DOCSLIB.ORG

Study for the Evolution of the Railways Communication System by Analysys

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Study for the Evolution of the Railways Communication System by Analysys Final report for the European Railway Agency Survey on operational communications (study for the evolution of the railway communications system) 25 February 2014 David Taylor, Nils Lofmark, Maria McKavanagh Ref: 37760-496v04 . The opinions expressed in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Railway Agency Contents List of abbreviations used in this report 1 1 Executive summary 4 2 Introduction 12 2.1 Document purpose 12 2.2 Study objectives 12 2.3 Scope of the study 13 2.4 Information sources for the study 14 2.5 Structure of the document 16 3 Current status 17 3.1 Introduction 17 3.2 Rail sector in Europe 17 3.3 Rail sector outside Europe 20 3.4 Other critical sectors 21 3.5 Summary of the current status 28 4 Spectrum evolution 30 4.1 Introduction 30 4.4 Future technology and voice calls and their impact on spectrum 31 4.5 Use of current spectrum for broad band communications 31 4.6 Spectrum discussions at the World Radio Conference 2015 33 4.7 Sharing of spectrum 34 4.8 New spectrum for rail communications 34 4.9 Summary of spectrum evolution 35 5 Future trends 36 5.1 Introduction 36 5.2 Trends in the mobile market 36 5.3 Trends in specific sectors 40 5.4 The trend towards software-defined radio 43 5.5 Summary of future trends 44 6 Analysis of possible future scenarios for railways 45 6.1 Introduction 45 6.2 Requirements for railway communications 45 6.3 Hypotheses regarding future railway communications 48 6.4 Key considerations for future railway communications 49 6.5 Options for future railway communications 52 Ref: 37760-496v04 . Survey on operational communications (study for the evolution of the railw ay communications system) 6.6 Implementation examples/scenarios for future railway communications 54 6.7 Comparison of policy options 64 6.8 Conclusions for future scenarios for railways 68 7 Terminal evolution 70 7.1 Introduction 70 7.2 Current situation regarding terminal evolution 70 7.3 Future terminal options 70 7.4 Terminals as a tool for transition 71 7.5 Interoperability of terminals 72 7.6 Portable radios 73 8 Strategy for system replacement 74 8.1 Introduction 74 8.2 Overall strategic options 74 8.3 Timescales 77 9 Summary of findings and recommendations 79 9.1 Introduction 79 9.2 Findings 79 9.3 Recommendations 81 Annex A Interview data and findings Annex B Current status – rail sector Annex C Current status for public safety Annex D LTE deployments in Western, and Central and Eastern Europe Ref: 37760-496v04 . Survey on operational communications (study for the evolution of the railw ay communications system) Copyright © 2014. Analysys Mason Limited has produced the information contained herein for the European Railway Agency (ERA). The ownership, use and disclosure of this information are subject to the Commercial Terms contained in the contract between Analysys Mason Limited and ERA. Analysys Mason Limited Bush House, North West Wing Aldwych London WC2B 4PJ UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7395 9000 Fax: +44 (0)20 7395 9001 [email protected] www.analysysmason.com Registered in England No. 5177472 Ref: 37760-496v04 . Survey on operational communications (study for the evolution of the railw ay communications system) | 1 List of abbreviations used in this report Abbreviation Full term 3/4/5G Third/fourth/fifth generation (of mobile telecoms technology) 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project ARTC Australian Rail Track Corporation ASCI Advanced Speech Call Items ATO Automatic Train Operation ATP Automatic Train Protection CAGR Compound annual growth rate CBTC Communications-Based Train Control CCS-TSI Control-Command and Signalling Technical Specification for Interoperability CCTV Closed circuit television CDMA Code division multiple access CEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications CHS Cluster hot standby CSFB Circuit-switched fall back EC European Commission ECC European Communications Committee (of CEPT) ECC/DEC/(02)05 CEPT Report on 169.4-169.8125MHz EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution EDOR European Train Control System Data Only Radio EIRENE European Integrated Railway Radio Enhanced Network ERA European Railway Agency ERTMS European Rail Traffic Management System ETCS European train control system ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute EU European Union EUTC European Utilities Telecom Council FAT Factory acceptance test FDD Frequency division duplex GBNR Ground Based Network (Resilient) GCSE-LTE Group Call System Enabler – LTE GDP Gross domestic product GIS Geographic information system GPRS General Packet Radio Service GPS Global Positioning System GSM Global System for Mobile Communications GSM-R Global System for Mobile Communications, adapted for Railway HSPA High Speed Packet Access HS Rail High Speed Rail Ref: 37760-496v04 Survey on operational communications (study for the evolution of the railw ay communications system) | 2 Abbreviation Full term IM Infrastructure manager IMT International Mobile Telecommunications IP Internet Protocol IPR Intellectual property rights ISI Inter System Interface ITU International Telecommunications Union ITU-R International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunication Sector LTE Long Term Evolution M2M Machine to machine MCPTToLTE Mission Critical PTT over LTE METIS Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the 2020 Information Society MNO Mobile network operator MORANE Mobile Radio For Railways Networks In Europe MTBF Mean time between failure MUAC Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre MVNO Mobile virtual network operator NextG Next Generation NSW New South Wales OFDMA Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access OTT Over-the-top PA Public address PAS Publicly Available Specification PFI Private finance initiative PLC Power-line communications PMR Private mobile radio PPDR Public protection and disaster relief PPP Public-private partnership PTT Push to talk RAN Radio access network REC Railway Emergency Call RF Radio frequency RTPI Real-time passenger information RU Railway undertaking (same as TOC) SAT System acceptance test SDR Software-defined radio SIM (card) Subscriber identity module SLA Service level agreement SMS Short message service TC Technical Committee (of ETSI) TCCA TETRA + Critical Communications Association TCCE TETRA and Critical Communications Evolution TDD Time division duplex Ref: 37760-496v04 Survey on operational communications (study for the evolution of the railw ay communications system) | 3 Abbreviation Full term TEDS TETRA Enhanced Data Service Telstra Australian telecoms operator TEN-T Trans-European Transport Networks TETRA Terrestrial Trunked Radio TETRAPOL An alternative digital radio technology for public safety TOC Train operating company UHF-FM Ultra High Frequency – Frequency Modulation UIC International Union of Railways UMTS Universal Mobile Telephone Service (a 3G service) VBS Voice Broadcast Service VGCS Voice Group Call Service VHF Very high frequency VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol W-CDMA Wideband code division multiple access (a 3G technology) WRC World Radio Conference Ref: 37760-496v04 Survey on operational communications (study for the evolution of the railw ay communications system) | 4 1 Executive summary Introduction This report captures the findings of a study into operational communications for railways carried out by Analysys Mason for the European Railway Agency (ERA) over the period August–December 2013. ERA’s overall objective for the study was to identify potential strategies for the evolution of GSM-R over time to a future concept of communications for railways. This required: an investigation of the current situation and future trends for mobile communications (for railways and for other sectors facing similar challenges) the development of potential scenarios for future evolution and an assessment of these to determine the merits of each. The study is a part of a larger programme of activities for future communications systems for railways being carried out by ERA. A separate operational requirements capture exercise is currently underway and is due to report in the second quarter of 2014. Through subsequent stages of analysis and stakeholder engagement, ERA intends to establish a roadmap for communications evolution by 2015, with new solutions defined by 2018, and available to be ready for deployment to start the transition from approximately 2022. As a consequence, this report identifies issues and potential strategies for further study, rather than drawing conclusions as to the preferred evolutionary path. It does, however, identify several recommendations for consideration. Analysys Mason carried out desk-based research and held interviews with stakeholders in rail and other sectors, before identifying potential options for the future and assessing these. In total, 23 interviews were held, and the results were used to understand the current situation and future trends, as well as stakeholder expectations of the future communications environment. Organisations represented included: railway infrastructure managers (IMs) train operating companies (TOCs) also known as railway undertakings (RUs) railway equipment suppliers railway trade associations regulators and government departments public-safety organisations others (including aviation, space agencies and utilities). Following the interviews, a set of scenarios or potential paths for evolution were identified, and evaluated against the findings of the research and interview phase. Ref: 37760-496v04 Survey on operational communications (study for
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Communication Technologies Support to Railway Infrastructure and Operations
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 06, 2021 Communication Technologies Support to Railway Infrastructure and Operations Sniady, Aleksander Link to article, DOI: 10.11581/DTU:00000010 Publication date: 2015 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Sniady, A. (2015). Communication Technologies Support to Railway Infrastructure and Operations. DTU Fotonik. https://doi.org/10.11581/DTU:00000010 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Communication Technologies Support to Railway Infrastructure and Operations Aleksander Sniady Ph.D. Thesis May 2015 Communication Technologies Support to Railway Infrastructure and Operations Aleksander Sniady´ Ph.D. Thesis Networks Technology & Service Platforms DTU Fotonik Technical University of Denmark May 2015 To my parents and grandparents. Supervisors: José Soler Lars Dittmann Technical University of Denmark DTU Fotonik Department of Photonics Engineering This thesis is a part of RobustRailS project, Ørsteds Plads, Building 343, which is funded by The Danish Council for 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark Strategic Research.
    [Show full text]
  • Samena Trends Exclusively for Samena Telecommunications Council's Members Building Digital Economies
    Volume 05, February 2017 A SAMENA Telecommunications Council Newsletter www.samenacouncil.org SAMENA TRENDS EXCLUSIVELY FOR SAMENA TELECOMMUNICATIONS COUNCIL'S MEMBERS BUILDING DIGITAL ECONOMIES Featured Saleh Al Abdooli Group CEO Etisalat REDEFINING DATA RULES FOR A DATA-DRIVEN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Platinum Host & Exclusive Sponsor Diamond Sponsor Bey nd TER REGIS ! NOW Telephone: +971.4.364.2700, Fax: +971.4.369.7513 Email: [email protected], www.samenacouncil.org VOLUME 05, FEBRUARY 2017 Contributing Editors Subscriptions Izhar Ahmad [email protected] Javaid Akhtar Malik Advertising SAMENA Contributing Members [email protected] Arthur D. Little TRENDS Batelco Legal Issues or Concerns goetzpartners [email protected] Huawei Editor-in-Chief Strategy& Bocar A. BA SAMENA TRENDS Sudatel [email protected] Viva Bahrain Tel: +971.4.364.2700 Publisher SAMENA Telecommunications Council CONTENTS 04 EDITORIAL 09 REGIONAL & MEMBERS UPDATES Members News Regional News 05 38 SATELLITE UPDATES SAMENA COUNCIL Satellite News ACTIVITY 49 WHOLESALE UPDATES The SAMENA TRENDS newsletter is Wholesale News wholly owned and operated by The SAMENA Telecommunications Council 56 TECHNOLOGY UPDATES (SAMENA Council). Information in the Technology News newsletter is not intended as professional services advice, and SAMENA Council disclaims any liability for use of specific 68 REGULATORY & POLICY information or results thereof. Articles UPDATES and information contained in this Regulatory News publication are the copyright of SAMENA
    [Show full text]
  • Deliverable D3.1 Virtual Coupling Communication Solutions Analysis
    Ref. Ares(2020)7880497 - 22/12/2020 Deliverable D3.1 Virtual Coupling Communication Solutions Analysis Project Acronym: MOVINGRAIL Starting Date: 01/12/2018 Duration (Months): 25 Call (part) Identifier: H2020-S2R-OC-IP2-2018 Grant Agreement No.: 826347 Due Date of Deliverable: Month 10 Actual Submission Date: 25-09-2020 Responsible/Author: Bill Redfern (PARK) Dissemination Level: Public Status: Issued Reviewed: No G A 8 2 6 3 4 7 P a g e 1 | 63 Document history Revision Date Description 0.1 03-07-2020 First draft for comments and internal review 0.2 24-09-2020 Second draft 1.0 25-09-2020 Issued 1.1 22-12-2020 Update following comments from the Commission, added new section 4.2.1 Report contributors Name Beneficiary Details of contribution Short Name John Chaddock PARK Primary Curation. Identification and collation of source documentation. Document review. Bill Redfern PARK Literature review and solutions research. Requirements identification. Analysis of requirements and potential solutions. Descriptions and conclusions. John Marsden PARK Literature review and solutions research. Michael Duffy PARK Literature review and solutions research. Mark Cooper PARK Literature review and solutions research. Analysis. Format/editing. Andrew Wright PARK Document review. Lei Chen UoB Document review. Mohamed Samra UoB Document review. Paul van Koningsbruggen Technolution Document review. Rob Goverde TUD Document review, quality check and final editing. Funding This project has received funding from the Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 826347. The JU receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and the Shift2Rail JU members other than the Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Australasian TETRA Forum
    TETRA & CRITICAL COMMUNICATIONS ASSOCIATION Study on the relative merits of TETRA, LTE and other broadband technologies for critical communications markets Final version 1.1: February 2015 P3 communications GmbH Am Kraftversorgungsturm 3 (Alter Schlachthof) 52070 Aachen Germany www.p3-group.com/en/communications-gmbh-46867.html Version 1.1 P3 communications GmbH February 2015 Page 1 of 29 TCCA study on TETRA, LTE and other broadband technologies for critical communications markets Table of contents 1 Executive summary .............................................................................................. 4 2 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Background .................................................................................................. 8 2.2 Study objectives ............................................................................................ 8 2.3 Scope ........................................................................................................... 8 3 The Critical Communications market by sector ...................................................10 3.1 PPDR / Public Safety ...................................................................................10 3.2 Transport .....................................................................................................10 3.3 Utilities .........................................................................................................12 3.4 Industrial
    [Show full text]
  • Level Crossings: a Guide for Managers, Designers and Operators Railway Safety Publication 7
    Level Crossings: A guide for managers, designers and operators Railway Safety Publication 7 December 2011 Contents Foreword 4 What is the purpose of this guide? 4 Who is this guide for? 4 Introduction 5 Why is managing level crossing risk important? 5 What is ORR’s policy on level crossings? 5 1. The legal framework 6 Overview 6 Highways and planning law 7 2. Managing risks at level crossings 9 Introduction 9 Level crossing types – basic protection and warning arrangements 12 General guidance 15 Gated crossings operated by railway staff 16 Barrier crossings operated by railway staff 17 Barrier crossings with obstacle detection 19 Automatic half barrier crossings (AHBC) 21 Automatic barrier crossings locally monitored (ABCL) 23 Automatic open crossings locally monitored (AOCL) 25 Open crossings 28 User worked crossings (UWCs) for vehicles 29 Footpath and bridleway crossings 30 Foot crossings at stations 32 Provision for pedestrians at public vehicular crossings 32 Additional measures to protect against trespass 35 The crossing 36 Gates, wicket gates and barrier equipment 39 Telephones and telephone signs 41 Miniature stop lights (MSL) 43 Traffic signals, traffic signs and road markings 44 3. Level crossing order submissions 61 Overview and introduction 61 Office of Rail Regulation | December 2011 | Level crossings: a guide for managers, designers and operators 2 Background and other information on level crossing management 61 Level crossing orders: scope, content and format 62 Level crossing order request and consideration process 64 Information
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Level Crossings 4
    RSC-G-006-B Guidelines For The Design Of Section 5 Railway Infrastructure And Rolling Stock LEVEL CROSSINGS 5 LEVEL CROSSINGS 4 5.1. THE PRINCIPLES 4 5.2. GENERAL GUIDANCE 5 5.2.1. General description 5 5.2.2. Structure of the guidance 5 5.2.3. Positioning of level crossings 5 5.2.4. Equipment at level crossings 5 5.2.5. Effects on existing level crossings 6 5.2.6. Operating conditions 6 5.3. TYPES OF CROSSINGS 7 5.3.1. Types of crossing 7 5.3.2. Conditions for suitability 9 5.4. GATED CROSSINGS OPERATED BY RAILWAY STAFF 12 5.4.1. General description (for user worked gates see section 5.8) 12 5.4.2. Method of operation 12 5.4.3. Railway signalling and control 12 5.5. BARRIER CROSSINGS OPERATED BY RAILWAY STAFF (MB) 13 5.5.1. General description 13 5.5.2. Method of operation 13 5.5.3. Railway signalling and control 14 5.6. AUTOMATIC HALF BARRIER CROSSINGS (AHB) 15 5.6.1. General description 15 5.6.2. Method of operation 15 5.6.3. Railway signalling and control 16 5.7. AUTOMATIC OPEN CROSSING (AOC) 17 5.7.1. General description 17 5.7.2. Method of operation 17 5.7.3. Railway signalling and control 18 5.8. USER-WORKED CROSSINGS (UWC) WITH GATES OR LIFTING BARRIERS 19 5.8.1. General description 19 5.8.2. Method of operation 19 5.9. PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS (PC) PRIVATE OR PUBLIC FOOTPATH 21 5.9.1.
    [Show full text]
  • View / Open TM Railway Signals.Pdf
    III••••••••••• ~ TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: A STUDY IN COMMUNICATION MONOGRAPH SERIES VOLUME I FIRST STUDIES IN TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: Parts A-D, First Edition [Foundations, A First Study in Transportation Markings: The U.S., International Transportation Markings: Floating & Fixed Marine] University Press of America, 1981 Part A, FOUNDATIONS, Second Edition, Revised & Enlarged Mount Angel Abbey 1991 Parts C & D, INTERNATIONAL MARINE AIDS TO NAVIGATION Second Edition, Revised, Mount Angel Abbey, 1988 VOLUME II FURTHER STUDIES IN TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: Part E, INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES, First Edition Mount Angel Abbey, 1984 Part F, INTERNATIONAL RAILwAY SIGNALS, First Edition, Mount Angel Abbey, 1991 Part G, INTERNATIONAL AERONAUTICAL AIDS TO NAVIGATION, In Preparation Part H, A COMPREHENSIVE CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS Projected ­ • • TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: • A STUDY IN COMMUNICATION • • Volume II F International Railway Signals • • Brian Clearman • Mount Angel Abbey • 1991 • • • •,. Copyright (C) 1991 by Mount Angel Abbey At Saint Benedict, Oregon 97373. All Rights Reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication l?ata Clearman, Brian. International railway signals / Brian Clearman. p. cm. (Transportation markings a study in communication monograph series ; v. 2, pt. F) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-918941-03-2 : $18.95 1. Railroads--Signaling. I. Title. II. Series: Clearman, Brian. Transportation markings i v. 2, pt. F. (TF615 ) 629.04'2 s--dc20 (625. 1'65) 91-67255 CIP ii \,
    [Show full text]
  • Cdma2000 for Wireless in Local Loop Networks
    CDMA2000 FOR WIRELESS IN LOCAL LOOP NETWORKS December, 2004 Contacts: Mullaguru Naidu ([email protected]) Vera Kripalani ([email protected]) WHITE PAPER Global Technology Marketing CDMA2000 for Wireless in Local Loop Networks December, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2 2. WLL Technology Selection 3 3. CDMA2000: The Technology-of-Choice for WLL 6 3.1. Technical Superiority of CDMA2000 6 3.1.1. Competitive Advantages 7 3.1.2. Coverage Advantages 8 3.1.3. Voice and Data Capacity Advantages 9 3.2. 3G Services Available Today 11 3.3. Handset / FWT Availability 12 4. CDMA WLL Deployments around the World 14 4.1. Asia and Pacific Region 14 4.2. Latin America 15 4.3. Rest of the World 16 5. Conclusions 17 6. References 18 Glossary 19 QUALCOMM INCORPORATED 1 CDMA2000 for Wireless in Local Loop Networks December, 2004 1. Introduction Wireless technologies have been deployed in different parts of the world to provide local loop telecommunication services. Compared to traditional wireline (copper) local loop, Wireless Local Loop (WLL) technology solutions can be deployed much faster and at lower cost. In developing countries there has always been strong interest in using WLL technologies to bridge the ‘digital divide’. Choosing the best WLL technology can be a challenging task, given the multiplicity of technologies available in different frequency bands. Many WLL technologies are proprietary, limited to a specific frequency band or only available from a few manufacturers, making it difficult to achieve the economies of scale that will lead to subsequent equipment cost reductions. Moreover, a challenge for WLL technologies is meeting the increasing demand for Internet access and broadband data applications.
    [Show full text]
  • IRSE Proceedings 1934
    14 PAVER BY MR. C. Vf. PRESCOTT. General Meeting of the Institution HELD AT The Institution of Electrical Engineers Wednesday, 13th December, 1933. The President (Mr. \ 1\f. CHALLIS) in the Chair. The minutes of the last meeting having been read and confirmed, and Mr. R. J. F. Harland, a member present for the first time, presented to the meeting. The President said that they would remember that at the last meeting he appealed to members to send in subjects suitable for papers to be read before the Institution. He was pleased to say that, as a result of that appeal, they had now sufficient for up to the end of 1934. If any gentleman cared to put fonvard a paper, for reading after that date, the Council would be only too pleased to receive it. The President then called upon the Hon. Secretary to read a paper by Mr. C. W. Prescott (Member) " Railway Signalling in Australia" and said that the meeting was very fortunate in having present that evening two or three members who had been associated with railway working in Australia . Railway Signalling in Australia By C. W. PRESCOTT (Member). (Inset Sheets Nos. 1-2). We are told by those who have studied these matters that, so far as geological characteristics, flora and fauna are concerned, Australia is several aeons younger than other parts of the world including Britain and the United States of America. Large tracts of coal have not had time to turn black, some of the animals have not had time to make up their mind to live on land or in the water or to be mammals or the opposite.
    [Show full text]
  • The DISTANT SIGNAL
    The LONDON MIDLAND and SCOTTISH RAILWAY The DISTANT SIGNAL L. G. Warburton LMS Society Monologue No 9 1 Contents Chapter 1. Historical. Chapter 2. The Distant signal problem. Chapter 3. The LMS solution. Acknowledgements Acknowledgements. Rapier on Railway Signals. 1874. Instructions as to the Sighting of Signals. LMS 1936. Development of Main Line Signalling on Railways. W. C. Acfield, 1914. Modern Railway Signalling. Tweedie and Lascelles. 1925. Modern Developments in Railway Signalling, A. E. Tattersall. 1921. LMS S&T Engineering Serials. Basic Signalling, H.Maloney. Railway Gazette, The National Archive at Kew. Reg. Instone. Westinghouse B & S Co. Trevor Moseley 2 Chapter 1 - Historical It seems that railways went through some twenty years of their history before any attempt was made to work signals at a distance from the point they were located, as up to that time each signal was operated from the base of its own post. Such an arrangement required two men at junctions to constantly cross the lines to operate signals. It appears that one young points-man, Robert Skelton, employed at Hawick Junction, Portobello in Scotland came up with the idea in 1846 to counterweight the wire for working signals from a distance and brought it to the notice of the railway. Hence the name ‘distant’ signal. Experience quickly proved the greater safety and economy of his method that made it possible to concentrate point and signal movements from one central spot instead of working all of them as individual units that soon became general. In 1849 Skelton was awarded a silver medal by the Royal Scottish Society of Arts to commemorate his invention.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution to LTE Report
    Evolution to LTE report October 26, 2016 4G MARKET and TECHNOLOGY UPDATE INTRODUCTION LTE Market Status LTE is a global success with 1.453 billion GSA’s Evolution to LTE report – OCTOBER 2016 subscriptions by Q2 2016. LTE connects almost 1 in 771 operators investing in LTE in 195 countries 5 mobile users worldwide (19.5%). New subscriptions signed up during Q2 2016 at an average of 53 million • 744 operator commitments in 190 countries per month. LTE is the fastest developing mobile • 27 pre-commitment trials in 5 more countries system technology ever. 537 commercially launched LTE or LTE- LTE is specified by 3GPP as a single global standard Advanced networks in 170 countries for paired and unpaired spectrum users. The vast majority of the standard is the same for FDD & TDD. incl. 80 LTE TDD (TD-LTE) launched in 47 countries GSA’s Evolution to LTE report provides an 166 launched networks are LTE-Advanced independent in-depth status view and analysis of the or LTE-Advanced Pro in 76 countries global 4G/LTE, LTE-Advanced and LTE-Advanced Pro market, supported by facts, and confirms the GSA forecasts 560+ commercially launched trends. Information is researched and verified by LTE networks by end 2016 GSA. This report is updated quarterly and referenced 6,504 LTE user devices announced widely by industry and across the whole ecosystem. (GSA – October 10, 2016) 1.453 billion LTE subscriptions globally: Q2 2016 In this report: © GSA www.gsacom.com Page Introduction 1 - 3 LTE deployments: operators, countries, regions 3 - 91 LTE-Advanced / LTE-Advanced
    [Show full text]
  • Railway Technical Website British Signalling – What the Driver Sees
    Railway Technical Website Background Paper No. 1 One of a series of papers originally published as pages on RTWP and updated for RTW. British Signalling – What the driver sees by Piers Connor1 Introduction This page describes the types of signals seen on British railways and their meanings. Semaphore and colour light signals are included. Semaphore Signals During the 19th century a system of mechanically operated semaphore signals was developed for Britain's railways. Although there were many different and independent railway companies, by the early 20th century, signals were generally standardised, but with some variations in style and appearance. Many semaphore signals have survived to this day, although they are becoming rarer. However, there are some excellent examples still to be seen on the heritage lines operated by preservation groups all over the country. Semaphore Signal Parts First, a diagram (left) of a semaphore signal and its main parts. The signal is normally placed on the left side of the tracK with the arm directed over the offside. The standard arm is red with a white vertical band, although some older signals were plain red. To allow the signal indication to be seen at night, the arm is fitted with two lenses, duplicating the indication displayed. The lenses are illuminated from behind, originally by oil lamps, later by electric lamps. The signal is mounted on a signal post, originally wooden but later lattice steelworK, pressed steel, old rail, and concrete appeared at various places. Some railways could be recognised from the design of their signal posts, the ones from the Victorian era having elaborate finials and other attachments.
    [Show full text]