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An Ethnographic Study of Sectarian Negotiations Among Diaspora Jains in the USA Venu Vrundavan Mehta Florida International University, [email protected]
Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-29-2017 An Ethnographic Study of Sectarian Negotiations among Diaspora Jains in the USA Venu Vrundavan Mehta Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC001765 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Mehta, Venu Vrundavan, "An Ethnographic Study of Sectarian Negotiations among Diaspora Jains in the USA" (2017). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3204. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3204 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF SECTARIAN NEGOTIATIONS AMONG DIASPORA JAINS IN THE USA A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in RELIGIOUS STUDIES by Venu Vrundavan Mehta 2017 To: Dean John F. Stack Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs This thesis, written by Venu Vrundavan Mehta, and entitled An Ethnographic Study of Sectarian Negotiations among Diaspora Jains in the USA, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this thesis and recommend that it be approved. ______________________________________________ Albert Kafui Wuaku ______________________________________________ Iqbal Akhtar ______________________________________________ Steven M. Vose, Major Professor Date of Defense: March 29, 2017 This thesis of Venu Vrundavan Mehta is approved. -
Gommaṭa Rāya’ – Article on Shravanabelagola’S Gommateshwara Statue by Dr S
‘GOMMAṬA RĀYA’ – ARTICLE ON SHRAVANABELAGOLA’S GOMMATESHWARA STATUE BY DR S. SRIKANTA SASTRI “Gommaṭa Rāya” by Dr S. Srikanta Sastri The ancient sacred place of the Jainas in South India, sometimes called Jaina Badari, was the Kaṭavapra or Kalbappu giri, later called Sravana Belagola or Sramana Belagola and Sukla Tirtha in the Jaina scriptures. Even as early as the Mauryan age its fame had spread in Northern India and tradition asserts that the great emperor Chandragupta Maurya and his preceptor Bhadrabahu Srutakevali came and resided here for twelve years. Chandragupta is said to have passed away here and a cave at Sravanabelagola is named after him. Regarding the historicity of this episode, Fleet and others were skeptical. That the tradition is at least as old as the 7th century A. D. is proved by the Sravanabelagola inscriptions and literary works. Therefore there is nothing inherently improbable in the tradition and much stronger evidence must be produced before we can endorse Fleet’s opinion that it was Ekangadhara Bhadrabahu and Guptigupta of about the first century A. D. who were associated with Sravanabelagola. Through the succeeding early centuries of the Christian Era, Kaṭavapra was the sacred Tirtha attracting Jaina Sadhus of different Sakhas and different parts of India. The inscriptions of about 700 A. D. mention the names of several saints who ended their days here. The surnames Kirti, Sena, Deva, Nandi which distinguish the four sakhas of Mula Samgha, Konda Kundanvaya were of already prevalent from the beginning of the seventh century. Among the places mentioned in these early inscriptions are Ulikkal, DR S. -
VII STD Social Science Term 3 History Chapter 1 New Religious Ideas and Movements
NEW BHARATH MATRICULATION HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,TVR VII STD Social Science Term 3 History Chapter 1 New Religious Ideas and Movements I. Choose the correct answer: Question 1. Who of the following composed songs on Krishna putting himself in the place of mother Yashoda? (a) Poigaiazhwar (b) Periyazhwar (c) Nammazhwar (d) Andal Answer: (b) Periyazhwar Question 2. Who preached the Advaita philosophy? (a) Ramanujar (b) Ramananda (c) Nammazhwar (d) Adi Shankara Answer: (d) Adi Shankara Question 3. Who spread the Bhakthi ideology in northern India and made it a mass movement? (a) Vallabhacharya (b) Ramanujar (c) Ramananda (d) Surdas Answer: (c) Ramananda Question 4. Who made Chishti order popular in India? (a) Moinuddin Chishti (b) Suhrawardi (c) Amir Khusru (d) Nizamuddin Auliya Answer: (a) Moinuddin Chishti Question 5. Who is considered their first guru by the Sikhs? (a) Lehna (b) Guru Amir Singh (c) GuruNanak (d) Guru Gobind Singh Answer: (c) GuruNanak II. Fill in the Blanks. 1. Periyazhwar was earlier known as ______ 2. ______ is the holy book of the Sikhs. 3. Meerabai was the disciple of ______ 4. philosophy is known as Vishistadvaita ______ 5. Gurudwara Darbar Sahib is situated at ______ in Pakistan. Answer: 1. Vishnu Chittar 2. Guru Granth Sahib 3. Ravi das 4. Ramanuja’s 5. Karatarpur III. Match the following. Pahul – Kabir Ramcharitmanas – Sikhs Srivaishnavism – Abdul-Wahid Abu Najib Granthavali – Guru Gobind Singh Suhrawardi – Tulsidas Answer: Pahul – Sikhs Ramcharitmanas – Tulsidas Srivaishnavism – Ramanuja Granthavali – Kabir Suhrawardi – Abdul-Wahid Abu Najib IV. Find out the right pair/pairs: (1) Andal – Srivilliputhur (2) Tukaram – Bengal (3) Chaitanyadeva – Maharashtra (4) Brahma-sutra – Vallabacharya (5) Gurudwaras – Sikhs Answer: (1) Andal – Srivilliputhur (5) Gurudwaras – Sikhs Question 2. -
Mount Abu, Dilwara Temples: Vimala Vasahi
Mount Abu, Dilwara Temples: Vimala Vasahi Photographs from the American Institute of Indian Studies Produced by the Shraman Foundation About this book / virtual exhibition The group of Jain temples at Dilwara on Mount Abu, in southwestern Rajasthan, is celebrated for the astoundingly detailed marble sculpture that covers nearly every inch of the temples’ interiors. Using photographs in the collection of the American Institute of Indian Studies, this book [/ virtual exhibition] explores the oldest of these temples, the Vimala Vasahi. By tradition the temple was founded between 1031 and 1032 C.E., though most of the building we see today was constructed in the mid- twelfth century and repaired in the early fourteenth. Text by Katherine Kasdorf. Additional research by Andrew More. Photographs copyright of the American Institute of Indian Studies. © 2014 Shraman South Asian Museum and Learning Center Foundation Mount Abu, Dilwara Temple Complex, Vimala Vasahi Temple AIIS 030209 © American Institute of Indian Studies The subdued exterior of the Vimala Vasahi on Mount Abu starkly contrasts with the temple’s opulent interior. Here, tucked into the close space of the Dilwara temple compound, we catch a glimpse of the walls that surround the oldest temple of the group, built largely in the mid-twelfth century. Beneath the shallow domes seen in the middle of the photograph are the temple’s famous sculptural ceilings; each pinnacle seen along the peripheral wall marks the sacred space of a Jina enshrined within the courtyard’s subsidiary shrines. The stepped pyramidal towers of the temple’s enclosed hall and sanctum rise above the surrounding structures, marking the importance of the spaces below in the ritual hierarchy of the temple. -
Socio-Economic Conditions of Jains in Karnataka: a Study of Divergence Between Digambar and Svethambar Jains
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF JAINS IN KARNATAKA: A STUDY OF DIVERGENCE BETWEEN DIGAMBAR AND SVETHAMBAR JAINS Dr R G Desai* Edited by Dr Abdul Aziz Chair Professor Chair on Religious Minorities Centre for Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policy National Law School of India University (NLSIU) Bengaluru 1 Introduction: Jainism is an original and ancient Indian religion which goes back to the pre-Aryan period of primitive currents of religious and metaphysical speculation. The images, seals and other finds amongst the discoveries at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro disclose splendid representative specimen like the images of Risabha, the bull, the first Tirthankara with his emblem, the swastika which is the emblem of Suparsva, the 7th Tirthankara and a seal containing a script deciphered as Jinesvara. Jainism does not recognize the authority of the Vedas, and its fundamental principles are different by nature from those in each of the systems of the Vedic school. The Rigveda and Yajurveda refer to Risabha, Suparsva and Neminatha, the first, the seventh and twenty-second Tirthankaras respectively. It is a Pre-Vedic religion which flourished in India even before the advent of Aryans to India. Inscriptions: It is an established fact of history that many rulers in ancient Bihar and the territories around were either patrons or followers of Jainism. Chetaka, the ruler of Lichhavi, was a Jain and he gave his sister to Siddhartha. Mahavira was born of this wedlock. Some of the members of the Nanda dynasty were Jains. So was Chandragupta Maurya who later followed Acharya Bhadrabahu to the south. The Kalinga territory was occupied by Jains since the time of Parsva. -
Concept of God in Jainism
Concept of God in Jainism Jainism believes that the universe and all its substances or entities are eternal. It has no beginning or end with respect to time. The universe runs on its own accord by its own cosmic laws. All the substances change or modify their forms continuously. Nothing can be destroyed or created in the universe. There is no need for someone to create or manage the affairs of the universe. Hence Jainism does not believe in God as a creator, survivor, and destroyer of the universe. However, Jainism does believe in God, not as a creator, but as a perfect being. When a person destroys all his karmas, he becomes a liberated soul. He resides in a perfect blissful state in Moksha. He possesses infinite knowledge, infinite vision, infinite power, and infinite bliss. This living being is a God of the Jain religion. Every living being has the potential to become God. Hence Jains do not have one God, but Jain Gods are innumerable and their number is continuously increasing as more living beings attain liberation. Jains believe that since the beginning of time every living being (soul) because of its ignorance, is attached with karma. The main purpose of the religion is to remove this karma through self-knowledge and become a liberated soul. There are many types of karma. However, they are broadly classified into the following eight categories: 1. Mohniya karma It generates delusion in the soul in regard to its own true nature, and makes it identify itself with other external substances. 2. -
Heritage of Mysore Division
HERITAGE OF MYSORE DIVISION - Mysore, Mandya, Hassan, Chickmagalur, Kodagu, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Chamarajanagar Districts. Prepared by: Dr. J.V.Gayathri, Deputy Director, Arcaheology, Museums and Heritage Department, Palace Complex, Mysore 570 001. Phone:0821-2424671. The rule of Kadambas, the Chalukyas, Gangas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagar rulers, the Bahamanis of Gulbarga and Bidar, Adilshahis of Bijapur, Mysore Wodeyars, the Keladi rulers, Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan and the rule of British Commissioners have left behind Forts, Magnificient Palaces, Temples, Mosques, Churches and beautiful works of art and architecture in Karnataka. The fauna and flora, the National parks, the animal and bird sanctuaries provide a sight of wild animals like elephants, tigers, bisons, deers, black bucks, peacocks and many species in their natural habitat. A rich variety of flora like: aromatic sandalwood, pipal and banyan trees are abundantly available in the State. The river Cauvery, Tunga, Krishna, Kapila – enrich the soil of the land and contribute to the State’s agricultural prosperity. The water falls created by the rivers are a feast to the eyes of the outlookers. Historical bakground: Karnataka is a land with rich historical past. It has many pre-historic sites and most of them are in the river valleys. The pre-historic culture of Karnataka is quite distinct from the pre- historic culture of North India, which may be compared with that existed in Africa. 1 Parts of Karnataka were subject to the rule of the Nandas, Mauryas and the Shatavahanas; Chandragupta Maurya (either Chandragupta I or Sannati Chandragupta Asoka’s grandson) is believed to have visited Sravanabelagola and spent his last years in this place. -
Jainism a Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence
Flügel, Peter (1999) Review of Jainism - A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence by Kurt Titze (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1998). Here&Now4U . pp. 1-3 Dr. Peter Flügel on Jainism A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence by Kurt Titze with contributions by Klaus Bruhn Jyoti Prasad Jain Noel Q. King Vilas A. Sangave Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1998. 267 pages, maps, pictures, appendices, indexes, RS 2500. ISBN: 81-208-1534-3. Kurt Titze, the author of this informative and beautifully produced volume on Jainism, is a free-lance writer, with a great admiration and sympathy for the Jain doctrine of radical non-violence, which inspired him to undertake personal visits to most of the Jain sacred sites in India over a period spanning more than three decades. The book is written from the perspective of a pilgrim, i.e. not as a academic piece of research, but as an attractive guide to be used by tourists, scholars, and devotees. By way of an imaginary journey through the subcontinent it introduces the reader to the serene beauty of the religious sites of the Jains which, in contrast to the majority of the places of worship in Hinduism, are often built in isolated mountain or desert locations, away from the buzzing life of the Indian cities (thus contributing to the peaceful atmosphere and the mystique of world renunciation surrounding them). A map at the beginning of each section offers initial orientation. The photographs taken on most sites by the author himself are accompanied by explanatory texts, which also provide useful travel information, anecdotes, personal impressions, and occasional notes on important ritual occasions. -
BSMSC Camp Report-1.Pdf
THE BHARAT SCOUTS AND GUIDES NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS, NEW DELHI CAMP REPORT 1ST NATIONAL LEVEL ROVER AND RANGER SERVICE CAMP DURING BAHUBALI SWAMY MAHAMASTAKABHISHEKA AT SHRAVANABELAGOLA,HASSAN DISTRICT, KARNATAKA FROM 15TH FEBRUARY TO 20TH FEBRUARY 2018. ABOUT THE EVENT Mahamastakabhisheka – Celebrating the Lord’s Glory Every 12 years, the small town of Shravanabelagola in Karnataka turns into a conglomeration of hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the world. The occasion- the celebration of the Mahamastakabhisheka ceremony. One of the biggest festivals for the Jain community, it honors Lord Bahubali, a revered Jain icon. Lord Bahubali. Mahamastakabhisheka Event Schedule in Feb 2018 Date Event Feb 7 – 11 Panchakalyana Mahotsava Feb 12 – 17 Samavasarana Bhakti Pooja Mahotsava Feb 17- 25 Mahamastakabhisheka Feb 26 Valedictory Feb 17 Mahamastakabhisheka with 108 kalashas and panchamruta abhisheka Fer 18-25 Mahamastakabhisheka with 1008 kalashas and panchamruta abhisheka Types of Kalashas Performed 1. Pratham Kalash 9. Navaratna Kalash 2. Ratna Kalash 10. Divya Kalash 3. Rajatha Kalash 11. Kansya Kalash 4. Shubhamangala Kalash 12. Gullakayajji Kalash 5. Shatabdi Kalash 13. Naratna Kalash 6. Suvarna Suvarna Kalash 14. Divya Kalash 7. Tamara Kalash 15. Kansya Kalash 8. Janamangala Kalash 16. Gullakayajji Kalash 21 Varieties of Abhishekas Performed from Saturday Turmeric Mahamangalarati Jalabhisheka Fourth Kalash Silver Flowers Paste Herbal Tender Coconut Sandal Paste Gold Flowers Liquid Sugar Cane Colored Sandal Shower of First Kalash Juice Paste Flowers Second Asta Gandha Milk Central Kalash Kalash Paste Eight Precious Rice Flour Third Kalash Saffron Flowers Items About Mahamastakabhisheka Lord Bahubali is highly revered by the Jains. He is considered to be the first one to have attained salvation. -
Jainism in Medieval India (1300-1800) Prologue
JAINISM IN MEDIEVAL INDIA (1300-1800) PROLOGUE - English Translation by S.M. Pahedia It is essential to weigh the contemporary social and political background while considering the conditions and thriving of Jainism in mediaeval India. During this period, Indian society was traditionally divided into Hindu and Jain religion. Buddhism had well-nigh disappeared from Indian scenario. The Indian socio-cultural infrastructure faced sufficient change owing to the influence of Islam that infiltrated into India through the medium of the Arab, the Turk, the Mughal and the Afghan attacks. Though the new entrants too were by and large divided into Sunni, Shiya and Sufi sects, they were all bound firmly to Islam. Ofcourse, Islam brought in new life-values and life-styles in Indian life owing to which the inevitability for reconsidering the shape of social structure and traditional-philosophico facets was felt, perhaps very badly. And this very condition caused rise of some new sects like Bhakti, Saint and Sikh invigorated primarily by the Vedantist, Ramanuja, Madhav, Nimbark, Ramanand Chaitanya, Vallabha etc. With this cultural background, centuries old Digambara and Shavetambara amnay (tradition) was telling its own separate tale. Fore more than one reason, these branches were further divided into sects, sub-sects, ganas , gachchas , anvayas , sanghas & C. as time rolled by. Same way, Bhattaraka, Chaityavasi, Taranpanth, Sthanakvasi practices came into view introducing their own religious formalities, life-fashions, code of conduct, and to some extent the philosophical views. Such being the condition, Jainism of medioeval India witnessed its wide extension. At the same time, it met with certain difficulty also. -
Hoysala Traveler
ullavaru shivalaya maaduvaru naanena maadali badavanayya, enna kaale kamba dehave degula shirave honna kalashavayya Koodala Sangama Deva kelayya sthavarakkalivuntu jangamakalivilla The rich will make temples for Shiva. What shall I, a poor man, do? My legs are pillars, The body the shrine, HOYSALA The head a cupola of gold. Listen, O lord of the meeting rivers, Things standing shall fall, But the moving ever shall stay. TRAVELER Basavanna’s Vachanas (1134 – 1196 A.D) Basava (also known as Basaveshwara) was a philosopher and a radical social reformer. A true visionary with ideas ahead of his time, he envisioned a society that ourished enriching one and all. Many great yogis and mystics of the time joined his movement enriching it with the essence of divine experience in the form Published by Srishti School of Art, Design & Technology, of Vachanas (rational hymns in Kannada) Bangalore that gave a rational view to human living. Distributed by Karnataka Tourism Derpartment Copywright Designed by Srishti School of Art, Design & Technology, Bangalore Original book concept devised by Jyoti Hosagraha, UNESCO Production by KolorKode, Bangalore, India Chennakeshava Temple Hoysala Kotte The temple, the religious and cultural center stood at the heart of a Hoysala Heritage Region town. A Fort wall or Kotte encircle the town as protection from invasion. The Cultural Heritage of the Hoysala The Hoysala Legend 04 rulers is primarily in the settlements and Reign and Extent 06 towns in and around Belur and Halebeedu of the Empire in Karnataka. Back in the 12 century, Architechture 08 a traveler passing through the region, Literature 18 could easily spot the imposing gopuram Life in the Hoysala 19 (monumental tower) of the temple on its Kingdom raised platform. -
Jaina Studies
Jaina Studies NEWSLETTER OF THE CENTRE OF JAINA STUDIES March 2015 Issue 10 CoJS Newsletter • March 2015 • Issue 10 Centre of Jaina Studies Members SOAS MEMBERS Honorary President Professor Christine Chojnacki Dr Andrea Luithle-Hardenberg (University of Lyon) (University of Tübingen) Chair/Director of the Centre Dr Anne Clavel Professor Adelheid Mette Dr Peter Flügel (Aix en Province) (University of Munich) Dr Crispin Branfoot Professor John E. Cort Gerd Mevissen Department of the History of Art (Denison University) (Berliner Indologische Studien) and Archaeology Dr Eva De Clercq Professor Anne E. Monius Professor Rachel Dwyer (University of Ghent) (Harvard Divinity School) South Asia Department Dr Robert J. Del Bontà Professor Hampa P. Nagarajaiah (Independent Scholar) (University of Bangalore) Department of the Study of Religions Dr Saryu V. Doshi Professor Thomas Oberlies Dr Erica Hunter (Mumbai) (University of Göttingen) Department of the Study of Religions Professor M.A. Dhaky Dr Leslie Orr Dr James Mallinson (Ame rican Institute of Indian Studies, Gurgaon) (Concordia University, Montreal) South Asia Department Professor Christoph Emmrich Dr Jean-Pierre Osier Professor Werner Menski (University of Toronto) (Paris) School of Law Dr Anna Aurelia Esposito Dr Lisa Nadine Owen Professor Francesca Orsini (University of Würzburg) (University of North Texas) South Asia Department Janet Leigh Foster Professor Olle Qvarnström Dr Ulrich Pagel (SOAS Alumna) (University of Lund) Department of the Study of Religions Dr Lynn Foulston Dr Pratapaditya