.002) (Fig. 2) in females of a Guerilla Bay, analysis was used to compare wing length against NSW population reared in the Iaboratory at 24 "C. egg numbers, wing length against latitude, and These laid from 58 to 167 eggs (mean 115.4) and latitude against proportion of autogenous females. wing length ranged from 3.6 to 4.2 mm (mean 4 Minimum and maximum 95 070 confidence mm) . Table 1. Autogeny in a natural population of Ae. australis from Durras, NSW. Pupae were collected in the field and the adults were maintained on 10% sucrose at 16"C, 10L:14D. Date of collection Mean WL1 Vo autogenous Mean no. of eggs 18 January 1995 3.2 (0.03) a* 40 35 (4.1) a 15 July 1995 3.8 (0.02) b 85 41 (3.6) a 'Wing length in mm; SEM in parentheses; N = 30hreatment. 'Different letters within a column indicate that the means are statistically different (95% C.I.). Table 2. Autogeny in a population of Ae. australis from Durras, NSW, under different controlled conditions in the laboratory. Conditions Mean WE To autogenous Mean no. of eggs 26°C. 16L:8D 3.8 (0.02) a' 85 91 (4.0) a 16"C, 16L:8D 4.4 (0.02) b 100 137 (5.0) b 16OC, 10L:14D 4.5 (0.02) b 100 126 (4.0) b 'Wing length in mm; SEM in parentheses; N = 30hreatment. 'Different letters within a column indicate that the means are statistically different (9SVo C.I.). Table 3. The effects of mating and of an adult sucrose (10%) meal on autogeny in the Sydney population of Ae. australis! Diet Mated Mean WL' 070 autoeenous Mean no. of eees Water No 4.5 (0.02j a 100 122 (2.5j a 'Rearing and maintenance 16T, 10L:14D. 'Wing length in mm; SEM in parentheses; N = 30heatment. 'The same letter within a column indicates that the means are not statistically different (95% C.I.). ECOLOGY OF THE AEDES AUSTRALIS COMPLEX 289 There was no effect on the expression of 5). The follicles were all developed to the egg stage, autogeny, nor on the number of eggs developed and there were no partially developed follicles in due to the presence or absence of a sucrose meal any of the blood-fed females. in females of a Sydney population. Similarly, matiug had no effect on the expression of Discussion autogeny, nor on the number of eggs developed (Table 3). Autogenous egg development in mosquitoes is When populations from different locations in influenced by genetics (O'Meara and Craig 1969; Australia and one from New Zealand were reared O'Meara 1972; Eberle and Reisen 1986), and maintained at environmental conditions environmental conditions for rearing and favourable to the expression of autogenous egg maintenance of the population (Spadoni et al. development, under the same larval and adult 1974; Brust 1991; Sota and Mogi 1995), nutrition food regimes, there was considerable variation in of the larvae (O'Meara and Krasnick 1970), the proportion of autogenous females in the carbohydrate diet of females (O'Meara and populations. The Wardang Island, Devonport and Petersen 1985) and presence or absence of mating Low Head females were anautogenous, whereas (O'Meara and Evans 1976). Since genetically the Marrawah females were 100% autogenous. autogenous females use stored lipoproteins for egg The Swansea collection consisted of 13% production, a high protein larval diet is favourable autogenous females and the collection from for maximum egg development in the adult female Kingston consisted of 5% autogenous females. (O'Meara and Krasnick 1970). Environmental The most southerly population studied was the one conditions influence the expression of autogeny from Purakanui Bay, NZ; it consisted of 4% in both Culex and Aedes species that possess the autogenous females.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects
    NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects ROD P. MACFARLANE, PETER A. MADDISON, IAN G. ANDREW, JOCELYN A. BERRY, PETER M. JOHNS, ROBERT J. B. HOARE, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, PENELOPE GREENSLADE, ROSA C. HENDERSON, COURTenaY N. SMITHERS, RicarDO L. PALMA, JOHN B. WARD, ROBERT L. C. PILGRIM, DaVID R. TOWNS, IAN McLELLAN, DAVID A. J. TEULON, TERRY R. HITCHINGS, VICTOR F. EASTOP, NICHOLAS A. MARTIN, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, MARLON A. W. STUFKENS, PAMELA J. DALE, Daniel BURCKHARDT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, STEVEN A. TREWICK defining feature of the Hexapoda, as the name suggests, is six legs. Also, the body comprises a head, thorax, and abdomen. The number A of abdominal segments varies, however; there are only six in the Collembola (springtails), 9–12 in the Protura, and 10 in the Diplura, whereas in all other hexapods there are strictly 11. Insects are now regarded as comprising only those hexapods with 11 abdominal segments. Whereas crustaceans are the dominant group of arthropods in the sea, hexapods prevail on land, in numbers and biomass. Altogether, the Hexapoda constitutes the most diverse group of animals – the estimated number of described species worldwide is just over 900,000, with the beetles (order Coleoptera) comprising more than a third of these. Today, the Hexapoda is considered to contain four classes – the Insecta, and the Protura, Collembola, and Diplura. The latter three classes were formerly allied with the insect orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) as the insect subclass Apterygota (‘wingless’). The Apterygota is now regarded as an artificial assemblage (Bitsch & Bitsch 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • 2021.08.30.458191.Full.Pdf
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.30.458191; this version posted August 31, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Title: Intrinsic variation in the vertically transmitted insect-specific core virome of Aedes aegypti 2 Author names: Coatsworth, H.1,2.3, Bozic, J3,4,5, Carrillo, J.3,6,8, Buckner, E. A.3,4,6, Rivers, A. 3 R.3,7, Dinglasan, R. R.1,2,3, and Mathias, D. K.3,4 4 Author affiliations: 5 1Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA 6 2Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University 7 of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA 8 3CDC Southeastern Center of Excellence in Vector Borne Diseases, Gainesville, Florida, USA 9 4Entomology & Nematology Department, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of 10 Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida, USA 11 5Department of Entomology, the Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck 12 Institutes of the Life Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. 13 6Manatee County Mosquito Control District, Palmetto, Florida, USA 14 7Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States 15 Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida, USA 16 8Lacerta Therapeutics, Production and Development, Alachua Florida, USA 17 Corresponding Author: D. K. Mathias, University of Florida, [email protected] 18 19 Abstract 20 Since 2009, local outbreaks of dengue (serotypes 1-3) mediated by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes have 21 occurred in the United States, particularly in Florida (FL).
    [Show full text]
  • The Mosquitoes of New Zealand and Their Animal Disease Significance
    The mosquitoes of New Some mosquito-borne animal pathogens do occur in Zealand and their animal New Zealand but this country is considered free from any that are economically significant. disease significance However, there is a threat of new species of exotic mosquitoes Mosquito type and distribution and/or exotic Species present: Of the 3,500 mosquito species recognised mosquito-borne (1) worldwide , New Zealand has only 16 (Table 1), four of which are pathogens becoming introduced. Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes australis and Aedes established here. notoscriptus are considered to have been introduced in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries(2) (3) (4). Aedes Peter Holder camptorhynchus has recently established in Napier and is the subject of an eradication campaign. The remaining 12 species are indigenous. contact, vector competence (the efficiency of a particular mosquito to transmit a given pathogen), mosquito abundance, and feeding Distribution: The distribution of mosquito species within New behaviour(12) all influence transmission. In addition, there may be Zealand is shown in Table 1. Culex pervigilans is the most wide regional intra-specific variation in vector competence, as well as (2) spread mosquito species in New Zealand and it utilises a wide variation in the ‘compatibility’ of various strains of a pathogen with (5) (6) range of larval habitats . Most of our remaining mosquitoes have a vector. restricted distributions and/or habitats. Cx quinquefasciatus and Ae notoscriptus have remained apparently stable around their Endemic diseases original sites of introduction in Northland and Auckland from their Mosquitoes appear to transmit very few diseases in New Zealand times of introduction (around 1830 and 1900 respectively) until the (Table 1).
    [Show full text]
  • I MODELLING the DEMOGRAPHY and CONTROL of DISEASE
    MODELLING THE DEMOGRAPHY AND CONTROL OF DISEASE-CARRYING TROPICAL MOSQUITOES IN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA By Siobhan Clare de Little A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Adelaide October 2011 i ii Statement of Originality I, Siobhan Clare de Little certify that this work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. I give consent to this copy of my thesis when deposited in the University Library, being made available for loan and photocopying, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. The author acknowledges that copyright of published works contained within this thesis (as listed below*) resides with the copyright holder(s) of those works. I also give permission for the digital version of my thesis to be made available on the web, via the University’s digital research repository, the Library catalogue, the Australasian Digital Theses Program (ADTP) and also through web search engines, unless permission has been granted by the University to restrict access for a period of time. *DE LITTLE, S. C., BOWMAN, D. M. J. S., WHELAN P. I., BROOK, B. W. & BRADSHAW, C. J. A. 2009. Quantifying the drivers of larval density patterns in two tropical mosquito species to maximize control efficiency. Environmental Entomology, 38:4, 1013-1021.
    [Show full text]
  • Mosquitoes of Tasmania and Bass Steait Islands
    MOSQUITOES OF TASMANIA AND BASS STEAIT ISLANDS N. V. DOBROTWORSKY Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne (Plates iv-v) [Read 29 June, 1966] Synopsis Twenty-nine species have been recorded from Tasmania, twenty-two from Flinders Island, ten from King Island and four from other small islands of Bass Strait. A new species, Anopheles tasmaniensis, and the life history of Guliseta weindorferi (Edw.) are described. The Tasmanian mosquito fauna is closely related to that of southern Victoria. All Tasmanian species either occur in Victoria or have close relatives there. The endemic Guliseta weindorferi is closely related to G. otwayensis Dobr., and Aedes cunabulanus Edw. belongs to a group of the subgenus Ochlerotatus which is well represented in Victoria. Two main elements are represented in the Tasmanian fauna : the southern- Bassian and the northern. The Bassian element is represented by eleven species of Ochlerotatus, three species of Guliseta and one of the apiculis complex of Neoculex. The Bassian element may have originated in the tropics and subsequently spread to the northern and the southern temperate regions, being progressively displaced further from the tropics by later evolving groups. The northern element is represented in Tasmania by fourteen species. Species well adapted to cool conditions are widespread but others are confined to the warmer coastal areas or to warmer habitats. The majority of Tasmanian species are forest mosquitoes and since these have only a restricted ability to disperse across open spaces, it seems that Tasmania received most of the mosquito fauna before separation from the mainland. However, the species which breed in the coastal regions or in the open country may have dispersed to Tasmania, after separation, by the chain of the Bass Strait islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Beauveria Bassiana
    UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE MICROBIOLOGÍA Y GENÉTICA MICOVIRUS ASOCIADOS A LOS HONGOS ENDOFÍTICOS Y ENTOMOPATÓGENOS Tolypocladium cylindrosporum y Beauveria bassiana Noemí Herrero Asensio 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE MICROBIOLOGÍA Y GENÉTICA MICOVIRUS ASOCIADOS A LOS HONGOS ENDOFÍTICOS Y ENTOMOPATÓGENOS Tolypocladium cylindrosporum y Beauveria bassiana Memoria presentada por NOEMÍ HERRERO ASENSIO para optar al grado de DOCTORA EN BIOLOGÍA Salamanca, a __ de marzo de 2011 DR. ÍÑIGO ZABALGOGEAZCOA GONZÁLEZ, INVESTIGADOR CIENTÍFICO DEL CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS (CSIC), EN EL INSTITUTO DE RECURSOS NATURALES Y AGROBIOLOGÍA DE SALAMANCA, CERTIFICA Que la memoria titulada “MICOVIRUS ASOCIADOS A LOS HONGOS ENDOFÍTICOS Y ENTOMOPATÓGENOS Tolypocladium cylindrosporum y Beauveria bassiana”, presentada por Dña. Noemí Herrero Asensio para optar al grado de Doctora en Biología por la Universidad de Salamanca, ha sido realizada bajo mi dirección, en el Departamento de Estrés Abiótico del Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Y para autorizar su presentación y evaluación por el tribunal correspondiente, expide y firma el presente certificado en Salamanca, a __ de marzo de 2011. Fdo. Dr. Iñigo Zabalgogeazcoa González DR. JOSÉ MARÍA DÍAZ MÍNGUEZ, PROFESOR TITULAR DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE MICROBIOLOGÍA Y GENÉTICA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA, CERTIFICA Que la memoria titulada “MICOVIRUS ASOCIADOS A LOS HONGOS ENDOFÍTICOS Y ENTOMOPATÓGENOS Tolypocladium cylindrosporum y Beauveria bassiana”, presentada por Dña. Noemí Herrero Asensio para optar al grado de Doctora en Biología por la Universidad de Salamanca, ha sido realizada bajo la dirección del Dr. Iñigo Zabalgogeazcoa González, en el Departamento de Estrés Abiótico del Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), y bajo mi tutela.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Insects
    CY501-C01[001-041].qxd 2/14/05 4:05 PM Page 1 quark11 Quark11:Desktop Folder: 1 DiDiversityversity and Evolution and Evolution cockroaches, but this also brings up a very important aspect INTRODUCTION about fossils, which is their proper interpretation. Evolution begets diversity, and insects are the most diverse Fossil “roachoids” from 320 MYA to 150 MYA were actually organisms in the history of life, so insects should provide pro- early, primitive relatives of living roaches that retained a found insight into evolution. By most measures of evolution- large, external ovipositor and other primitive features of ary success, insects are unmatched: the longevity of their lin- insects (though they did have a shield-like pronotum and eage, their species numbers, the diversity of their forewings similar to modern roaches). To interpret roachoids adaptations, their biomass, and their ecological impact. The or any other fossil properly, indeed the origin and extinction challenge is to reconstruct that existence and explain the of whole lineages, it is crucial to understand phylogenetic unprecedented success of insects, knowing that just the relationships. The incompleteness of fossils in space, time, veneer of a 400 MY sphere of insect existence has been peeled and structure imposes challenges to understanding them, away. which is why most entomologists have avoided studying fos- sil insects, even beautifully preserved ones. Fortunately, there Age. Insects have been in existence for at least 400 MY, and if has never been more attention paid to the phylogenetic rela- they were winged for this amount of time (as evidence sug- tionships of insects than at present (Kristensen, 1975, 1991, gests), insects arguably arose in the Late Silurian about 420 1999a; Boudreaux, 1979; Hennig, 1981; Klass, 2003), includ- MYA.
    [Show full text]
  • Brust Et Al 1998.Pdf
    Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 1236 Molecular systematics, morphological analysis, and hybrid crossing identify a third taxon, Aedes (Halaedes) wardangensis sp.nov., of the Aedes (Halaedes) australis species-group (Diptera: Culicidae) Reinhart A. Brust, J. William O. Ballard, Felice Driver, Diana M. Hartley, Nora J. Galway, and John Curran Abstract: Phylogenetic and morphological analyses, male morphology, and hybrid crossing indicate that a population from Wardang Island, South Australia, is distinct from the monophyletic series of populations of Aedes (Halaedes) australis (Erichson) 1842 from Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales, and New Zealand. The name Aedes (Halaedes) wardangensis has been assigned to the new species. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from the cytochrome oxidase II and internal transcribed spacer loci support the resurrection of Aedes (Halaedes) ashworthi Edwards, 1921 (Brust and Mahon, 1997). Aedes ashworthi is known only from Western Australia and was found to be infertile when crossed with Ae. wardangensis from South Australia and Ae. australis from New Zealand. The hybrid of Ae. australis from New South Wales × Ae. australis from New Zealand was fertile for three generations, documenting these as conspecific. Résumé : Des analyses phylogénétiques et morphologiques, la morphologie des mâles et le croisement d’hybrides indiquent que la population de l’île de Wardang, en Australie méridionale, est distincte de la série monophylétique de populations d’Aedes (Halaedes) australis (Erichson) 1842 de Victoria, de Tasmanie, de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud et de Nouvelle-Zélande. Le nom Aedes (Halaedes) wardangensis a été assigné à la nouvelle espèce. L’analyse phylogénétique des séquences d’ADN de la citychrome oxydase II et de l’espaceur interne transcrit justifient la résurrection du taxon Aedes (Halaedes) ashworthi Edwards, 1921 (Brust et Mahon, 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • The Biology and Control of Mosquitoes in California
    The Biology and Control of Mosquitoes in California Vector Control Technician Certification Training Manual Category B 1/10 Instructions This study guide is meant to replace the manual The Biology and Control of Mosquitoes in California. • You can navigate through the guide at your own pace and in any order. • Click on the purple home button to return to the main menu. • Click on the gray return button to go to the chapter menu of the current slide. • Click on the button if you want to access the glossary. Important terms are highlighted in red and appear in the glossary. The link to the glossary can be found at the beginning of each chapter. 2/10 Main Menu Chapter 1: Biology of Mosquitoes Chapter 2: Ecology of Mosquitoes Chapter 3: Public Health Importance of Mosquitoes Chapter 4: Classification and Identification of Mosquitoes Chapter 5: Principles of Mosquito Control Chapter 6: Chemical Control of Mosquitoes Chapter 7: Physical Control of Mosquitoes Chapter 8: Biological Control of Mosquitoes Chapter 9: Mosquito Control in California Chapter 10: Surveillance for Mosquitoes and Mosquito-borne Diseases Chapter 11: Public Relations in Mosquito Control Appendix 1: Glossary 2 :Conversions of Units and Formulas used with Insecticides 3 :Additional Information 3/10 Introduction • Arthropods are a huge group of invertebrate animals (animals without backbones) that include insects, arachnids (ticks, mites, and spiders), crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, and shrimp) and others. • There are millions of species of arthropods, all sharing characteristics of a hard exoskeleton and jointed legs. • Many arthropods are pests of one kind or another, especially on agricultural crops and farm animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Nematode-Trapping Fungi
    Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology Nematode-Trapping Fungi Swe A1, Li J2, Zhang KQ2, Pointing SB1, Jeewon R1 and Hyde KD3* 1School of Biological Science, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Hong Kong 2Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China 3School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand Swe A, Li J, Zhang KQ, Pointing SB, Jeewon R, Hyde KD. 2011 – Nematode-Trapping Fungi. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology 1(1), 1–26. This manuscript provides an account of nematode-trapping fungi including their taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution. There are four broad groups of nematophagous fungi categorized based on their mechanisms of attacking nematodes. These include 1) nematode-trapping fungi using adhesive or mechanical hyphal traps, 2) endoparasitic fungi using their spores, 3) egg parasitic fungi invading nematode eggs or females with their hyphal tips, and 4) toxin-producing fungi immobilizing nematodes before invasion The account briefly mentions fossil nematode-trapping fungi and looks at biodiversity, ecology and geographical distribution including factors affecting their distribution such as salinity. Nematode-trapping fungi occur in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, but rarely occur in extreme environments. Fungal-nematodes interactions are discussed the potential role of nematode-trapping fungi in biological control is briefly reviewed. Although the potential for use of nematode-trapping fungi is high there have been few successes resulting in commercial products. Key words – Ascomycetes – Biocontrol – Biodiversity – Fossil fungi – Fungi – Nematodes – Phylogeny Article Received 4 June 2011 Accepted 6 June 2011 Published online 25 June 2011 *Corresponding author: Kevin D.
    [Show full text]
  • Kas Bulletin
    KAS BULLETIN NEWSLETTER OF THE KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE DAVID MCKENZIE………….….. PRESIDENT SHAUN SCHMIDT ……………TREASURER DUANE HINTON …………...…… PRESIDENT-ELECT MIKE EVERHART.................... TRANSACTIONS EDITOR LYNNETTE SIEVERT ................... PAST-PRESIDENT PAMELA EVERHART.............. TRANSACTIONS EDITOR SAM LEUNG …………….………. SECRETARY HANK GUARISCO ................... BULLETIN EDITOR SAM LEUNG…............................... WEBMASTER JENNIFER HAIGHT ................. BULLETIN ASSISTANT EDITOR VOL. 43 NO 2 www.KansasAcademyScience.org August, 2018 150th Kansas Academy of Science Annual Meeting The 150th annual meeting of the Kansas Academy of Science was held on April 6th & 7th, 2018, at Washburn University. The meeting began Friday, with a field trip to the Kansas Bureau of Investigation Forensics Labs. The building has specific areas reserved for each department of the lab including biology, DNA, toxicology, chemistry, firearm/tool marks, latent prints, trace evidence, digital forensics, vehicle processing, and evidence storage. Friday evening, KAS Transactions editor Mike Everhart gave a talk commemorating 150 years of science in Kansas, followed by a sumptuous banquet. Keynote speaker, Dr. Scott Hawley gave an enlightening talk on the latest advances in cellular meiosis. For years scholars have held the concept of chromosomal unzipping and subsequent replication, however, the actual process of unzipping remained obscure. Dr. Hawley’s research shed light upon the actual molecular processes behind this unzipping and their pertinent
    [Show full text]
  • A SURVEY of BLOOD-SUCKING and SYNANTHROPIC DIPTERA and DIINC, Irqects on NORFOLK ISLAND, SOUTH PACIFIC
    .I. Aust. ent. Soc., 1975, 14: 7-13 7 A SURVEY OF BLOOD-SUCKING AND SYNANTHROPIC DIPTERA AND DIINC, IRqECTS ON NORFOLK ISLAND, SOUTH PACIFIC P. FERRAR,H. A. STANDFASTand A. L. DYCE Division of Entomofogy, CSIRO, Canberra. A.C. T. 2601. Australia. Division of Animal Health, CSIRO. Long Pocket Laboratories, Indooroopilly, Qld. 4068. Australia. Division of Animal Health, CSIRO, McMasler Laboratory, Glebe, N.S.W. 2037. Australia. Abstract Annotated lists of Culicidae (4 spp.). Ceratopogonidae (14), Simuliidae (I). Gasterophilidae (I), Muscidae (7). Calliphoridae (5) and Sarcophagidae (3) are given from collections made on Norfolk Island during April 1972, with,notes on 3 other pest groups. The cow dung fauna of the island is also listed. It was found to lack any efficient dung-dispersing organisms. Introduction Norfolk Island (Fig. I) is an isolated island in the south Pacific Ocean, at latitude 29"s and longitude 168"E. Its lies 670 km from New Caledonia, 770 km from New Zealand, 900 km from Lord Howe Island, 1360 km from Australia and 1625 km from Fiji. The island is about 8 km long and 5 km wide, with a total area of 3450 hectares. The coastline of about 32 km consists mainly of precipitous cliffs. The average elevation of the island is 100 m, with two peaks rising to just over 300 m. The soil is a friable red earth of volcanic origin, rich in clay but quite porous. The climate is subtropical and equable, with the recorded temperature extremes being 7°C to 32°C. The average annual rainfall is 1350 mm (53 inches) spread fairly evenly through the year but with a maximum in winter.
    [Show full text]